Objective:

To determine the Energy absorbed by the specimen under a different working temperature

Theory On Charpy Impact Test.

Introduction: The most common method is the notched-bar impact test for which two types of specimens prevail, Charpy and Izod. The Charpy Impact Test was invented by Georges Augustin Albert Charpy(1865-1945). It measures the energy absorbed by a standard notched specimen while breaking under an impact load. The Charpy impact test continues to be used as an economical quality control method to determine the notch sensitivity and impact toughness of engineering materials.

Commonly Used On: Metals Ceramics Composites Polymers

Specimen:

According to ASTM A370 the standard specimen size for Charpy impact testing is 10mm10mm55mm. Sub size specimen sizes are: 10mm7.5mm55mm. 10mm6.7mm55mm. 10mm5mm55mm. 10mm3.3mm55mm. 10mm2.5mm55mm.

Description of the Charpy Impact Test:

The Charpy Test consists of striking a suitable specimen with a hammer on a pendulum arm while the specimen is held securely at each end. The hammer strikes opposite the notch. The energy absorbed by the specimen is determined by precisely measuring the decrease in motion of the pendulum arm. By applying the Charpy Test to identical specimens at different temperatures, and then plotting the impact energy as a function of temperature, the ductile-brittle transition becomes apparent. This is essential information to obtain when determining the minimum service temperature for a material. This experiment allows the evaluation of materials resistance to high velocity impact. In addition, if energy required to fracture notched specimens is measured as a function of temperatures, an important behavior called the Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature becomes evident.

Theoretical Explanation of Charpy Test:

In a typical Pendulum Machine, the mass of the hammer (striking edge) mass (m) is raised to a height (a). Before the mass (m) is released, the potential energy will be : E p = mga After being released, the potential energy will decrease and the kinetic energy will increase. At the time of impact, the kinetic energy of the pendulum: E k = 1/2 m v 2 And the potential energy: Ep=mga Will be equal. E k = E p m g a = 1/2 m v 2 v2=2ga and the impact velocity will be : v = ( 2 g a)1/2

a = R (1 cos ) b = R (1 cos ) Initial energy = E i = m g R (1 - cos ) = W R (1 cos ) Energy after the rupture = E r =m g R ( 1 - cos ) = W R ( 1 cos ) Energy absorbed by the specimen = E abs =W R (cos cos ) Or Initial energy = m g a = W a = E i Energy after rupture = m g b = W b = E r Energy absorbed during impact = m g (a - b) = W (a - b) = E abs.

Preparation of specimen

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is always wear during this preparation of specimen in order for safety reason 2. Material is taken from warehouse to the workshop. 3. Matrerial that we used is low carbon steel. 4. Mark the material with scriber, ruler and L-square into 10mmx10mmx50mm. 5. Material is then cut with bench saw. 6. Finishing process is done to smooth the surfaces to avoid stress raiser and for safety that may be can harmful to the person who touch it. 7. To get a precise position on notch, draw the specimen on the paper with the real size. Mark the specimen to do V-notch point at the middle of specimen. 8. Mark the middle of the specimen with scriber 9. The notch of the specimen is done by grinder machine and flat file to make 30,120,150 angle. 10. The specimen is ready for the Charpy Impact Test.

Test preparation
Testing machine 1. 2. 3. 4. First, set up the machine, make sure the hammer stays at the at scale reading equal to 0. Lock the hammer at 100 fall angle in order to get enough velocity during the impact. Put the specimen correctly at the beam with a notch in the center of the machine. The specimen is supported so that the notch is on the vertical face away from the point of the impact. 5. Release the hammer after ready with the correct scale and correct position of the specimen. 6. Brake the hammer using brake 7. Measure the angle rise, 8. Remove the specimen carefully. 9. Make sure to lock the hammer again at 0 before proceeding another test. 10. The specimen is repeated with another two specimen with the different angle of notch. 11. Use the temperature detected to measure the heat after the test is done by shooting it to the surface of the broken specimen. 12. Each specimen is mark accordingly to avoid error in analysis the data. 13. The height of the hammer is measured. 14. All the data including the energy absorbed is collected and measured.

Diagram:

Charpy test

Specimen

Specimen Angle of rise Initial energy notch angle (J) (Degrees) Case 1 30 86 394.51 Ei

Energy after rupture (J) Er 311.06

Energy absorbed by specimen (J) E abs

81.39

Case 2

120

84

394.51

299.44

93.02

Case 3

150

89

394.51

328.55

63.90

Inputs: Length of striking arm = R (z) = 890(mm) Velocity of the hammer = V = 4.5 (m/s)) Drop Height = a (y) = 1050(mm) and Angle Fall (Y) = 100(degree) Working Temperature =31 (C)

Calculation 1) Velocity of the hammer V=2gh V=2(9.81)(1.05) V=4.5 m/s

2) Initial energy of the hammer Mgh (38.8)(9.81)(1.05)= 399.65 J

3) Energy of the hammer after rupture W R ( 1 cos ) 1. (38.8)(9.81)(0.89)( 1 cos 86)= 311.06 J 2. (38.8)(9.81)(0.89)( 1 cos 84)= 299.44 J 3. (38.8)(9.81)(0.89)( 1 cos 89)= 328.55 J

4) Energy absorbed by specimen E abs =W R (cos cos ) 1) E abs=(38.8)(9.81)(0.98)( cos 86 cos 100)= 81.39 J 2) E abs=(38.8)(9.81)(0.98)( cos 84 cos 100)= 93.02 J 3) E abs=(38.8)(9.81)(0.98)( cos 89 cos 100)= 63.90 J

Discussion Comparison between room temperature and hot temperature Room temperature Specimen Angle of rise Initial energy notch angle (J) (Degrees) Case 1 30 86 394.51 Ei Energy after rupture (J) Er 311.06 81.39 Energy absorbed by specimen (J) E abs

Case 2

120

84

394.51

299.44

93.02

Case 3

150

89

394.51

328.55

63.90

Hot temperature Specimen Angle of rise Initial energy notch angle (J) (Degrees) Case 1 30 87 397.58 Ei Energy after rupture (J) Er 321.02 76.55 Energy absorbed by specimen (J) E abs

Case 2

120

84

397.58

287.47

94.23

Case 3

150

89

397.58

282.45

64.73

From the results obtained, we can see that the charpy test when notch different angle can determine different absorb energy. When angle increase at the notch, absorb energy become decrease because from stress in root notch and at root notch they became embrittle. Temperature also plays a role to specimen because can determine ductile-brittle transition temperature(DBTT),when specimen at the different temperature and how specimen or steel adapt the temperature can became change grain structure example ductile to brittle.This specimen have change microstructure because from data after testing, have a problem cause not same from theory.when prepare the notch at the specimen have problem because not get actual angle and grinding cause residual at the specimen and reduce the stress at the specimen.

Conclusion
The absorb energy versus temperature curve for the charpy impact test is frequently to characterize the brittle-ductile transitions in the steels. At room temperature energy absorbed become constant than hot temperature absorbed high energy among entire specimen. The fracture at the specimen show specimen is ductile cause not be imposed temperature and specimen not change microstructure .

Some materials such as carbon steels undergo what is known as a ductile to brittle transition. This behavior is obvious when impact energy is plotted as a function of temperature. The resultant curve will show a rapid dropping off of impact energy as the temperature decreases. If the impact energy drops off very sharply, a transition temperature can be determined. This is often a good indicator of the minimum recommended service temperature for a material.

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpy_impact_test Notes Destructive Test