1. A. RIZAL PUTRA AKBAR 2. A.

NUR MAGHRIBI

(01)

(02)

3. ARIZA JULIAN HAKIM (06) 4. THOPAZ YULISTIO A. (29)

Preface

Thank you to god almighty for his blessing and help in finishing this physic task for senior high school grade x. the success key in studying physic is the love of physic itself. We can easily understand the concept of optical instrument itself.

We would like to express our appreciation to those who have helped and supported to publish this book. We realize that this book is still far from perfection therefore, any suggestions either about its defeciencis or for the improvement of this book will be warmly appreciated. Hopefully, this textbook can be benefited for us all.

Lamongan, 6-1-2010

Publisher

Optical instruments
Generally,optical instrument can be divided into natural and man-made instrument. The eye is a natural instrument,whereas

man-made instruments includesmagnifying lens,eyeglasses, camera, telescope, and microscope. Man-made optical instruments consist of mirrors and lenses The sections on the eye organ works from the source to deliver light to the brain to be digested by the human nervous system. The sections are: * Cornea Outermost part of the eyeball that receives light from the source of light. * Pupil and Iris / Rainbow membrane From the cornea, the light will be forwarded to the pupil. Pupil determine the quantity of light entering into the deeper part of the eye. Pupils will widen if the room is dark, and will be narrowed if the room light conditions. The width of the pupil is affected by the slice in around .Iris serves as a diaphragm. Iris is seen as the colored part of the eye. * The lens Lens of the eye receives light from the pupil and pass them on to the retina. The function of the eye lens is to adjust the focus of light, so that light falls exactly on the yellow spots on the retina. To view a distant object (light coming from far away), eye lens will thin out. As for seeing near objects (the light comes from the close), the lens will thicken. * Retina The retina is part of the eye is most sensitive to light, particularly the retina called the yellow spots. After the retina, the light transmitted to the optic nerve. * optic nerve Nerve entering the cord cells and cones in the retina, to go to the brain.

1.) Miopi Myopia or nearsightedness is a condition when a person cannot clearly see distant object. In the myopic eyes, the image falls in front of the retina. This condition can be corrected with a concave lens glasses. The power of the lens for Myopic eyes can be Determined by the Following formula : P = 100 pR (myopia)

2.) Hyperopia Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness or hypermetropia, is a condition when a person cannot cleary see near objects. His near point is father than 25cm. In the hyperopic eyes, the image falls behind the retina. This condition can be corrected with a convex lens glasses. Lens power for hyperopia patient can be determined by using the following formula: P = 100 S 100 Pp(hyp)

3.) Presbyopia Presbyopia patients cannot clearly see both distance and close objects as both near and far point of the patients have shifted from their normal position. This condition is usually due to the aging. Presbyopic eyes can be corrected by using double lens glasses consist of negative and positive lenses.

4.) Astigmatism Astigmatism or cylindrical eyes is a condition where the shape of the cornea is not perfectly spherical. This disorder will cause a condition where a point is perceived as a line. On the other hand, lined objects can be seen clearly but only in a particular direction (either vertical or horizaontal only). Astigmatism can be corrected by using cylindrical-lens glasses.