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Psych 3392 Exam 2 Review 1. Structure a. Same structure as Exam 1 i. 25 multiple choice questions (2 points each) ii.

10 True/False (2 points each) iii. 10 Fill in the Blanks (3 points each) b. Covers chapters 4, 5, and 11 and lectures since last exam 2. Content a. Be able to recognize and describe a reasonable design to test a hypothesis using any of the methods weve discussed b. Understand what makes observational, survey and unobtrusive designs descriptive and not experimental; also understand why random assignment is the mark of a true experimental designs c. Observational Designs (ch.4, lecture) i. Know the definition of observational designs and be able to distinguish different types of designs from others 1. Naturalistic 2. Observation with Intervention: Participant (open or disguised), Structured ii. Know the requirements of observational designs (i.e. precise operational definitions of conditions/behaviors, systematic and objective observation, careful and systematic record keeping) iii. Understand concepts of behavior sampling: time, event, situation, subject iv. Understand issues related to coding of observational data, including the importance of inter-rater (also called inter observer) reliability v. Know the four types of scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio vi. Recognize different types of bias in observational studies and how to control for or prevent them vii. Understand ethical issues related to observational designs d. Physical Trace & Archival Designs (ch.4, lecture) i. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of unobtrusive/nonreactive data as compared to obtrusive/reactive designs ii. Should know what defines physical trace and archival data studies iii. What are use natural-use and controlled-use traces? iv. Know why a multi-method approach is important v. What is a meta-analysis? vi. Understand the concepts of selective deposit and selective survival and how they can affect archival studies e. Survey Designs (ch.5, lecture) i. Understand the characteristics, purposes, strengths and weaknesses of a survey ii. Be able to identify the strength and direction of a correlation in a scatterplot

iii. Understand issues of subject sampling, representativeness and generalizability of a sample, and probability (simple vs stratified) and nonprobability sampling techniques iv. Sampling terms to know: population, sampling frame, sample, element v. Know the concepts of selection and response bias vi. Recognize advantages and disadvantages of nonprobability (convenience) and probability sampling vii. Be able to identify types of survey designs: cross-sectional, longitudinal, successive independent samples viii. What is attrition, and why is it a problem with longitudinal designs? ix. Understand how social desirability might bias survey results x. Know that correlation is not equal to causation be able to give alternative explanations for a correlation between two variables xi. Know specific types of reliability: internal consistency, test-retest, inter-rater. xii. Know specific types of validity: face, convergent, divergent, criterion-prediction, xiii. Understand why are reliability and validity critical in research f. Getting to Know the Data and Basic Descriptive Statistics (ch.11, lecture) i. Know the steps for getting to know the data and why each is necessary 1. Cleaning the data 2. Searching for outliers 3. Scoring the data and creating composite variables 4. Looking at the data and evaluating normality ii. Understand stem-and-leaf diagrams and be able to evaluate one for normality; understand what an outlier is iii. Know the types of deviation from normality (skew and kurtosis) and be able to label examples iv. What is a normal distribution and why is it important? v. Understand that sample statistics are estimates of true population variables and why this distinction is important; should know why sample size matters vi. Know the definition and be able to identify the following: 1. Mean, median, mode 2. Variance, standard deviation 3. A confidence interval g. Journal article i. What was the purpose of the two experiments described in this article? ii. What were the IVs and DVs in each experiment? iii. What were the basic results of each experiment? iv. What makes these 2 studies experiments and not a descriptive method?

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