Ch4 Frequency Filtering 1

Overview Common Fourier Transforms Ideal Lowpass Butterworth Lowpass Gaussian Lowpass Ideal Highpass Butterworth Highpass Gaussian Highpass Conclusions

Overview
For linear frequency domain filters, we point multiply the FT of our image by a filter H(u,v) and do an IFT to obtain the output image: F(u,v) = FT{ f(x,y) } G(u,v) = F(u,v).H(u,v) g(x,y) = IFT{ G(,u,v) }

Overview
By varying the filter H(u,v) we can implement a wide variety of image processing operations Lowpass filters smooth an image by keeping only the low frequencies (the big features) Highpass filters sharpen an image by keeping only the high frequencies (the small features)

Common Fourier Transforms

Common Fourier Transforms

Common Fourier Transforms

Common Fourier Transforms

Common Fourier Transforms

Common Fourier Transforms

Ideal Lowpass
An ideal lowpass filter keeps low frequencies in an image and discards the high frequencies This is accomplished by multiplying F(u,v) by a filter H(u,v) that equals 1 in desired range and 0 outside this range

Ideal Lowpass
H(u,v) is a disk of radius D0 centered at origin

Ideal Lowpass

Filter radii: 10, 30, 60, 160, 460

Ideal Lowpass
To understand the ringing artifacts above, we need to consider what convolution mask corresponds to the ideal lowpass filter

Ideal Lowpass
void im_complex::IdealLP (float freq) { // Perform FFT FastFT(); // Perform filtering int ydim = Re.Ydim; int xdim = Re.Xdim; for (int v = 0; v < ydim; v++) for (int u = 0; u < xdim; u++) { // Calculate distance to origin int dv = (v < ydim / 2) ? v : v - ydim; int du = (u < xdim / 2) ? u : u - xdim; float dist = (float)(dv * dv + du * du); } // Perform inverse FFT FastIFT(); } // Apply filter if (dist > freq * freq) { Re.Data2D[v][u] = 0; Im.Data2D[v][u] = 0; }

Butterworth Lowpass
A Butterworth lowpass keeps frequencies inside radius D0 and discards values outside It introduces a gradual transition from 1 to 0 to reduce ringing artifacts

Butterworth Lowpass
A family of filters can be created by varying n to increase or decrease the slope at D0

Butterworth Lowpass

Cutoff frequencies: 10, 30, 60, 160, 460

Butterworth Lowpass
Ringing artifact increases as n increases

Butterworth Lowpass
void im_complex::ButterworthLP (float freq, float power) { // Perform FFT FastFT(); } // Perform filtering int ydim = Re.Ydim; int xdim = Re.Xdim; for (int v = 0; v < ydim; v++) for (int u = 0; u < xdim; u++) { // Calculate distance to origin int dv = (v < ydim / 2) ? v : v - ydim; int du = (u < xdim / 2) ? u : u - xdim; float dist = (float)(dv * dv + du * du); // Perform inverse FFT FastIFT(); } // Apply filter float filter = 1 / (1 + pow(dist / (freq*freq), power)); Re.Data2D[v][u] *= filter; Im.Data2D[v][u] *= filter;

Gaussian Lowpass
A Gaussian lowpass filter has the most natural and well behaved filter shape (blurring with a Gaussian filter corresponds to heat diffusion)

The FT of a Gaussian function is a Gaussian so no ringing artifacts are introduced

Gaussian Lowpass
A family of filters can be created by varying the standard deviation D0 to increase or decrease filter width

Gaussian Lowpass

Cutoff frequencies: 10, 30, 60, 160, 460

Gaussian Lowpass
void im_complex::GaussLP (float freq) { // Perform FFT FastFT(); } // Perform filtering int ydim = Re.Ydim; int xdim = Re.Xdim; for (int v = 0; v < ydim; v++) for (int u = 0; u < xdim; u++) { // Calculate distance to origin int dv = (v < ydim / 2) ? v : v - ydim; int du = (u < xdim / 2) ? u : u - xdim; float dist = (float)(dv * dv + du * du); // Perform inverse FFT FastIFT(); } // Apply filter float filter = exp(dist / (-2*freq*freq)); Re.Data2D[v][u] *= filter; Im.Data2D[v][u] *= filter;

Ideal Highpass
An ideal highpass filter keeps the high frequencies and discards the low frequencies This is accomplished by multiplying F(u,v) by a filter H(u,v) that equals 1 in desired range and 0 outside this range

Ideal Highpass
H(u,v) is a disk of radius D0 centered at origin

Ideal Highpass

Cutoff frequencies: 30, 60, 160

Ideal Highpass
void im_complex::IdealHP (float freq) { // Perform FFT FastFT(); // Perform filtering int ydim = Re.Ydim; int xdim = Re.Xdim; for (int v = 0; v < ydim; v++) for (int u = 0; u < xdim; u++) { // Calculate distance to origin int dv = (v < ydim / 2) ? v : v - ydim; int du = (u < xdim / 2) ? u : u - xdim; float dist = (float)(dv * dv + du * du); } // Perform inverse FFT FastIFT(); } // Apply filter if (dist < freq * freq) { Re.Data2D[v][u] = 0; Im.Data2D[v][u] = 0; }

Butterworth Highpass
A Butterworth highpass keeps frequencies outside radius D0 and discards values inside It has a gradual transition from 0 to 1 to reduce ringing artifacts

Butterworth Highpass
A family of filters can be created by varying n to increase or decrease the slope at D0

Butterworth Highpass

Cutoff frequencies: 30, 60, 160

Butterworth Highpass
void im_complex::ButterworthHP (float freq, float power) { // Perform FFT FastFT(); } // Perform filtering int ydim = Re.Ydim; int xdim = Re.Xdim; for (int v = 0; v < ydim; v++) for (int u = 0; u < xdim; u++) { // Calculate distance to origin int dv = (v < ydim / 2) ? v : v - ydim; int du = (u < xdim / 2) ? u : u - xdim; float dist = (float)(dv * dv + du * du); // Perform inverse FFT FastIFT(); } // Apply filter float filter = 1 / (1 + pow(dist / (freq*freq), power)); Re.Data2D[v][u] *= (1-filter); Im.Data2D[v][u] *= (1-filter);

Gaussian Highpass
The Gaussian highpass filter discards low frequencies and keeps high frequencies

Since Gaussian HP = (1 Gaussian LP) it does not introduce any ringing artifacts

Gaussian Highpass
A family of filters can be created by varying the standard deviation D0 to increase or decrease filter width

Gaussian Highpass

Cutoff frequencies: 30, 60, 160

Gaussian Highpass
void im_complex::GaussHP (float freq) { // Perform FFT FastFT(); } // Perform filtering int ydim = Re.Ydim; int xdim = Re.Xdim; for (int v = 0; v < ydim; v++) for (int u = 0; u < xdim; u++) { // Calculate distance to origin int dv = (v < ydim / 2) ? v : v - ydim; int du = (u < xdim / 2) ? u : u - xdim; float dist = (float)(dv * dv + du * du); // Perform inverse FFT FastIFT(); } // Apply filter float filter = exp(dist / (-2*freq*freq)); Re.Data2D[v][u] *= (1-filter); Im.Data2D[v][u] *= (1-filter);

Conclusion
In this section we have seen three types of lowpass filters and three types of highpass filters In the next section we will see that frequency filtering can do much more to an image