PBSL1114 Physiology for Human Movement Cardiovascular Dynamics Laboratory Report Student ID 2010213954

Due date and Value: This report must be submitted as a soft copy via email to abarnett@hku.hk no later than 5:00 pm 4 April 2012. Penalties apply for late submission, see course outline for details. You must attend the laboratory session to get a mark for the related report. References used when answering questions must appear in a reference list at the end of your report. Value: This report contributes 10% of your final grade. RESULTS Subject name: Leung Wing Fai Sex: M F (circle) Age: 21

Table 1. Heart Rate (HR), sitting, lying and standing Time (min) Sitting HR (readings 3 minutes post-sitting BP determination) 3:00 3:05 3:10 3:15 3:20 3:25 3:30 Mean sitting HR Lying HR (5 minutes after lying down) 5:00 5:05 5:10 5:15 5:20 5:25 5:30 Mean Lying HR Standing HR- immediately after standing from lying -10 sec after standing from lying - 20 sec after standing from lying - 30 sec after standing from lying Standing HR- 2 min after standing from lying 0:00 0:10 0:20 0:30 65 68 70 71 69 63 66.6 61 63 62 60 60 60 60 60.8 71 79 75 73 74.5 HR (b.min-1) 75

Table 2. Blood Pressure (BP), sitting, lying and standing. BP reader Sitting BP 1 2 3 4 5 Mean sitting BP Sitting BP (automated BP monitor) Trial Lying BP 1 2 Mean Lying BP Standing BP Standing BP - ASAP after standing from lying Standing BP - 2 min after standing from lying 115 135 65 84 103 129 112 107 109.5 72 69 70.5 109 105 107 Systolic BP (mmHg) 112 122 120 124 125 120.6 113 Diastolic BP (mmHg) 80 82 83 80 83 81.6 81 97 94.6 91.67 MAP (mmHg) 90.67 95.33 95.33 94.67

Rebreathing air from a paper bag. Resting sitting HR pre-breathing into bag: HR after 30 seconds breathing into bag: HR after 120 seconds breathing into bag: Human diving response. Water Temperature: 17 o C HR (b.min ) Pre-immersion (immersion position) At 30-sec immersion (1) At 30-sec immersion (2) Average deviation of immersion values from pre-immersion value 66 58 59 -7.5
-1

63 (b.min-1) 66 (b.min-1) 71 (b.min-1)

Systolic BP (mmHg) 109 114 115 +5.5

Diastolic BP (mmHg) 75 80 81 +5.5

MAP (mm Hg) 86.33 91.33 92.33 +5.5

QUESTIONS (marks shown in brackets: total = 30, percent of final grade = 10%): Answers must not be longer than the number of lines stated at the end of each question (10 pt font minimum). Answers exceeding the stated limits will receive a mark of zero. Use your own words. This is an individual report. Plagiarism (e.g., copying or lending answers, not referencing sources) will be penalized. Marks will be deducted if you break any of these rules. Include the references you used in a list at the end of your report. 1. 2. Marks for data recording (correctly/neatly) and calculations (DO NOT ANSWER) _____ (5) Are the relationships between resting values for HR while lying, sitting and standing (2-minute post-lying value) what would be expected? Justify your response. (maximum 4 line response) (5 marks) The resting values for HR is supposed to increase because from lying, sitting and standing, the stroke volume (SV) will be reduced due to more blood is pulled downward by gravity to the lower part of the body. HR increase to compensate the decrease of SV such that the cardiac output can be maintained. The response of the subject (lying mean value = 60.9 bpm, sitting mean value = 66.6 bpm and standing after 2 min = 74.5 bpm) justify the expectation.

3.

Are the relationships between resting values for BP while lying, sitting and standing (2-minute post-lying value) what would be expected? Justify your response. (maximum 4 line response) (5 marks)

The resting values is supposed to increase because from lying, sitting and standing, more blood is pulled downward by gravity to the lower part of the body, less blood is pushed to the upper part of the body e.g. brain. The increase in the BP makes sure enough the blood flow to brain by pushing the blood upward against the gravity. The response of the subject (MAP of lying: 107mmHg, sitting: 119 mmHg and standing: 95.33 mmHg)justify the expectation.

4.

Explain the changes observed in HR and BP during the period following the subject moving from lying to standing. (maximum 4 line response) (5 marks)

When the subject moving from lying to standing, BP should drop momentarily and HR should rise. The drop in BP is due to the pooling of blood in the lower part of the body. After sensing the drop in BP, the baroreceptor increases HR by the control of SNS and PNS. Then BP should rise again as the result of increased HR. The change is not seen in the subject. It might be due to other factors like the psychological factors masking the effect, or errors in measurement. 5. Were the observed changes in HR when your subject was rebreathing air from a paper bag as expected? Explain your answer with reference to what was expected and why. (maximum 4 line response)(5 marks) The rise in HR is expected when the subject is rebreathing air. The expectation is due to the increased CO 2 concentration in the expired air will increase the blood P CO2, which be noticed by the chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies. The receptors will then relay the information to CNS and indirectly leads to the increase in HR by autonomic nervous system. But the effect is not observed in the subject. 6. What is the human diving response? Did your subject show the diving response? (maximum 4 line response)(5 marks) Human diving response is the increase in MAP and decrease in HR as a result of breath holding and the reflex after the face touched water. This is done by the increased parasympathetic activities to the heart pacemaker cells (lower HR), increased sympathetic activities to limbs leading to vasoconstriction in the limbs (increase MAP). The subject showed the diving response, as there is a negative change in HR and a positive change in MAP 30s after immersion

List of references used 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. http://ep.physoc.org/content/23/1/1.full.pdf+html http://www.livestrong.com/article/307646-posture-heart-rate/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/268891-heart-rate-body-positions/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/299614-blood-pressure-supine-vs-standing/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_body http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoid_body http://www.mendeley.com/research/mechanism-human-diving-response/