1.

Apex or the blunt part of the lower edge of the heart lies on the diaphragm, pointing toward the left. Doctors listen to the heart by placing a stethoscope directly over the apex. 2. Myocardium The cardiac muscle tissue that the walls of each of the heart chambers is mad up of. The septum between the atrial chambers is called the interatrial septum and the one that separates the ventricles is called the interventricular septum. 3. Endocardium A layer of very smooth tissue that lines each chamber of the heart. If the Endocardium is inflamed its called endocarditis which causes the tissue to become rough and abrasive to red blood cells passing its surface. 4. Pericardium the covering of the heart that consists of two layers of fibrous tissue with a small space between. The inner layer of the pericardium called the visceral pericardium and covers the heart like an apple skin covers an apple. The parietal pericardium or the outer layer covers the heart like a loose fitting sack. 5. Atrioventricular Valves The two valves that separate the atrial and ventricular chambers. The bicuspid valve ia located between the left atrium and ventricle and the Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle. 6. Lub dup - the sound that the heart makes. The lub sound is caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves as the ventricles contract. The dup sound is caused by the closing of both the semilunar valves when the ventricles relax. 7. Pulmonary artery When the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery and eventually to the lungs where oxygen is added and carbon dioxide is lost. 8. Circulation Pulmonary circulation involves movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back. Systemic circulation involves movement of blood from left ventricle throughout the body. 9. Electrocardiograph An instrument the picks up visible tracings of electrical signals from the body. These electric currents are caused by the specialized structures of the hearts conduction system and they spread through surrounding tissues to the surface of the body. 10.Capillary bed In the capillary bed the exchange of nutrients and respiratory gases occurs between the blood and the tissue fluid around the cells. Blood exits the capillary beds and then enters the small venules which join together to make veins. 11.Tunica adventitia The outer most layer of the arteries veins and capillaries.

Made of connective tissue fibers which reinforce the wall of the vessel so that it does not burst under pressure. 12.Tunica media the middle layer of arteries veins and capillaries made of smooth muscle tissue.This layer is much thicker in arteries because the thicker muscle layer in the artery can resist great pressures generated by ventricular systole. 13.Tunica intima the inner layer of arteries veins and capillaries made of endothelial cells. It is a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. 14.Ductus venosus A structure unique to fetal circulation. It is a continuation of the umbilical vein. It serves as a shunt, allowing most of the blood returning from the placenta to bypass the immature liver of the baby. 15.Central venous pressure the venous blood pressure within the right atrium. This pressure level is important because it influences the pressure that exists in the large peripheral veins.