ABSTRACT

The objective of this project paper is to identify information convention in the introduction of three research articles. The aim of this research report was to determine the information convention in the introduction of each research articles. Sample of this research is the introduction section. The article were compared by the researcher to obtained the information convention. The result indicated that only a few element were found in the three articles and the other element were absent.

Introduction
In general, the first major section of the experimental research report, is the introduction. The introduction serves as an orientation for readers of the report giving them perspective they need to understand the detailed information coming in later sections. The introduction can be divided into five parts or stages. First stage, general statements about a field of research to provide the reader with a setting for the problem to be reported. Second stage, more specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by other researches. Third stage, statements that indicate the need for more investigation. Fourth stage, very specific statements giving the purpose/objectives of the writers study. Fifth stage, optional statements that give a value of justification for carrying out the study.

Robert Weissberg and Suzanne Buker (1990) from New Mexico State University by their book WRITING UP RESEARCH (Experimental Research Report Writing For Students Of English) use the term experimental research in a very broad sense, referring to various kinds of studies. One typical kind is the controlled scientific experiment, where the researchers conduct empirical test while identifying and controlling as many factors as

possible that way affect the outcome of the study. Another common kind of research is correlational in which the investigators compare two or more different variables to determine if any predictable relationships exist among them. Other kind of studies may deal with information obtained from survey quetionnaires or from case studies. Still other studies use computer-generated models that attempts to explain or predict phenomena observed in the laboratory or in nature. Walliman, N. by their book Your Research Project: A Step by step Guide for the first-Time Researcher highlights the fact that, although research often involves the collection of information, it is more than just reading a few books or articles, talking to a few people or asking people questions. While collecting data may be part of the research process, if it is not undertaken in systematic way, on its own and in particular with clear purpose it will not be seen as research. The second of these is commonplace in many reports. Data are collected, perhaps from a variety of different sources, and then assembled in a single document with the sources of these data listed. However, there is no interpretation of the data collected. Again, while the assembly of data from a variety of sources may be part of the process of research, without interpretation it is not research. Finally, the term research can be used to get an idea or product noticed by people and to suggest that people should have confidence in it. In such instances, when you ask for details of the research process, these are either unclear or not forth coming. Ghauri, P. and Gronhaug, K. by their book Research Method in Business Studies: A Practical Guide define research as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge. Two phrases are important in this definition: systematic research and to find out things. systematic suggests that

research is based on logical relationships and not just beliefs. As part of this, research will involve an explaination of methods used to collect the data, will argue why the results obtained are meaningful, and will explain any limitations that are associated with them. To find out things suggests there are a multiplicity of possible purposes for research. These may include describing, explaining, understanding, criticizing and analyzing. However, it also suggests that you have a clear purpose or set of things that want to find out, such as the answer to a question or number of questions. There is a need for more research because the term is used wrongly: a) Just collecting facts or information with no clear purpose. b) Reassembling and reordering facts or information without interpretation. c) As a term to get your product or idea noticed and respected. When ask for details of the research process, unclear or not forthcoming. The objectives for this project paper. Firstly, to write a simple research report (including the Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion/Conclusion sections) by organizing paragraphs, incorporating revelant kinds of information and presenting information in tables and/or figures. Secondly, to write paragraphs using appropriate topic sentences and to develop logically connected supporting details for each paragraphs. Thirdly, to develop writing skills required for preparing a script to be presented. Finally, to develop public speaking skills related to the expression of views, the sharing of information and the presentation of specific topics in pure, applied or social sciences.

The value or justification, it is very important to conduct a simple study on the research paper in Finance field because it will help me to understand the research articles in

my major field. Besides, it also help me to gain more knowledge in process writing research because it is very useful for me in future to apply it as practical preparation thesis and dissertations. There are only several limitations encountered while finding out some similarities and differences between the three selected articles.

Method
The second major section of the experimental research report is Method. This section will describe the steps in conducting my study and the material used at each step. Researcher obtain the journal articles in UMS Library. Five journal articles were collected. Three journal articles founded from the journal of finance, while two journal articles from databases in UMS Library. All of the journal articles published in the year 2007. However, among these five journal articles only three were selected because it related to my field in Financial Economics. My three selected journal articles were S & P 500 implied volatility and monetary policy announcements, Why inexperienced investors do not learn: They do not know their past portfolio performance and Core inflation: Measurement and statistical issues in choosing among alternative measures. In the first journal article (RA1), S & P 500 implied volatility and monetary policy announcements related the behaviour of the returns on the VIX index (recently a tradable index relating to S & P 500 implied volatility) around FOMC board meetings. In

summary, an interesting pattern is revealed in that the S & P 500 implied volatility index falls(around 2%) on the day of FOMC board meetings. No significant movements before or after the FOMC board meetings is detected. This finding is revealed irrespective of whether

the FOMC changed US monetary policy conditions. While these results appear to suggest a profitable investment strategy. The second journal article (RA2), Why inexperienced investors do not learn: They do not know their past portfolio performance focus on the absolute difference between estimated and realized performance. A potential difference is presumably mainly driven by lack of knowledge or mathematical skills. No behavioral factors (should) come into play in this mathematical exercise. Thus, it is intuitive that expertise might play a role in explaining potential heterogeneity across investors. Furthermore, analyze whether investors overestimate their past realized performance and their performance relative to other investors. Thus also contribute to the literature on overconfidence. The third journal article (RA3), Core inflation: Measurement and statistical issues in choosing among alternative measures the range of methods available. Although exclusion-based measures are often used as target and/or operational measures of core inflation, there are many alternative approach that can provide quite different results. Furthermore, the same approach can generally be implemented in different ways and again, this can lead to quite different results. The right element information, we must to analysed the data, base on in the three selected articles by reading and comparing their frequencies of different information. It is important to compare the frequencies of different information elements in all the selected articles. Researchers may found some important information that related to their field. It also very useful for readers who want to know the methodology of researchers study that may have influenced the results.

This project paper, we must to focus on the discussion section for each three articles. After that, we have to analyse whether there are an existence of the five stages which mentioned earlier. We used tables to compare the five frequencies of different information elements for the selected articles.

RESULTS
TABLE 1: Distribution of information elements (stages) in the three Introduction sections related to Finance Informatian Elements/Stage Setting Research Article 1 + Research Article 2 + Research Article 3 +

Aspects Already Studied + + + Needs for More Research + + Purpose + + + Value/Justification + Total Number of Information Elements 4 4 4 Note : The symbols/signs + and - indicated the presence and absence of an information element respectively.

Table 1 : Shows the distribution of information element in the three research article. From the analysis information in each articles, researcher found five differences stages in each articles. However, from the three articles, not all of them have all the five stages. The tables displays research article one (RA1), research article two (RA2) and research article three (RA3) indicated four stages information elements. The fixed elements included in reseach article one (RA1), research article two (RA2) and research article three (RA3) are aspect setting, aspect already studied, and purpose. While, the element value/justification cannot be found in research article one (RA1) and research article two (RA2). However, in the research article three (RA3) just to posses not included needs for more research element. This probably happen because the researcher in (RA1), (RA2) and (RA3), know what should researcher do in order to let readers easier to understand what they are trying

to deliver. It also helps readres to gain more knowledge about the field. Besides this, it also can help to understand how the researcher presents their researcher in a systematic way. Besides this, researcher in (RA3), did not mention about needs for more research because I think researcher have enough information to write their journal to readers. Even though, researcher in (RA1) and (RA2) they did not mention statements that give a value/justification for carrying out the study. Information elements that can be found in the three Introduction sections are merely the same as the information elements in Writing up Research by Weissberg and Buker. Both are depends on the findings of the study. There are two information elements in Introduction section that writers should considered. First elements are about specific reference to the study which includes the main purpose or hypothesis, most important findings, possible explanations, and limitations of the study. Futhermore, the second elements are about the general statement of the study. It consists of generalizations of the study, recommendations for future research and practical applications. These kinds of information are beneficial for writers to write their report from the specific to the general movement.

TABLE 2 : Examples of information elements in the three Introduction sections related to Finance Information Element/Stage Setting Examples There has been a great deal of research into the impact of macroeconomic announcements on equity markets, in terms of both returns and volatility. Evidence of links between the level of equity returns and macroeconomic announcements has been mixed. (RA1) By analyzing the determinants of the first two out of the three above mentioned facets of overconfidence, contribute to the still scarce

Aspects Already Studied

Needs for More Research

Purposes

Value/Justification

literature on the demographics of overconfidence in the spirit of Bhandari and Deaves (2006). (RA2) This finding is revealed irrespective of whether the FOMC changed US monetary policy conditions. While these results appear to suggest a profitable investment strategy this is a question for future research. (RA1) The purpose of the present study the absolute difference between estimated and realized performance. A potential difference is presumably mainly driven by lack of knowledge or mathematical skills. No behavioral factors (should) come into play in this mathematical exercise. Thus, it is intuitive that expertise might p ay a role in explaining potential heterogeneity across investors. (RA2) It is argued that the evaluation should, where possible, be data driven, that is be evaluated using country data and objective, transparent criteria. The empirical studies clearly show that methods suitable in one country cannot necessarily be carried over to other countries. (RA3)

Table 2 : Displays one example for each of the information elements that can be found in the sample of three research articles. Researcher merely choose one example which its very sure for each stages that can be found in the introduction section.

Discussion
There are several purposes of this studied but the most important is to identify the linguistic feature that are helpful in understanding the functions and information elements

of academic texts. I can say that I have achieved the objective because it really helps me to understand the information elements which I found in the selected articles. After I read and analysed all the three articles, I found that the author used different kind of style to present their study. Some of their study was easier to understand by the readers as they have include all of the information elements which we have studied while some was not because they only present several kind of information elements. This enables readers to make a conclusion of their findings. There are few limitations encountered in my research in doing this project paper. Firstly, it is difficult to the researcher when find the articles that must be published in 2007 to 2008. Secondly, the article should be related to the Finance field. Thirdly, this project paper must be completely immediately in the time given before submit. For the future research the sample could be more then three articles to give challenger to the researcher. The articles should be not limited to the field of Finance but it may contained to the differences subfield. Overall, the findings where I found in the articles really help me to enhance my knowledge in Finance. In my opinion, there is a need for further research and maybe the larger sample should be used so that he or she can widen their knowledge and improve more about field and subfield that they sat for. By this way, we can help our country to achieve our goals in Finance so that we can stand in the eyes of the world for the future undertaking.

References
1. Robert Weissberg & Suzanne Buker, Writing up Research (Experimental

Research,

Report Writing for Students of English), Prentice Hall Regents, United State of America, 1990.

2.

En-Te (John) Chen and AdamClements, S&P 500 implied volatility and

monetary policy announcements, School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, 18 July 2007.

3.

Markus Glaser and Martin Weber, Why inexperienced investors do not

leran: They do not know their past portfolio performance, Lehrstuhl fur Bankbetriebslehre, Business School, Universitat Mannheim, 26 October 2007.

4.

Mick Silver, Core Inflation: Measurement and Statistical Issues in Choosing

Among Alternative Measures, IMF Staff Papers, Vol 54, No.1 page (163-190), 2007 International Monetary Fund.

5.

Mark Saunders, Philips Lewis, Adrian Thornhill, Research Method For

Business Students, Prentice Hall, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2007.