Fluid Properties and Fluid Properties and Fluid Properties and

Units
Fluid Properties and
Units Units Units
CVEN 311 CVEN 311
Continuum Continuum Continuum Continuum
All materials, solid or fluid, are composed
of molecules discretely spread and in
All materials, solid or fluid, are composed
of molecules discretely spread and in y p
continuous motion.
However in dealing with fluid-flow
y p
continuous motion.
However in dealing with fluid-flow However, in dealing with fluid flow
relations on a mathematical basis, it is
necessary to replace the actual molecular
However, in dealing with fluid flow
relations on a mathematical basis, it is
necessary to replace the actual molecular necessary to replace the actual molecular
structure by a hypothetical continuous
medium called the continuum
necessary to replace the actual molecular
structure by a hypothetical continuous
medium called the continuum medium, called the continuum. medium, called the continuum.
Continuum Continuum Continuum Continuum
In a continuum, the physical variable at a
point in space is the averaged value of the
In a continuum, the physical variable at a
point in space is the averaged value of the p p g
variable in a small sphere.
How good is the assumption?
p p g
variable in a small sphere.
How good is the assumption? How good is the assumption? How good is the assumption?
3x10
10
molecules of air
10
-3
cm
3x10 molecules of air
Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units
Th di i h b h f h Th di i h b h f h The dimensions have to be the same for each
term in an equation (dimensionally
homogeneous: check correctness!)
The dimensions have to be the same for each
term in an equation (dimensionally
homogeneous: check correctness!) homogeneous: check correctness!)
Dimensions of mechanics are
l th
homogeneous: check correctness!)
Dimensions of mechanics are
l th
L
length
time
mass
length
time
mass
L
T
M
mass
force
temperature
mass
force
temperature
a F m =
M
MLT
-2
O temperature temperature O
Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units
Q tit S b l Di i Q tit S b l Di i Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Velocity V LT
-1
Acceleration a LT
-2
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Velocity V LT
-1
Acceleration a LT
-2
Acceleration a LT
2
Area A L
2
Volume L
3
Acceleration a LT
2
Area A L
2
Volume L
3
Volume L
Discharge Q L
3
T
-1
Pressure p ML
-1
T
-2
Volume L
Discharge Q L
3
T
-1
Pressure p ML
-1
T
-2
Pressure p ML T
Gravity g LT
-2
Temperature T O
Pressure p ML T
Gravity g LT
-2
Temperature T O Temperature T O
Mass concentration C ML
-3
Temperature T O
Mass concentration C ML
-3
Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units Dimensions and Units
Q i S b l Di i Q i S b l Di i Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Density ML
-3
Quantity Symbol Dimensions
Density ML
-3
Dynamic viscosity ML
-1
T
-1
Kinematic viscosity v L
2
T
-1
Dynamic viscosity ML
-1
T
-1
Kinematic viscosity v L
2
T
-1
Surface tension o MT
-2
Bulk mod of elasticity E ML
-1
T
-2
Surface tension o MT
-2
Bulk mod of elasticity E ML
-1
T
-2
These are properties! fluid These are _______ properties! fluid
How many independent properties? _____
4
Systems of Units Systems of Units Systems of Units Systems of Units
1. British Gravitational (BG)
Mass=slug length=ft force=lb
1. British Gravitational (BG)
Mass=slug length=ft force=lb Mass slug, length ft, force lb
g=32.17 ft/s^2
Mass slug, length ft, force lb
g=32.17 ft/s^2
2. International (SI) 2. International (SI)
Mass=kg, length=m, force=N
g=9 81 m/s^2
Mass=kg, length=m, force=N
g=9 81 m/s^2 g 9.81 m/s 2 g 9.81 m/s 2
Density Specific Weight Density Specific Weight Density, Specific Weight Density, Specific Weight
Density = mass/volume
Water @60F = 1 94 slugs/ft^3 =999kg/m^3
Density = mass/volume
Water @60F = 1 94 slugs/ft^3 =999kg/m^3 Water @60F 1.94 slugs/ft 3 999kg/m 3
Func. of tem. (Fig 1.1) Max. @4 C
Water @60F 1.94 slugs/ft 3 999kg/m 3
Func. of tem. (Fig 1.1) Max. @4 C
Specific weight = weight/volume Specific weight = weight/volume
=density x g =density x g
Density and Specific Weight Density and Specific Weight Density and Specific Weight Density and Specific Weight
1000
3
)
Density (mass/unit
volume)
Density (mass/unit
volume)
970
980
990
1000
s
i
t
y

(
k
g
/
m
3
Specific mass )
density of water:
density of air at
)
density of water:
density of air at
950
960
0 50 100
Temperature (C)
D
e
n
s
1000 kg/m
3
p
density of air at
atmospheric pressure and
15 C:
density of air at
atmospheric pressure and
15 C:
Temperature (C)
999
1000
k
g
/
m
3
)
1.22 kg/m
3
Specific Weight (weight
per unit volume)
Specific Weight (weight
per unit volume)
997
998
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
k
p )
__________________
p )
__________________
0 10 20
Temperature (C)
= g = 9806 N/m
3
Specific gravity Specific gravity Specific gravity Specific gravity
SG= density / density of water @ 4C SG= density / density of water @ 4C
No unit No unit
SG of mercury (Hg) =? SG of mercury (Hg) =?
Density=? Density=?
Definition of a Fluid Definition of a Fluid Definition of a Fluid Definition of a Fluid
a fluid, such as water or air, deforms
continuously when acted on by shearing
a fluid, such as water or air, deforms
continuously when acted on by shearing y y g
stresses of any magnitude.
- Munson, Young, Okiishi
y y g
stresses of any magnitude.
- Munson, Young, Okiishi , g, , g,
Water
Oil
Water
Oil Oil
Air
Wh i t t l fl id?
Oil
Air
Wh i t t l fl id? Why isnt steel a fluid? Why isnt steel a fluid?
Fluid Deformation between Fluid Deformation between
Parallel Plates Parallel Plates
F
b
U
Side view Side view Side view Side view
Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U. Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U.
What other parameters control how much force is What other parameters control how much force is
i d d i d l i ? i d d i d l i ? required to get a desired velocity? required to get a desired velocity?
Distance between plates (b) Distance between plates (b)
A f l (A) A f l (A) Area of plates (A) Area of plates (A)
Viscosity! Viscosity!
Shear Stress Shear Stress Shear Stress Shear Stress
(
b
AU
F =
AU
Fb
=
(

2
m
s N
dimension of
A
F
= t
(

2
m
N
Tangential force per unit area
b
U
t =
b
U
(

s
1
Rate of angular deformation
change in velocity with respect to distance change in velocity with respect to distance
dy
du
t =
rate of shear rate of shear
Fluid classification by response Fluid classification by response
to shear stress to shear stress
Newtonian
Ideal Fluid
Newtonian
Ideal Fluid
Newtonian
Ideal Fluid
t
i
o
n
t
i
o
n
d
y
d
u
Ideal Fluid
Ideal plastic
Ideal Fluid
Ideal plastic
Ideal plastic
d
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
d
e
f
o
r
m
a
t

du
1
R
a
t
e

o
f

d
R
a
t
e

o
f

d

dy
du
t =
Shear stress Shear stress tt
RR
Fluid Viscosity Fluid Viscosity Fluid Viscosity Fluid Viscosity
Examples of highly viscous fluids

Examples of highly viscous fluids

tar, 20w-50 oil ______________________
Fundamental mechanisms (Fig.1.6)
Gases transfer of molecular momentum
______________________
Fundamental mechanisms (Fig.1.6)
Gases transfer of molecular momentum
tar, 20w 50 oil
Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
Viscosity __________ as temperature increases.
Viscosity as pressure increases
Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
Viscosity __________ as temperature increases.
Viscosity as pressure increases
increases
increases Viscosity __________ as pressure increases.
Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
Viscosity __________ as pressure increases.
Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
_______
increases
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible)
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible)
Role of Viscosity Role of Viscosity Role of Viscosity Role of Viscosity
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
Statics
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is and is
Fluids at rest have no relative motion between
layers of fluid and thus du/dy = 0
Therefore the shear stress is and is zero zero _____
independent of the fluid viscosity
Flows
_____
independent of the fluid viscosity
Flows
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving
Fluid viscosity is very important when the fluid
is moving gg
Dynamic and Kinematic Dynamic and Kinematic
Viscosity Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity (__) is a fluid property
obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity (__) is a fluid property
obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity
v
y g y y
(__) by the fluid density
y g y y
(__) by the fluid density

( s N
( k

v =
(
kg
(

2
m
s N
| |
(

=
2
s
m kg
N
(
(

=
kg
s m
kg
v [m
2
/s]
(

3
m
Connection to Reynolds number!
Re
VD

=
War in solving Fluid-Structure Interaction War in solving Fluid-Structure Interaction War in solving Fluid Structure Interaction War in solving Fluid Structure Interaction
Hydraulician (Hydraulics): Experimentalists Hydraulician (Hydraulics): Experimentalists
Hydrodynamicist (Hydrodynamics):
Applied mathematicians
Hydrodynamicist (Hydrodynamics):
Applied mathematicians Applied mathematicians Applied mathematicians
Prandtls Contribution: Boundary Layer Prandtls Contribution: Boundary Layer
Example: Measure the viscosity Example: Measure the viscosity
of water of water
The inner cylinder is 10
cm in diameter and rotates
The inner cylinder is 10
cm in diameter and rotates
Outer Outer
cylinder cylinder
Inner Inner
at 10 rpm. The fluid layer
is 2 mm thick and 10 cm
hi h Th i d
at 10 rpm. The fluid layer
is 2 mm thick and 10 cm
hi h Th i d
Inner Inner
cylinder cylinder
high. The power required
to turn the inner cylinder
is 50x10
-6
watts What is
high. The power required
to turn the inner cylinder
is 50x10
-6
watts What is
Thin layer of water Thin layer of water
is 50x10 watts. What is
the dynamic viscosity of
the fluid?
is 50x10 watts. What is
the dynamic viscosity of
the fluid? the fluid? the fluid?
Viscosity Measurement: Solution Viscosity Measurement: Solution Viscosity Measurement: Solution Viscosity Measurement: Solution
t
AU
F = = U = A
Outer Outer
cylinder cylinder
Inner Inner
r = 5 cm
er 2trh
t
h r
F
2
2te
=
Inner Inner
cylinder cylinder
r 5 cm
t = 2 mm
h = 10 cm
P 50 10
6
W
Pt
= P
h r
3 2
2te
Thin layer of water Thin layer of water
P = 50 x 10
-6
W
10 rpm
Fer
h r
Pt
3 2
2te
=
6
) ( ) (
t
h r
P
2te
=
2 3 -
3 2
6 -
s/m N 1.16x10
m) (0.1 m) (0.05 (1.047/s) 2
m) (0.002 W) 10 (50
= =
t

x
Absolute/Gage Pressure Absolute/Gage Pressure Absolute/Gage Pressure Absolute/Gage Pressure
Absolute pressure=wrt to vacuum
Gage pressure=wrt atmospheric p
Absolute pressure=wrt to vacuum
Gage pressure=wrt atmospheric p Gage pressure wrt atmospheric p
P P 14 7 ( i) ( 100kP )
Gage pressure wrt atmospheric p
P P 14 7 ( i) ( 100kP ) Pa = Pg + 14.7 (psi) (or 100kPa) Pa = Pg + 14.7 (psi) (or 100kPa)
Perfect Gas Law Perfect Gas Law Perfect Gas Law Perfect Gas Law
PV = mRT PV = mRT PV = mRT
=> P= RT
PV = mRT
=> P= RT
R is the gas constant
T is in Kelvin (K=C+273) (or R=F+460)
R is the gas constant
T is in Kelvin (K=C+273) (or R=F+460)
Use absolute pressure for P and absolute Use absolute pressure for P and absolute
temperature for T
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity Bulk Modulus of Elasticity Bulk Modulus of Elasticity Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
Relates the change in
volume to a change in
Relates the change in
volume to a change in
E
dp
d
v
=
/
E
dp
dV V
v
=
/
-
g
pressure
changes in density at
g
pressure
changes in density at
2 2
2.30
2.35
t
y

(
G
P
a
)
changes in density at
high pressure
pressure waves
changes in density at
high pressure
pressure waves
2.15
2.20
2.25
l
u
s

o
f

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
Water
p
_________
______ __________
p
_________
______ __________
2.00
2.05
2.10
0 20 40 60 80 100
B
u
l
k

M
o
d
u
sound sound
water hammer water hammer
Water
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)

v
E
a = speed of sound speed of sound
Speed of Sound Speed of Sound Speed of Sound Speed of Sound
In Water: 1500 m/s In Water: 1500 m/s
In Air: 340 m/s In Air: 340 m/s
Who can communicate faster, dolphin or Who can communicate faster, dolphin or
bat? bat?
Assisting Grader Assisting Grader Assisting Grader Assisting Grader
J. K. Kim
kimjk007@neo tamu edu
J. K. Kim
kimjk007@neo tamu edu kimjk007@neo.tamu.edu
979 446 1250
kimjk007@neo.tamu.edu
979 446 1250
HW#1 HW#1 HW#1 HW#1
CHAP.1
4 7 11 23 26 45 60 62 70 95
CHAP.1
4 7 11 23 26 45 60 62 70 95 4, 7, 11, 23, 26, 45, 60, 62, 70, 95
D 1/27 F (5 00 )
4, 7, 11, 23, 26, 45, 60, 62, 70, 95
D 1/27 F (5 00 ) Due 1/27 Fr. (5:00pm) Due 1/27 Fr. (5:00pm)
Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure
8000
6000
7000
8000
e

(
P
a
)
3000
4000
5000
o
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
0
1000
2000
V
a
p
o
liquid
0
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (C)
What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa
Connection forward to cavitation!
Cavitation: How can you boil the Cavitation: How can you boil the Cavitation: How can you boil the
water at room temperature?
Cavitation: How can you boil the
water at room temperature?
Cavitation Damage Cavitation Damage Cavitation Damage Cavitation Damage
Surface Tension Surface Tension Surface Tension Surface Tension
)
Pressure
increase in a
Pressure
increase in a
0 070
0.075
0.080
o
n

(
N
/
m
)
spherical droplet spherical droplet
0.060
0.065
0.070
c
e

t
e
n
s
i
o
AptR
2
0.050
0.055
S
u
r
f
a
c
2tRo
S f l l S f l l
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
AptR
2
= 2tRo
R
p
o 2
= A
Surface molecules Surface molecules
Example: Surface Tension Example: Surface Tension Example: Surface Tension Example: Surface Tension
Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa)
between the inside and outside of a bubble
Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa)
between the inside and outside of a bubble
of air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3
mm in diameter.
of air in 20C water. The air bubble is 0.3
mm in diameter.
R 0 15 10
3
R 0 15 10
3
R
p
o 2
=
R = 0.15 x 10
-3
m R = 0.15 x 10
-3
m
o = 0.073 N/m o = 0.073 N/m
( )
m 10 15 . 0
N/m 073 . 0 2
3

= p
970 Pa p =
Outline the solution Outline the solution Outline the solution Outline the solution
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and represent
Restate the goal
Identify the given parameters and represent Identify the given parameters and represent
the parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the
Identify the given parameters and represent
the parameters using symbols
Outline your solution including the Outline your solution including the
equations describing the physical
constraints and any simplifying assumptions
Outline your solution including the
equations describing the physical
constraints and any simplifying assumptions constraints and any simplifying assumptions constraints and any simplifying assumptions
2 3 -
s/m N 1 16x10 = s/m N 1.16x10 =