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1. 2 Steps

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[Step 2.1]

Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 C:AcOH, S:MeOH, 6 h, reflux R:K2CO3, S:Me2CO, 5 h, reflux Notes Reactants: 3, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 4,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives By Nair, Smitha et al From Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 373-380; 2003 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 2. 2 Steps

[Step 2.1]

Overview Steps/Stages Notes

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1.1 2.1 C:AcOH, S:MeOH, 6 h, reflux R:K2CO3, S:Me2CO, 5 h, reflux

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Reactants: 3, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 4,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives By Nair, Smitha et al From Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 373-380; 2003

CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 3. Single Step

76% Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 R: Notes Al2O3, CH2Cl2, 10-15 C/2 h., (dark), NDeacylation, N-Deoxygenation, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1 References p-Tolylsulfonyldiazomethane By van Leusen, A. M. and Strating, J. From Organic Syntheses, 57, No pp. given; 1977

S:CH2Cl2 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 4. 2 Steps

[Step 2.1]

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Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 C:AcOH, S:MeOH, 6 h, reflux R:K2CO3, S:Me2CO, 5 h, reflux Notes Reactants: 3, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 4,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives By Nair, Smitha et al From Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 373-380; 2003 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 5. 2 Steps

Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 R:NOCl, R:C5H5N, S:C5H5N R: Notes 1) ClNO (g), Pyridine, 0-5 C, N-Nitrosation, NOxidation, 2) Al2O3, CH2Cl2, 10-15 C/2 h., (dark), N-Deacylation, N-Deoxygenation, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 3, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References p-Tolylsulfonyldiazomethane By van Leusen, A. M. and Strating, J. From Organic Syntheses, 57, No pp. given; 1977

S:CH2Cl2 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 6. 3 Steps

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Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 3.1 R:HCO2H, S:H2O, S:HCO2H R:NOCl, R:C5H5N, S:C5H5N R: Notes 1) Na+ salt, HCO2H/H2O, 70-75 C/2 h., then cool to 5 C, over 2 h., Condensation, NAlkylation, S-Alkylation, 2) ClNO (g), Pyridine, 0-5 C, N-Nitrosation, N-Oxidation, 3) Al2O3, CH2Cl2, 10-15 C/2 h., (dark), N-Deacylation, N-Deoxygenation, Reactants: 3, Reagents: 4, Solvents: 4, Steps: 3, Stages: 3, Most stages in any one step: 1 References p-Tolylsulfonyldiazomethane By van Leusen, A. M. and Strating, J. From Organic Syntheses, 57, No pp. given; 1977

S:CH2Cl2 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 7. 2 Steps

[Step 2.1]

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Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 C:AcOH, S:MeOH, 6 h, reflux R:K2CO3, S:Me2CO, 5 h, reflux Notes Reactants: 3, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 4,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives By Nair, Smitha et al From Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 373-380; 2003 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 8. 2 Steps

[Step 2.1]

Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 C:AcOH, S:MeOH, 6 h, reflux R:K2CO3, S:Me2CO, 5 h, reflux Notes Reactants: 3, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 4,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives By Nair, Smitha et al From Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 373-380; 2003

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CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 9. 2 Steps

[Step 2.1]

Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 C:AcOH, S:MeOH, 6 h, reflux R:K2CO3, S:Me2CO, 5 h, reflux Notes Reactants: 3, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 4,5-disubstituted thiazole derivatives By Nair, Smitha et al From Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 373-380; 2003 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 10. 2 Steps

[Step 2.1] Overview

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Steps/Stages 1.1 1.2 2.1 R:POCl3, 1 h, rt reflux; reflux rt R:H2O, cooled S:DMF, overnight, 120C; overnight, 160C Notes

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1) reaction from p.33 in patent, 2) incremental addition of benzenesulfinic acid, reaction from p.39 in patent, Reactants: 2, Reagents: 2, Solvents: 1, Steps: 2, Stages: 3, Most stages in any one step: 2 References Preparation of isoquinoline derivatives as potassium channel inhibitors By Trotter, B. Wesley et al From PCT Int. Appl., 2005030130, 07 Apr 2005

Experimental Procedure Step 1 Step A. A mixture of 6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (3.0 g) and 12 mL of POCl3 was heated to reflux for 1 h, then cooled to room temp and poured into ice. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with brine (1x) and saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (1x), then dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 2.6 g of 1-chloro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline. Step 2 EXAMPLE 19 6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl) isoquinoline. To a solution of 1-chloro6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline (0.24 g) in 20 mL DMF was added benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt dihydrate (0.60 g). The reaction was heated at 120 C overnight, then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with water (1x) and brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in 20 mL DMF was added benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt dihydrate (0.74 g). The reaction was heated at 160 C overnight, then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with water (1x) and brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl ether/hexanes, then further purified by flash chromatography (5% to 30% EtOAc/hexanes). A second recrystallization from ethyl ether/hexanes gave the titled compound. Elemental analysis calcd for C23H19NO3S-0.25 H20: C 70.11; H 4.99; N 3.56; Found: C 70.20; H 5.06; N 3.57. CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 11. 3 Steps

[Step 3.1]

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Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 R:BuLi, S:THF, S:Me(CH2)4Me, rt -78C; 1 h, -78C 10 min, -78C; 1 h, rt R:NH4Cl, S:H2O, rt R:H3PO4, S:H2O, 3 h, rt 100C R:POCl3, 1 h, rt reflux; reflux rt R:H2O, cooled S:DMF, overnight, 120C; overnight, 160C Notes 1) reaction from p.31 in patent, 2) reaction from p.33 in patent, 3) incremental addition of benzenesulfinic acid, reaction from p.39 in patent, Reactants: 3, Reagents: 5, Solvents: 4, Steps: 3, Stages: 7, Most stages in any one step: 4 References Preparation of isoquinoline derivatives as potassium channel inhibitors By Trotter, B. Wesley et al From PCT Int. Appl., 2005030130, 07 Apr 2005

Experimental Procedure Step 1 Step B A solution of 2-benzyl-N-(tert-butyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (3.1 g) in 50 mL THF was sparged with Ar for 10 min. The solution was cooled to-78 C, and n-BuLi (10 mL of a 2.5 M hexanes solution) was added dropwise. After stirring for 1 h at -78 C, acetyl chloride (0.99 g) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred for 10 min at -78 C, then for 1 h at room temp, then quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x), then the combined organic solutions were washed with brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was combined with 25 mL of 80% H3P04 and heated to 100 C for 3 h. The reaction was poured into ice, then extracted with CHCl3 (3x). The organic solutions were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Trituration with diethyl ether. 6-Methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, yield 1.6 g. Step 2 Step A. A mixture of 6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (3.0 g) and 12 mL of POCl3 was heated to reflux for 1 h, then cooled to room temp and poured into ice. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with brine (1x) and saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (1x), then dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 2.6 g of 1-chloro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline. Step 3 EXAMPLE 19 6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl) isoquinoline. To a solution of 1-chloro6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline (0.24 g) in 20 mL DMF was added benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt dihydrate (0.60 g). The reaction was heated at 120 C overnight, then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with water (1x) and brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in 20 mL DMF was added benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt dihydrate (0.74 g). The reaction was heated at 160 C overnight, then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with water (1x) and brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl ether/hexanes, then further purified by flash chromatography (5% to 30% EtOAc/hexanes). A second recrystallization from ethyl ether/hexanes gave the titled compound. Elemental analysis calcd for C23H19NO3S-0.25 H20: C 70.11; H 4.99; N 3.56; Found: C 70.20; H 5.06; N 3.57. CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 12. 4 Steps

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[Step 2.2]

[Step 4.1] Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 R:Cl(O=)CC(=O)Cl, C:DMF, S:CH2Cl2, overnight, rt S:CH2Cl2, rt 0C; 0C rt; 1.5 h, rt R:KHSO4, S:H2O, rt R:BuLi, S:THF, S:Me(CH2)4Me, rt -78C; 1 h, -78C 10 min, -78C; 1 h, rt R:NH4Cl, S:H2O, rt R:H3PO4, S:H2O, 3 h, rt 100C R:POCl3, 1 h, rt reflux; reflux rt R:H2O, cooled Notes 1) reaction from p.31 in patent, 2) reaction from p.31 in patent, 3) reaction from p.33 in patent, 4) incremental addition of benzenesulfinic acid, reaction from p.39 in patent, Reactants: 4, Reagents: 7, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 5, Steps: 4, Stages: 10, Most stages in any one step: 4 References Preparation of isoquinoline derivatives as potassium channel inhibitors By Trotter, B. Wesley et al From PCT Int. Appl., 2005030130, 07 Apr 2005

4.1 S:DMF, overnight, 120C; overnight, 160C Experimental Procedure Step 1 Step A To a solution of 2-benzyl-4-methoxybenzoic acid (14.2 g) in 600 mL CH2Cl2 was added a catalytic amount of DMF, followed by a solution of oxalyl chloride (8.7 g) in 100 mL of CH2Cl2. The reaction was stirred at room temp overnight, then concentrated and azeotroped with toluene (2x). The residue was dissolved in 700 mL CH2Cl2 and cooled to C. Tert-butyl amine (13.9 g) was added, and the reaction was warmed to room temp. After 1.5 h, the reaction was quenched with 5% aqueous KHSO4. The organic solution was separated, washed once with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to give 15.9 g of 2-benzyl-N-(tert-butyl)-4methoxybenzamide. Step 2 Step B A solution of 2-benzyl-N-(tert-butyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (3.1 g) in 50 mL THF was sparged with Ar for 10 min. The solution was cooled to-78 C, and n-BuLi (10 mL of a 2.5 M hexanes solution) was added dropwise. After stirring for 1 h at -78 C, acetyl chloride (0.99 g) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred for 10 min at -78 C, then for 1 h at room temp, then quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x), then the combined organic solutions were washed with brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was combined with 25 mL of 80% H3P04 and heated to 100 C for 3 h. The reaction was poured into ice, then extracted with CHCl3 (3x). The organic solutions were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Trituration with diethyl ether. 6-Methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, yield 1.6 g.

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Step 3 Step A. A mixture of 6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one (3.0 g) and 12 mL of POCl3 was heated to reflux for 1 h, then cooled to room temp and poured into ice. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with brine (1x) and saturated aqueous sodium carbonate (1x), then dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (10% EtOAc/hexanes) gave 2.6 g of 1-chloro-6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline. Step 4 EXAMPLE 19 6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl) isoquinoline. To a solution of 1-chloro6-methoxy-3-methyl-4-phenylisoquinoline (0.24 g) in 20 mL DMF was added benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt dihydrate (0.60 g). The reaction was heated at 120 C overnight, then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with water (1x) and brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. To a solution of the residue in 20 mL DMF was added benzenesulfinic acid, sodium salt dihydrate (0.74 g). The reaction was heated at 160 C overnight, then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic solutions were washed with water (1x) and brine (1x), dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl ether/hexanes, then further purified by flash chromatography (5% to 30% EtOAc/hexanes). A second recrystallization from ethyl ether/hexanes gave the titled compound. Elemental analysis calcd for C23H19NO3S-0.25 H20: C 70.11; H 4.99; N 3.56; Found: C 70.20; H 5.06; N 3.57. CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 13. Single Step

Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 C:PhCO2H Notes Reactants: 1, Catalysts: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Ring-transformation reactions of 1,3benzothiazines. Part 5. Saturated heterocycles. Part 140. Synthesis of benzisothiazoles by the oxidative ring contraction of 2-aryl-4H- and 4-aryl-2H-1,3benzothiazines By Szabo, Janos et al From Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat, 95(11), 45561; 1989 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 14. Single Step

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29% Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 R:Perbenzoic acid, S:CHCl3 Notes Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1 References Ring transformations of 1,3-benzothiazines. 5. Synthesis of benzisothiazoles by the oxidative ring contraction of 2-aryl-4H- and 4aryl-2H-1,3-benzothiazines By Szabo, Janos et al From Tetrahedron, 44(10), 2985-92; 1988 CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved. 15. 2 Steps

Overview Steps/Stages 1.1 2.1 R:KMnO4, S:Me2CO R: References Ring transformations of 1,3-benzothiazines. 5. Synthesis of benzisothiazoles by the oxidative ring contraction of 2-aryl-4H- and 4aryl-2H-1,3-benzothiazines By Szabo, Janos et al From Tetrahedron, 44(10), 2985-92; 1988 Notes Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Solvents: 2, Steps: 2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1

S:CHCl3

CASREACT : Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.