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Vectors
V ectorsare nam ed usi a di ng rected lne segm ent, eg AB, or a bol l i d etter, tten by hand as u eg u, w ri a a+d d A com ponent vector i i the f sn orm u +v = b + e = b +e c f c+ f a b al know n as a col n vector so um a a d d c u v = b e = b e The m agni tude of a vector, denoted c f c f 2 2 2 AB or u , i a + b + c s BA i the negati of AB . s ve a ka 1 1 M ul plcati by a scal i k b = kb . ti i on ar s eg AB = 2 BA = 2 c kc 3 3 2 4 Thi i the sam e lne ss i If u = 4 and v = 8 then 2u = v segm ent, but i poi i the t nts n 12 6 opposi di on te recti thi m eans that u and v are paralel but s l, v i tw i as l as u s ce ong The Scalar Product
0 The zero vector i 0 s 0 1 0 0 i = 0 , j = 1 and k = 0 0 0 1
3 eg 3i + 4 j k = 4 1

Further Calculus
y = si ax n dy = a cosax dx si ax dx = 1 cosax + C n a
n

C hai R ul n e
y = (ax + b)

dy = a si ax n dx cosax dx = 1 si ax + C a n The above are gi i the exam ven n y = cosax

Higher Mathematics HSN23500

Af uncti i the f on n orm y = a x i caled an exponenti f s l al uncti on e x i caled the exponenti f s l al uncti to the base e. on x y=a l a y = x the base num ber stays the sam e, and og the other tw o term s f i over lp

Logarithms and Exponentials

dy n1 = an (ax + b) Example 3 dx y = ( x 9 + 8x ) pow er m ul ples to the f ti i ront, bracket stays the sam e, l er dy = 3 ( x 9 + 8 x )2 ( 9 x 8 + 8 ) ow the pow er by 1 and m ul pl dx ti y 2 by the deri i oft bracket vat ve he = 3 ( 9 x 8 + 8 )( x 9 + 8 x ) ( ax + b )n+1 n +C ( ax + b ) dx = a ( n + 1) R ai the pow er by 1 and di de by the new pow er se vi m ul pled by the deri ve of the bracket, pl C ti i vati us The deri ve of the bracket shoul onl ever be an vati d y 2 i nteger, eg 3 not 4x etc.

Laws of Logs
l a x + l a y = l a xy (Squash) og og og l a x l a y = l a x (Splt) og og og y i
l a x n = n l a x (Fl og og y) l a a = 1 eg l 8 8 = 1 og og l e x i the sam e as l x and i caled the naturall og s n s l ogari thm l on a cal ator stands f l 10 and l stands f l e og cul or og n or og To sol an equati w here the unknow n i a pow er, you ve on s m ust take l of both si and use the f y rul It does not ogs des l e. n f on nvol m atter i you use l 10 or l but i the equati i ves an e f og then l coul be easi n d er.

Example

( 2 x + 3 )5 ( 2 x + 3 )5 ( 2 x + 3 ) dx = +C = +C 5 2 10
4

b1 a1 a = a2 and b = b2 a3 b3 a b = a b cos (gi i the exam ) ven n R em em ber: the vectors m ust poi aw ay nt f rom the vertex, eg
a b

Unit 3
2 2

Examples
5x = 11 l 10 5x = l 10 11 og og og og x l 10 5 = l 10 11 x= l 10 11 og l 10 5 og = 1.49 (to 2 d.p.)
e x = 14 l ex = l n n14 xl e =l n n14 x=l n14 (si l e = l e e = 1) nce n og = 2.64 (to 2 d.p.)

a cosx + b si x can be expressed i the f n n orm k cos( x ) w here

The Wave Function

Position Vectors
AB = b a w here a and b are the posi on vectors of A and B. ti

k si n k = a + b and tan = k cos a cosx + b si x can al be expressed as n so k cos( x + ), k si ( x + ) or k si ( x ) but i n n f s w you have a choi k cos( x ) i al ays m ore ce, strai orw ard. ghtf a cos2 x + b si 2 x can be w ri n tten i any of the n f s;i k cos( 2 x ) etc orm e
If asked to sol an equati w hi contai ve on ch ns n ther: both a si x and a cosx , m ust use ei D oubl angl substi on (see U 2O C3), or e e tuti The w ave f uncti on The sol on m ust i ve a CAST di uti nvol agram .

Experimental Data

Collinearity
If AB = k BC, w here k i a scal then s ar, AB i paralelto BC . If B i a com m on s l s poi then A, B and C are coli nt lnear. To f nd the coordi i nates of a poi B nt n o 3, w hi di des AC i the rati 2: use ch vi AB 2 = BC 3

a b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 (gi i the exam ) ven n

M ust use the l s of l to w ri i the f aw ogs te n orm y = m x + c . See the notes f m ore detai. or l

cos =
cos =

ab ab

Example Express 3cosx + 4 si x i the form k cos( x ) n n

k cos( x ) = k cosx cos + k si x si n n = k cos cosx + k si si x n n k cos = 3 k = 32 + 4 2 k si = 4 n = 25 S A =5 T C H ence i i the sn f rst quadrant i k si n k cos

a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 a b

tan =

If a and b are perpendi ar then cul a b = 0 si cos90 = 0 nce

a b = b a and a ( b + c) = a b + a c

4 =3

= 53.1

So 3cosx + 4 si x = 5cos( x 53.1) n