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Architectural Modeling AR-MA | www.ar-ma.net Robert Beson | Gabriele Ulacco 2011 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Contents
Architectural Modeling with Rhino What is Rhino NURBS Modeling Where it fits in the design process Rhino and other programs Rhino Geometry Types 5 5 5 5 5 Surfaces Surfaces Creating Surfaces Surfaces from Curves Surfaces from other Surfaces Solids and Polysurfaces Polysurface Edit Tools 12 13 13 13 13 13 Tutorial 00a: Move and Snaps Move, Copy, and Rotate Display Modes 19 19
Rhino Interface Editing Start Rhino Navigating 3D Space Command Line Escape Key Toolbar Buttons Undo / Redo 7 7 7 7 7 7 Selecting Object Visibility Lock Objects Edit Curves and Surfaces Transforms 14 14 14 14 15
Tutorial 1a: Site Import Start Rhino Import Contours with Earth and Sketchup Import the file into Rhino Organise Layers 21 21 22 22
Curve and Surface Analysis Tutorial 1b: Extract Contours Measure Distance, Angle, and Radius Curve and Surface Direction 16 16 Contour Scaled Contours Virtual Test Model 24 25 26
Curve and Surface Analysis Curves Points Curves, Lines and Polylines Curve Degree Curve Direction Free-form Curves Curve from other Curves Curves based on Surfaces 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 Visual Surface Analysis Edge Evaluation Find the Open Edges on a Polysurface 17 17 17 Tutorial 1d: Site from Contours Organise your layers Tracing the Contours Raise the Contours to the correct level Surfacing 1: Patch Surfacing 2: Delauney Triangulation 28 28 28 29 29
Contents
Tutorial 2a: Barcelona Pavilion Import CAD drawing Clean up file Rotate the elevations Model the volumes 30 30 30 31 Dimensions Organisation Representation Analysis Repair Snaps Construction Plane Selection Miscellanies Object Properties Walkthrough 51 51 51 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52
Tutorial 2b: Documentation Elevations Sections Exploded Axonometric Saved Views Export to Illustrator 33 33 34 35 35
Appendix 2: Rhino Toolbars Standard Main Points Point Editing Curves Curve Editing Surfaces Surface Editing Solids Solid Editing Meshes Mesh Editing Transformations
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA
49 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 51
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Rhino and other programs Rhino is primarily a 3D modeling program. For ideation and conceptual design, it is not as fast as an animation package like Maya or 3D Studio Max, but it is far more accurate. Also, although it support simple drafting, it is not as robust a documentation package as AutoCAD or
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA
Rhino Interface
Main menu Almost all commands within Rhino can be found with the pull-down menus
Command Feedback Command Line The command line, in combination with aliases and keyboard short-cuts, is the quickest way to interact with Rhino. Viewports Title By default, Rhino will start with four viewports: Top, Front, Right, and Perspective. The active viewport is highlighted blue. Double click with LMB to maximize the viewport. RMB click on the viewport title to open the viewport menu.
Toolbars The toolbars contain all of the commands in the main, pulldown, menus as well as some specific macros.
More... RMB click on the grey area of the window to access all the toolbars. Gird Snap Snaps your drawing to the current grid. Orthogonal drawing Constrains your drawing to the cardinal axes. Planar drawing Constrains your drawing to the construction plane. Object Snaps Show or hide your object snaps.
Object Snaps Use the object snaps for precision placement of elements.
Coordinate Readout Indicates the x,y,z coordinate of your current drawing position in either the CPlane or World coordinate space. The fourth number indicates the distance. CPlane vs World Indicates whether your coordinate readout is using world or construction plane coordinates.
Rhino Interface
Start Rhino When you start Rhino, it will ask you to choose a Template File to begin. For architectural modeling, you will generally choose, Large - Meters. This gives you a tolerance of 0.01mm. you want to draw a polyline - begin typing pol and the pull-down menu will populate with commands beginning with your input text. Knowing how the command line works as well as a number of key commands is critical to working with Rhino. With this in mind, we will focus from this point on commands and toolbars. Repeat Last Command Often you will need to repeat a command many times while modeling. It is very quick in Rhino to repeat the last command used. Simply click the Spacebar, Enter key, or Right Mouse Button (RMB). Escape Key The Esc key will cancel any command. It will also deselect any current selection set. Toolbar Buttons The toolbar buttons are a graphical interface to the commands. However, they are a far slower and less efficient manner of interacting with the program. Mouse over the toolbutton to see the associated tooltip. If there are a number of tools that you are using often, you can pull the toolbar out and dock it on the interface. Buttons with flyouts are marked with a small white triangle in the lower left corner. Hold the mouse button down over the button to access them.
Orbit
Orbit
Orbit
Navigating 3D Space The first thing you generally want to do within any 3D software is work out how to move around. Navigating the interface in Rhino is a combination of the RMB and Ctrl or Shift key. Orbit Pan Zoom RMB Shift + RMB Ctrl + RMB (or the Scroll-Wheel)
It is good practice to zoom selectedon the current object or region of drawing you are working on. ZS [Enter] Zoom Selected
Command Line Rhino works by typing commands to the command window. There are very many commands in Rhino - above 700. For a complete listing see the Appendix. The Command Line is the preferred method to interact with Rhino. In combination with keyboard short-cuts and aliases, it is by far faster than searching through pull-down menus or toolbars. To use the command line, simply start typing. Whenever you begin typing, Rhino will automatically assume you are typing a command. To enter commands press Enter, Spacebar or the Right Mouse Button (RMB). Command Drop-down List The command names predictive and usually intuitive. If
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA
Undo / Redo Rhino support unlimited undo and redos. The short-cuts are standard windows short-cuts: Undo Redo Ctrl+Z Ctrl+Y
Viewports
Viewports Rhino starts by default with four viewports: Top, Front, Right, and Perspective. The last viewport used is the active viewport, and is highlighted blue. Maximize Viewports Maximise and minimise the viewports by double-clicking on the viewport titles. Also, you can access the viewport menu by RMB clicking on the viewport title. Display Modes You can change the way your model looks on screen to suit your current modeling needs. It is easy to shift between the following with keyboard shortcurs: Wireframe Ctrl+Shift+W Useful for very technical modeling of complex lines and surfaces. Ghosted Ctrl+Shift+G Useful for overlapping objects and interior spaces. Shaded Ctrl+Shift+S Useful for massing and general modeling. Rendered Ctrl+Shift+R Useful for form checking. Viewport Properties Access a viewports properties by RMB clicking onthe viewport title and choosing Viewport Properties at the bottom of the list. This allows you to (1) change between parallel and perspective camera projection; (2) change the length of the camera lens from a wide angle to telephoto; and (3) specifically place the camera and its center of interest.
Ctrl+Shift+W
Ctrl+Shift+G
Ctrl+Shift+S
Ctrl+Shift+R
Modeling Aids
The cursor can always move freely in space, but chances are, you will want to relate your modeling elements to the construction plane grid or to existing objects. You can restrict the cursors movement to the grid, enter specific distances and angles from a point, and snap to specific locations on existing objects. Coordinate System Rhino uses two coordinate systems: construction plane coordinates and world coordinates. World coordinates are fixed in space. Construction plane coordinates are defined for each viewport. Contruction Planes Each viewport has a construction plane. A construction plane is like a tabletop that the cursor moves on unless you use coordinate input, elevator mode, or object snaps or a few other instances where input is constrained. The construction plane has an origin, x- and y-axes, and a grid. The construction plane can be set to any orientation. By default, each viewports construction plane is independent of those in other viewports.
Ortho The Shift key will temporarily enable orthoganal drawing. This will force your cursor to draw in the cardinal directions. You can toggle ortho on and off using the F8 key. Direction Use the Tab key to lock the direction of your cursor as you draw. This is extremely useful in combination with the Shift key and the Object Snaps.a
Ortho on
Object Snaps Object snaps constrain the marker to specific points on an object allowing you to quickly model accurately. To turn object snaps on and off: 1. 2. On the status bar, click the Osnap pane. In the Osnap toolbar, check or clear the desired snaps.
Distance While drawing, you can enter a numeric value to contrain the cursor to a distance from the first point. During any command that requires two points, such as the Line command, place the first point. Then at the next prompt, type a distance and press Enter or the Spacebar. Elevator Mode To move the marker in the construction plane z-direction, hold the Ctrl key and click a point on the construction plane, and then drag vertically from the construction plane and click to pick a point. This constraint is called elevator mode. Using elevator mode to move your pick point vertically from the construction plane lets you work more in the Perspective viewport. Planar Mode Planar mode constrinas the marker to the plane of the previous pick point, parallel to the active construction plane. This helps you work in perspective without have to set up construction planes.
Elevator Mode Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA
Distance constrained
Curves
Points The following are useful commands for working with points. Point Use the Point or Points commands to draw points. Divide Curve with Points Use the Divide command to divide a curve according to the number of sections you desire, or into particular lengths. Import Points from text file Sometimes, you may want to import a list of points from a text file. See the RhinoScript for this in the appendix.
Curves, Lines and Polylines All lines in Rhino are curves. Polylines are adjaced and joined Line segments. We will draw both and have a look at the difference. 1. Enter the Line command and LMB click to place the start point. LMB click somewhere else to make the end point. Repeat above. You may snap to the previous end point if you wish, or make a new line that is not adjacent.
2.
Now repeat the process with the PolyLine command. 3. Enter Polyline and with the LMB click in the viewport to enter the first point. Continue LMB clicking to enter subsequent points. To complete the command, use the Enter or Spacebar key. While drawing your PolyLine you can close it by (1) LMB clicking on the first point, or (2) using the Close option (enter C).
4.
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Curves
Curve Degree The degree of the curve tells us if the curve is linear (degree1) or curvy (degree 2+). The degree relates to the underlying mathematical expression of the curve. It particular it is the exponent to which the polynomial function is raised.
Degree 1
Curve from other Curves Modeling is often a case of drawing curves, making surfaces from those curves and then extracting curves from the surfaces to make new surfaces. Rhino has many tools to edit and extract curves. We will use the following commands: Extend
Curve Direction Every curve and surface has a direction, which is often useful to know. Use the Dir command to check the direction of the curve. If you need to change the direction, use the Flip command.
Degree 2
Free-form Curves Generally, we will use the Curve command, and less often the InterCrv command. Both draw free-form curves. The Curve command uses control points to draw, while the InterCrv draws a curve through the points you pick.
Degree 3
Curves based on Surfaces Project Duplicate Edge Duplicate Border Intersection Contour Section Curve from Surface Isocurve Extract Wireframe
Curve 5. Enter Curve and LMB click to pick a start point. Continue clicking to add points to your curve. Click Close to make a closed curve, or press Enter to end the command. Notice that the curve is being drawn near the points you click. These are the control points by which the curve is weighted. Interpolated Curve Next compare the InterpCrv command. 6. Enter InterpCrv and using the LMB click to enter the first point and continue clicking to enter subsequent points. Type C to close or Enter to complete the command.
Drawing curves in Rhino is one of the most important techniques to master. Although the InterpCrv seems more intuitive to use at first, I recommend using mostly the Control Point Curve.
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Surfaces
Surfaces A surface is like a rectangular stretchy rubber sheet. The NURBS form can represent simple shapes, such as planes and cylinders, as well as free-form, sculptured surfaces. All surface creation commands in Rhino result in the same object: a NURBS surface. Rhino has many tools for constructing surfaces directly or from existing curves. All NURBS surfaces have an inherently rectangular organization. Even a closed surface such as a cylinder is like a rectangular piece of paper that has been rolled up so two opposite edges are touching. The place where the edges come together is called the seam. If a surface does not have a rectangular shape, either it has been trimmed or the control points on the edges have been moved. Closed vs Open A surface can be open or closed. A cylinder without the ends capped is closed in one direction. A torus (donut shape) is closed in twodirections. Surface Control Points The shape of a surface is defined by a set of control points that are arranged in a rectangular pattern. Rebuilding Surfaces Use the Rebuild command to reparametize the the surface. This is an extremely common and useful command. It effectively allows you to adjust the amount of control points (and therefore control) you have over a surface. Trimmed and Untrimmed Surfaces Surfaces can be trimmed or untrimmed. A trimmed surface has two parts: a surface that underlies everything and defines the geometric shape, and trimming curves that mark sections of the underlying surface that are removed from view. Trimmed surfaces are created with commands that trim or split surfaces with curves and other surfaces. Some commands create trimmed surfaces directly.
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA 12
Since it can be important for you to know if a surface is trimmed, the Properties command lists the trimmed or untrimmed state of the surface. Some Rhino commands work only with untrimmed surfaces and some software does not import trimmed NURBS surfaces. Trimming curves lie on the underlying surface. This surface may be larger than the trim curves, but you will not see the underlying surface because Rhino does not draw the part of the surface that is outside the trim curves. Every trimmed surface retains informationvabout its underlying surface geometry. You can remove the trimming curve boundaries tovmake the surface untrimmed with the Untrimvcommand. If you have a trim curve that runs across a surface, the trim curve itself does not have any real relationship to the control point structure of the surface. You can see this if you select such a trimmed surface and turn its control points on. You will see the control points for the whole underlying surface. If you create a surface from a planar curve, it can be a trimmed surface. The illustrated surface was created from a circle. The control points display shows the rectangular structure of the surface. The Untrim command removes the trimming curve from the surface to get back to the underlying untrimmed rectangular surface.
Surfaces
Creating Surfaces We will explore the following commands for creating surfaces. SrfPt Plane CutPlane Surface from Points Rectangular Surface Cutting Plane
Surfaces from Curves EdgeSrf ExtrudeCrv Loft Sweep1 Sweep2 Surface from Planar Curves Extrude curve Loft a surface between curves Sweep a profile along 1 rail. Sweep a profile along 2 rails.
Surfaces from other Surfaces Fillet between Two Surfaces Blend between Two Surfaces Offset Surfaces
Solids and Polysurfaces Box Pipe Cap Creates a solid retangular solid. Extrude a circular profile along a curve. Caps planar holes.
Join polysurfaces together. Explode a polysurface into parts. Boolean operations on objects.
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Editing
Selecting 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select objects in Rhino by LMB clicking on them. Hold the Shift key to add to your selection. Hold the Ctrl key to remove objects from your selection. Use Esc to cancel the selection. Use Ctrl A to select all. Rhino will offer a pop-up menu to help when selecting objects that are overlapping. Lock Objects You can also lock objects on a per-object basis. This allows you to use an object as reference for modeling while not disturbing it. Use Ctrl+L to lock objects, and Ctrl+Shift+L to unlock them.
Edit Curves and Surfaces The editing operations in this section break objects apart, cut holes in them, and put them back together. Some of these commands connect curves to curves or surfaces to surfaces or polysurfaces and break a composite curve or polysurface into its components. The commands: Join, Explode, Trim, and Split apply to curves, surfaces, and polysurfaces. The Rebuild, ChangeDegree, and Smooth commands alter the shape of a curve or surface by changing its underlying control point structure. In addition, objects have properties that are assigned to them such as color, layer, rendering material, and other attributes depending on the object. The Properties command manages these properties. Join (Curves & Surfaces) The Join command connects curves or surfaces together into one object. For example, a polycurve can consist of straight-line segments, arcs, polylines, and freeform curves. The Join command also connects adjacent surfaces into a polysurface. Explode The Explode command removes the connection between joined curves or surfaces. For polysurfaces, this is useful if you want to edit each individual surface with control points. Trim & Split The Trim and Split commands are similar. The difference is when you trim an object, you select the parts to remove and they are deleted. When you split an object, all parts are left.
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Window Selection LMB click + drag the mouse to draw a selection box. 7. 8. Draw the box from left to right to select objects within the box Draw from right to left to select all objects that the box crosses.
Select by Object Type Use the following commands to select by object type. 9. SelPt Point Objects Curves Surfaces Polysurfaces Meshes
Object Visibility Besides using layers, you can quickly control the visibility of objects by hiding and showing them. Use Ctrl+H to hide objects, Ctrl+Alt+H to show objects and the SwapView command to toggle between hidden and visible objects.
Editing
The Split command will split a surface with a curve, surface, polysurface, or its own isoparametric curves. The Untrim command removes a surfaces trimming curve, with an option to keep the curve so you can re-use it. Control Point Editing You can make subtle changes in the shape of a curve or surface by moving the location of its control points. Rhino offers many tools for editing control points. Some commands such as Rebuild, Fair, and Smooth offer some automated solutions for redistributing control points over a curve or surface. Control Point Visibility To edit curves and surfaces by manipulating control points, use the PointsOn (F10) command to turn the control points on. When you are finished with control-point editing, use the PointsOff command or press Esc to turn them off. Control points of polysurfaces cannot be turned on for editing. Transforms Transforms change the location, rotation, number and shape of whole objects by moving, mirroring, arraying, rotating, scaling, shearing, twisting, bending, and tapering. The transform commands do not break the objects into pieces or cut holes in them. Move Use the Move command when you want to move an object a certain distance or if you want to use object snaps to place an object accurately. Copy
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA 15
The Copy command makes copies of objects. Some transform commands like Rotate, Rotate 3-D, and Scale have a Copy option. This lets you create a copy of the object as you rotate or scale it. Rotate The Rotate command rotates an object in relation to the construction plane. Rotate 3D Rotate3D allows you to first define the axis about which you would like to rotate. Scale Scale command give you control over the direction of the scale. You can resize objects uniformly in one, two, or three directions, or scale an object with a different scale factor in each direction. Mirror The Mirror command reverses the orientation of the object across a defined line. By default, a copy is made. Orient The Orient commands combine move or copy, scale, and rotate operations to help you position and size objects in one command. Array Copies objects into evenly spaced rows and columns.
Curve and Surface Direction Curves and surfaces have a direction. Many commands that use direction information display direction arrows and give you the opportunity to change (flip) the direction. The Dir command displays the direction of a curve or surface and lets you change the direction. The illustration shows the curve direction arrows. If the direction has not been changed, it reflects the direction the curve was originally drawn. The arrows point from the start of the curve toward the end of the curve. The Dir command also displays surface u-, v-, and normal direction. Surface normals are represented by arrows perpendicular to the surface, and the u- and v-directions are indicated by arrows pointing along the surface. Closed surfaces always have the surface normals pointing to the exterior. The Dir command can change the u-, v-, and normaldirections of a surface.
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA 16
Find the Open Edges on a Polysurface A polysurface may look closed, but the Properties command may tell you that it is open.
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA 17
right-click the layer name to create a new layer, rename a layer, delete the selected layer, select objects on the selected layer, change objects to the selected layer, and copy objects to the selected layer. Groups A group is a collection of objects that select as one for moving, copying, rotating, or other transforms and applying properties such as object color. Grouping objects assigns a group name to each object that is displayed as a part of its properties. Objects with the same group name belong to the same group. Group groups objects for selection. A group can contain one or more sub-groups. Ungroup destroys the group.
The Dot command places a text dot. Dots are always parallel to the view. There are no controls for the dot size. Dots are displayed in the layer color. Dot size is constant on the screen. As you zoom in and out, the dot displays the same size. Make 2D The Make2D command creates curves from the selected objects as silhouettes relative to the active view. The silhouette curves are projected flat and then placed on the world x,y-plane. The command options create the 2-D drawing from the current view, current construction plane, create a four-view layout, set layers for the hidden lines, and display tangent edges.
Annotation Rhino provides the ability to add notation to your model in the form of dimensions, leaders, and text blocks. These appear as objects in the model. A different form of notation, the annotation dots and arrowheads, always display facing towards the view plane. Dimensions The Dim command places horizontal and vertical dimensions depending on the direction you pick the points. Dimensions are created using the current dimension style. Create new dimension styles to control text size and font, and other dimension properties. Use the settings in the Document Properties dialog box to create new styles and set the properties of existing styles. Text The Text command places annotation text in your model. Leader The Leader command draws an arrow leader. Annotation Dots
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3.
4.
Display Modes 5. Experiment with the different display modes. Ctrl+Shift+W Ctrl+Shift+S Ctrl+Shift+G Ctrl+Shift+R Wireframe Shaded Ghosted Rendered
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Curve Menu > Line > Single Line Modeling Aids Ortho Hold the Shift key to temporarily constrain your movements to the cardinal directions. Alternatively you can toggle it on or off using F8. Planar With Planar turned on, this forces your inputs to be on a plane parallel to the construction place that passes through the last point that you picked. To ENTER a command, you can either the Enter key, or the Spacebar. Spacebar and Enter will also REPEAT the last command used.
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Within all of these tutorials, we will be using millimeters. The Large Template.... Using Google Earth and Sketchup for contours is a quick and easy way to produce a site model, but by no means accurate.
Youll notice if you spin the model around (MMB) that it is 3-dimensional. 6. 7. Export the model for use in Rhino by going to File > Export > 3D Model Save the file as an AutoCAD DWG File.
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You will need to change the drop-down menu Files of type in order to view the DWG. Change it to All. The file is now imported, but you may not be able to see it due to the layer being off. We are now going to explore the Layers Palette.
Organise Layers We are going to clean up the imported objects. Then we will make a new layer called Terrain and move the mesh to it and then delete the other layers. 9. Type the command Layer to open the layers palette.
Delete Layer New Sub-Layer New Layer Move Up Move Down Move to Parent Filter Tools
10. LMB click the light switches to turn on all the layers. 11. Delete the Layer called Google Earth Snapshot by selecting it and LMB clicking the Delete Layer button. Now the imported object is a strange compound object made up a mesh, curves, text objects and a block. This is normal when importing other file types. It is sitting across two layers and we need to simplify it. 12. Select the object and use the Explode command to break into its component pieces. LMB click on the objects to select some of them. You will see that it is made up of curves and meshes. We need to delete all the curves and then rejoin the mesh. 13. Type SelCrv to select the curves. 14. Press the Delete key to delete them. 15. Type SelText and delete it. 16. Type SelBlockInstance and delete it.
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA 22 Layer Colour Lock Layer Layer Visibility Current Layer Layer Name
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We have now extracted contours from our site. These could be used for further modeling purposes or for constructing a scaled site model, which we will do now.
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Scaled Contours 1. 2. 3. Make a new, active layer called Site Scaled-1:500 . Using the Copy command, select the mesh and move it to make a copy. Move the copy to the newly created layer (RMB click on the layer and choose Copy object to layer). Select the mesh and enter the command Scale . Snap to an origin point about which you want to scale, and enter an appropriate scale factor. Here I am using 0.002 (for 1:500). It will be hard to see where it has gone, but since it is still selected we can zoom to it using the command: ZS (Zoom Selected).
4.
5.
Now, we plan on making the model from 2mm box-board. Before we contour it with a 2mm spacing we need some sides in order to get closed polylines. 6. 7. 8. Select the mesh and enter DupBorder . Enter Copy with the options [InPlace]. Enter SetPt and set the dialog box to [Set Z] only, as indicated. Press Ok and snap to the lowest point on the mesh. Move the new polyline down 10mm: Move [Vertical] -10.
9.
We now have two polylines - one forming the top of our sides, the other the base of our model.
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This command makes a plane and texture maps the jpeg to it. We now need to scale it to the correct size. In order to scale it correctly, we need to draw a reference line in Rhino that matches a known dimension - in this case the 100m site boundary. 4. Type PolyLine and draw a 100m line on top of the dimension. To do this: First, LMB click on the beginning of the dimension line. Second, while holding Shift, move the mouse in the positive x-direction and tap the Tab key. Last, type 100000 to enter the distance you want to draw.
We have now drawn a 100m long line in the positive x-direction. The next step is to scale the image to match. 5. 6. Select the image by LMB clicking it. Type Scale and as the Origin Point, LMB click (with End Snap enabled) to the beginning of the line we just drew. For the First Reference Point, LMB click on the end of the dimension line. Finally, for the Second Reference Point, LMB click on the end of the line. This is a complicated step at first and worth repeating a few times.
Hopefully, you should now have an accurately-sized image reference to trace. Before moving on, measure another known distance. 7. Type Distance and with two LMB-clicks measure the distance of the vertical dimension. Make sure
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9.
10. Go to Layer 2 and rename it to Contours and make it active by LMB clicking in the check-box column.
Tracing the Contours 11. Type Curve and begin tracing the contours. It will work best if your curves exceed the boundary of the site here. 12. Make a new layer and name it Site Boudary 13. Type Polyline and trace the boundary of the site. 14. Now we can turn off the Reference Image layer. 15. Use the Trim command to trim the curves to the edge of the site boundary. For the [Cutting Object] select the boundary curve; and for the [Objects to Trim] select the curves. Raise the Contours to the correct level There are a number of ways to do this. In this case we know height of the top contour so our strategy will be to raise all the contours to this height and then move them sequentially down. 16. Enter Move and, when prompted, select the contour curves. Enter V to constrain the
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA
There are a few tips for drawing curves: 1. 2. 3. Use as few points as possible. Draw quickly and loosely and come back to edit detial after. It is good practice to try to draw your curves in the same direction - and generally anti-clockwise.
You can trim quickly by using a selection crossing to select many of the curves at one. LMB drag from bottom right to top left.
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Remember there are two methods for selecting when executing a command. You can pre-select or post-select your objects.
Surfacing 2: Delauney Triangulation For this next step to work, we have to have the PointSetReconstruction plugin installed. 21. Make a new layer called Mesh Surface and make it active. Turn off the Patch Surface layer. 22. Enter Delaunay and select the contour curves. For the spacing, choose a relatively large number - in this case, I am choosing 1000. Change the shader to None.
Architectual Modeling with Rhino AR-MA
You can download the plugin from the RhinoLabs website: http://wiki.mcneel.com/labs/pointsetreconstruction The site tells us that: Delaunay triangulation is a 2.5Dimensional process of fitting triangles through unorganized points so that there are no gaps left in a mesh. It is well suited for recreating surfaces that are implied by a collection of points. The output is always a mesh (not a NURBs surface) and it cannot deal with z-based overlap of points.
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Import CAD drawing 1. Start Rhino with Large-Millimeters template and go to File > Import. Browse to the file: 01_Barcelona_Import.dxf
Clean up file In this, like most cases with importing files, there will be a little bit to clean up. 2. Enter SelBlockInstances and explode them with the Explode command. You will have to repeat this three times due to nested blocks. Make 6 new layers and name them: A_Plan A_Elev_South A_Elev_East A_Elev_West A_Elev_North A_Section Move the object to the correct layers. Purge the file to remove all empty layers and block definitions.
3.
4. 5.
Rotate the elevations 6. Using the Rotate3D and Rotatecommands, rotate the eleveations into the correct position and
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10. Change to the Column layer and using the Polyline again trace one of the colums and extrude it up 3000mm. 11. Copy (using Snaps) the newly created column to the other seven positions. 12. For the walls, we will use the Box command (Solid > Box > Corner to Corner Height) to trace out the walls. Move your way around the pavilion extruding the walls. 13. For the steps: model one step as a box and copy it to the other positions. Move them sequentially down 125mm. You can then use the Scale1D or , Stretch command to flatten out the bottoms. Next, we will draw the window frames. Switch to the frame layer and using the plans and elevations begin to model the frames.
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Elevations First up well have a look at the easiest thing to produce - elevations. In Rhino, the Make2D command makes it very easy to produce hidden line drawings. 1. Make the Front Viewport active by clicking inside it and entering the Make2D command. Select all the objects you would like to produce line drawings for - in this case, select everything. Select the options as indicated.
You will notice that it will produce the drawing on the construciton plane, at the origin, in the top viewport. 2. Redo the following for the top, left, back, and right and lay them out.
Sections Plans and sections are effectively made the same way, so we will just make one of them - a section. We need two types of linework here: (1) the actual section line, and (2) the linework that would be in the background of a plan or section drawing. In contrast to the make2d, this is a destructive process so we will need to make a copy of our model before cutting plans or sections. 3. 4. 5. 6. Copy the entire model to the right. In top view, draw a line where you want to cut your section. Make a new, active, layer called Z_Section_A. Enter Section and select the entire model to section with the illustrated options.
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We will use the Cut Plane to trim our model. 8. Enter Trim and select the Cut Plane as the cutting object. Next rotate the view around so you can easily select the side of the model you want to trim. Delete any objects (on the trimmed side) that do not pass through the trim line.
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10. Now we can also delete the Cut Plane. 11. Move the sectioned lines out of the way, by selecting them with through the layer palette. (RMB click on the layer and choose: Select Objects) 12. Back in the Front Viewport we can select our trimmed model and Make2D on it. 13. Overlay both the make2d lines (on the Make2D visible layer) and the section lines. These two sets of lines make up our section. You may add annotations and dimension as needed. Soon we will export them at scale to Illustrator for layout.
Exploded Axonometric Lastly we will make an exploded axonomertic with the Make2D command and combine it with a rendering. 14. Select the original model and copy it to a new position. 15. Again using the Select by Layer (RMB click on the layer you want to select), break the pavillion apart to communicate its salient features. At this point, it will be useful to setup and save a view that we can come back to.
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Saved Views 18. RMB-click again on the viewport title again and choose Set View > Named View. 19. Save it with a name - in this case: AXON 20. At this point, you might draw a few lines over the exploded model to indicate the directions the planes have been moved. 21. Make2D on the axonometric viewport. Remember to move the new linework away from the origin before making any more 2D drawings. 22. Lastly, without moving the camer, Render the same view. Export to Illustrator Now we can export our 2D documentation to Illustrator. 23. In the top viewport enter Export and select all of your 2D drawings. 24. Choose Adobe Illustrator .ai from the Save As Type dropdown menu. 25. Choose the appropriate scale in the options dialogue. For example, if you want to export at 1:200, you must enter 200mm = 1mm. Open the drawing in Illustrator. Here you can adjust your layout, change your linewights and colours, and add annotations. Here you will also Place your rendered image behind your linework to create the hybird image. You must be in the Top Viewport to export to Illustrator at scale. Remember, a useful way to draw vertical lines in the perspective viewport is using Elevator Mode. You can activate Elevator Mode by Ctrl+LMB clicking on the point from which you would like to draw perpendicular to the construction plane.
If you do move the view, it is easy to get back to it by RMB clicking on the viewport title and choosing set view. Your saved view will be in the list.
It is important that your drawings be close to the origin. If they are too far away from 0,0,0 they will not be visible in Illustrator.
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Mesh
Dimension
Transform
Tools
Analyze
Render
Monkey
Help
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The File pull-down menu contains those commands that are common to many programs.
Save early, save often and save incrementally. Dont copy / paste between files. Instead use File > Export Select and Import. Worksession Manager works well to break large files up into smaller pieces for work among teams. For example, one person could be working on plans, while another works on the site.
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The edit menu and its sub-menus are very useful, though largely accessed through keyboard shortcuts. Most of the Select Objects commands can be accessed by the command: sel... For example, to select all of the visible, unlocked curves, type SelCrv
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Use Select > Duplicate Objects to clean up your files, especially before sending files for laser-cutting. It is much easier to access the layer commands through the layer editor than the pull-down menu.
Groups D E
Blocks F
Layers
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A B C D E F G H J
Within the view commands, the Construction Planes (Set CPlane) and CPlane View are necessary for difficult modeling tasks, for example, in extracting true elevations of cranked elements. Use the Background Bitmap command to place an image as modeling reference.
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Point Object
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Edge Tools E B
D E
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C D Extrude Curve E E F G H J Solid Edit Tools ... > Edges ... > Faces ... > Holes F Extrude Surface G Extrude to Boundary H Fillet Edge
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B1 B2
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Transform
Scale
Orient
Array
Cage Editing
B C
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E F G
License Manager E F
File Utilities G
Hyperlink
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D E
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Monkey
Help A A B
Learn Rhino B
Plug-ins
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Standard
Main
Curves
Curve Editing
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Solids
Solid Editing
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Transformations
Dimensions
Organisation
Representation
Analysis
Repair
Snaps
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Construction Plane
Selection
Miscellanies
Object Properties
Walkthrough
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