EE 210 - Fall 2010 Solution of nal exam

San Jos State University e

Problem 1 (39 points) A discrete-time LTI system S has impulse response 1 n+1 h[n] = (n + 1) u[n + 1]. 2 (a) Find the dierence equation that relates the input and the output of S. Solution: Use Table 10.2 entry 7, n n u[n]
Z

z 1 , (1 z 1 )2

and the time-shifting property (Table 10.1 second entry), x[n n0 ] z n0 X(z).
1 This gives, with = 2 and n0 = 1, the transfer function Z

1 1 H(z) = ( ) , 2 1 + 1 z 1 2 2 Therefore,
( )

1 |z| > . 2

2 1 1 1 + z 1 Y (z) = X(z), 2 2 and the dierence equation that species S is 1 1 y[n] + y[n 1] + y[n 2] = x[n]. 4 2 1 2 2 (Type B: y[n] + 5 y[n 1] + 25 y[n 2] = 5 x[n].)

(b) Sketch the pole-zero pattern in the z-plane. Is the system stable? Solution: The pole-zero pattern is shown in the gure below. There are two zeros at 1 z = 0 and two poles at z = 2 . The system is stable, as the ROC includes the unit circle.
Im{z}   Re{z}      

(Type B: Stable. Two zeros at z = 0 and two poles at z = 1 .) 5

(c) What is the response of S to x[n] =

( )n1

1 2

?
( )n

1 and recognize 2 of the system. Then the response is given by Solution: Write the input as x[n] = 2 1 y[n] = 2 H 2 (Type B: y[n] = 1 H 2
( ) ( )n
1 2 1 2 5 = 49

( )n

1 2

as an eigenfunction

( ) ( )n

1 2

1 = 4

( )n

1 2

( )n
1 2

.)

Problem 2 (39 points) A continuous-time LTI system is found to have impulse response h(t) = e2t cos(t) u(t). (a) Determine the response to x(t) = e2t u(t). Solution: Use Table 9.2 entry 13 to obtain the transfer function H(s) = s+2 , (s + 2)2 + 1 Re{s} > 2.

The Laplace transform of the input is X(s) = Therefore, Y (s) = X(s)H(s) = From Table 9.2 entry 14, we have y(t) = e2t sin(t) u(t). (Type B: Response to x(t) = et is y(t) = H(1)et = 0.) (b) Sketch the pole-zero pattern in the s-plane and use it to determine if the system is stable. Solution: The transfer function has one zero at s = 2 and two complex conjugate poles at s = 2 j. The pole-zero pattern sketched in the next page shows that the ROC contains the line = 0 and thus the system is stable. (Type B: One zero at s = 1 and two poles at s = 1 2j. System is stable.) (c) Find the dierential equation that relates the input and the output of this system. Solution: From the transfer function in part (a), H(s) = s+2 s+2 Y (s) = 2 = . 2+1 (s + 2) s + 4s + 5 X(s) 1 , (s + 2)2 + 1 Re{s} > 2. 1 , s+2 Re{s} > 2.

jZ

 V  

It follows that the dierential equation specifying the system is d2 y(t) d y(t) d x(t) +4 + 5 y(t) = + 2 x(t). dt dt dt (Type B:
d2 y(t) dt

+ 2 d y(t) + 5 y(t) = 3 d x(t) + 3 x(t).) dt dt

Problem 3 (22 points) The transfer function of a stable LTI system S1 is given by H1 (s) = s1 . (s + 1)(s + 2)

An overall LTI system S is obtained by connecting S1 in series with a dierentiator that has input-output relation dx2 (t) y2 (t) = . dt (a) Is S causal? Justify your answer. Solution: The transfer function of the dierentiator is H2 (s) = s. It follows that the overall transfer function H(s) of S is H(s) = H1 (s)H2 (s) = s(s 1) . (s + 1)(s + 2)

There are two zeros at s = 0 and s = 1 and two poles at s = 1 and s = 2. Since we are given the information that the system is stable, the ROC contains the = 0 line. Therefore the ROC is right sided, Re(s) > 1, and the system is causal. (Type B: Two zeros at s = 0 and s = 2 and two poles at s = 3 and s = 4. The ROC is Re(s) > 3 and the system is causal.) (b) Determine the DC gain H(0) of the overall system. Solution: The DC gain is H(0) = 0. This is intuitively correct, since the derivative of a constant is zero. (Type B: Same answer.)

EE 210 - Fall 2009 Solution of Final Exam

San Jos State University e

Problem 1 (30 points) The response of an LTI system S to x1 (t) = cos(4t) is known to be y1 (t) = 2 cos(4t /4). (a) Determine the response y2 (t) of S to the input x2 (t) = sin(4(t 2)). Solution: Express the input as x2 (t) = sin [4(t 2)] = sin(4t) = cos[4t /2] = cos [4 (t 1/8)] = x1 (t 1/8). It follows that y2 (t) = y1 (t 1/8) = 2 cos[4(t 1/8) /4] = 2 cos(4t 3/4). Alternative: Since the input is sinusoidal (the sum of eigenfunctions), we have |H(4)| = 2, and

H(4) = /4.

It follows that the response to the signal x3 (t) = sin(4) is y3 (t) = 2 sin(4t /4). Finally, since x2 (t) = x3 (t 2), y2 (t) = y3 (t 2) = 2 sin[4(t 2) /4]. (b) The impulse response of S is h(t) = a ebt u(t). Find the values of a and b. Solution: We have H(s) = a , s+b

and we know that H(j4) = 2 ej/4 . Therefore, H(j4) = This gives a = 2, and 16 2 + b2 It follows that b = 4 and a = 128 . tan
1

a = 2 ej/4 . j4 + b
(

4 b

= /4.

(c) Is this system stable? causal? Justify carefully your answers. Solution: From part (b), 128 H(s) = s + 4

h(t) =

128 e4t u(t).

The system is both stable and causal.

Problem 2 (40 points) A continuous-time system S is constructed by the series connection of two LTI subsystems S1 and S2 with impulse responses hi (t), i = 1, 2, given by h1 (t) = e2t u(t), (a) Find the impulse response h(t) of S. Solution: The transfer functions of S1 and S2 are, respectively, H1 (s) = 1 , s+2 H2 (s) = 2es . s h2 (t) = 2 u(t 1).

Therefore, system S has transfer function given by H(s) = H1 (s)H2 (s) = This can be written as H(s) = es H3 (s) with H3 (s) = 2 1 1 = s(s + 2) s s+2 h3 (t) = u(t) e2t u(t) = 1 e2t u(t).
[ ]

2es . s(s + 2)

h(t) = h3 (t 1),

The impulse response is h(t) = 1 e2(t1) u(t 1).

[ ]

(b) Give a dierential equation that describes system S. State any assumptions necessary. Solution: We have, given zero initial conditions (system at rest) at t = 1,
(

s2 + 2s Y (s) = 2 es X(s)

d2 y(t) d y(t) +2 = 2 x(t 1). 2 dt dt

(c) Determine the response y1 (t) of system S1 to the input x(t) = 2 + cos(2t). Solution: The input can be written as x(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t), with x1 (t) = 2 and x2 (t) = cos(2t). The responses of S1 to x1 (t) and x2 (t) are, respectively, y1 (t) = 2 H1 (0) = 2 and y2 (t) = A cos(2t + ), where A = |H1 (j 2)| = 1 1 , = 2 j 2 + 2 2 +1 1 = 1, 0+2

and = H(j 2) = tan

1

2 2

= tan1 () rad.

Using superposition,
( ) 1 cos 2t tan1 () . y(t) = y1 (t) + y2 (t) = 1 + 2 2 +1

(d) Is system S stable? causal? Justify carefully your answers. Solution: Referring to part (a), system S is causal, because h(t) = 0, for t < 1. However, S is unstable, due to the presence of the term u(t1) in the impulse response. Problem 3 (30 points) The transfer function of a discrete-time LTI system S is H(z) = z2 . z2 + 1 4

(a) Determine the impulse response of S. Is S causal? Justify carefully your answer. Solution: We have H(z) = 1 1 + 1 z 2 4 =(
)(

j 1 + 2 z 1

j 1 2 z 1

) =

1 + z 1

1 2 j 2

1 z 1

1 2 j 2

Using the fact that j = ej/2 ,

[

h[n] =

1 1 2 2 1 2

( )n (

ejn/2 + ejn/2
)

)]

u[n]

( )n

n cos u[n]. 2

The system is causal because h[n] = 0 for n < 0. (b) Sketch the region of convergence of H(z) in the complex z-plane. Is S stable? Solution: Shown on the next page.

Im{z}

1/2 2 zeroes Re{z} 1 -1/2

The system is stable because the ROC contains the unit circle. (c) Determine the response y[n] of S to the input sequence x[n] = Solution: Write x[n] = x1 [n]+x2 [n], with x1 [n] = y[n] = y1 [n] + y2 [n], where 1 y1 [n] = H 3
( ) ( )n ( )n
1 3

( )n
1 3

+ 1 2
( )n

)n

u[n].

and x2 [n] = 1 2 4 1 = 13 3
( )n

u[n]. Then

1 3

1 (1/3)2 = 2 + 1/4 3 (1/3)

( )n

To obtain y2 [n], using z-transforms, Y2 (z) = X2 (z)H(z) = ( 1 + z 1

1 2

)(

j 1 + 2 z 1

)(

j 1 2 z 1

= where A= 1 1+
1 4

A 1+
1 2

z 1

B 1+
j 2

z 1

C
j 1 2 z 1

z 1

z 1 =2

1 = , 2

B = C = (

1 + 1 z 1 2

)(

1 z 1
j 2

)
z 1 = 2 j

1 1 = ej 4 . 2(1 + j) 2 2

It follows that

1 1 y2 [n] = 2 2 and 4 1 y[n] = 13 3

( )n

)n [

1 n 1 + cos 2 4 2

)]

u[n].

1 1 + 2 2

)n [

1 n 1 + cos 2 4 2

)]

u[n].

EE 210 Spring 2010

San Jos State University

Solution of Final Exam

Problem 1 (25 points): An LTI system has transfer function

H (s) =

s+2 . ( s 1)( s + 3)

(a) It is specified that the system be stable. Sketch carefully the ROC of H(s) and use it to determine if the system is causal. (b) Find the response to x(t ) = 2 (t + 3) .

Solution: (a) The transfer function has a zero at -2 at two poles at +1 and -3. Since it is specified for the system to be stable, it must contain the line = 0. It follows that the impulse response h(t) is double sided and the system is non-causal.

(b) Use linearity, time-invariance and the concept of eigenfunction:

y (t ) = 2 H (0) h(t + 3) .
The impulse response can be obtained from the transfer function:

H (s) =
Therefore,

s+2 3 / 4 1/ 4 3 1 = + h(t ) = e t u (t ) + e 3t u (t ) . ( s 1)( s + 3) s 1 s + 3 4 4

4 3e3 t e 9 3t y (t ) = + e u (t 3) e u (t + 3) . 3 4 4

Problem 2 (40 points): A stable discrete-time LTI system S is specified by the following difference equation:

15 y[n] 2 y[n 1] y[n 2] = 15 x[n] .

(a) Use a sketch of the ROC of the transfer function H(z) to determine if S is causal. (b) Find the impulse response h[n] of S.

1 (c) Find the response y[n] of S to the input x[n] = u[n] . 2

Solution: (a) The transfer function is obtained after dividing both sides of the difference equation by 15 and then applying the z-transform. This gives

H ( z) =

1 . 1 1 1 1 1 z 1 + z 3 5

There are two real poles at 1/3 and -1/5. The sketch of the ROC is shown below. Since it is given that the system be stable, the ROC contains the unit circle. The system is causal, since it has an outer ROC.

(b) To find the impulse response, use partial-fraction expansion on H(z) and then find the inverse ztransform of each term. This results in

51 3 1 h[n] = u[n] + u[n] . 8 3 8 5

(c) The z-transform of the response of the system is

Y ( z) = X ( z)H ( z) =

1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 z 1 z 1 + z 2 3 5

Upon expansion of Y(z) and inverse z-transform of each term, the output sequence is

15 1 n 5 1 n 3 1 n y[n] = + u[n] . 4 3 28 5 7 2
Problem 3 (35 points): A causal LTI system initially at rest is specified by the differential equation

d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) dx(t ) +2 3 y (t ) = 2 . 2 dt dt dt
(a) Sketch the ROC of the transfer function H(s). Is the system stable? (b) Determine the impulse response h(t). (c) Find the step response s(t) of this system.

Solution: (a) Application of the Laplace transform to both sides of the differential equation results in the transfer function

H (s) =

Y ( s) 2s = . X ( s ) ( s 1)( s + 3)

The transfer function has a zero at 0 and two real poles at -3 and +1. Since the system is causal, the ROC is located to the right of the rightmost pole, as illustrated in the figure below.

Since the ROC does not contain the line = 0, the system is unstable. (b) The impulse response is obtained after expanding H(s) into fractions and finding the inverse Laplace transform of each term. This gives

h(t ) =

1 t 3 e u (t ) + e 3t u (t ) 2 2

(c) The Laplace transform of the step response is given by

S ( s) =

1 2 H ( s) = . s ( s 1)( s + 3)

Just as in part (b), partial-fraction expansion and the inverse Laplace transform give the result:

s (t ) =

1 t e e 3t u (t ) . 2