REVERSE OSMOSIS DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS Reverse osmosis is a high pressure energy efficient water separation process.

It is a method of extracting essentially pure and fresh water from polluted or salt water by forcing the water under pressure against a semi-permeable membrane, which passes the pure water molecules, but filters out salts and other dissolved impurities. In the DWTPL RO System, the water is treated at the molecular level by the reverse osmosis process thus ensuring the removal of all impurities such as excessive salts, micro-organisms, and other products left behind by disinfection products and chemical toxins. This principle is also used in our Desalination Plants for extracting pure and fresh water from sea water. FEATURESThe DWTPL R. O. System is a viable economic alternative as compared to other conventional distillation processes due to the multiple benefits it offers.. 1. Requires less than 50 % of energy as against Thermal Plants. 2. Operates at Ambient Temperature. 3. Uses non-corrosive Polymer Materials. 4. Compact sized, requiring very small place for installation. 5. Quick start-up and shut down. 6. Easy to operate with minimal operator training. 7. Any layman can be trained to operate the plant within few days. 8. Only one person is enough to operate the plant. 9. Operating cost is negligible. 10. Ready availability of spares at low cost. top
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STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) The Sewage Treatment Plant Incorporates the following operating procedure :

Initial Screening & Oil/Grease Trap Equalization Sludge Return Process Bio Reactor Settling Two Step Media Filtration. Sludge Storage Tank with Aeration Provision Sludge Transfer from Settler to Tank & Tank to Out.

Features of the Sewage Treatment Plant :

All the treatment steps are incorporated in underground RCC tank. (Except Filtration) No Separate Septic Tank Required No Open Sludge Handling & nuisance on that account. Optional Sludge Dewatering System can be Incorporated before storing the Sludge. Single Panel with all switches for on-off operation at easy to access location. Optional Mechanical Oil Skimmer can be incorporated to ensure removal of separated oil.

All Pumps & Blowers are provided with standby to ensure easy switching if required. Dry run protection for centrifugal pumps. C type ladders in tanks to ensure easy access. Continuous visits by our engineers during civil work to ensure Correct Integration.

Operation & Maintanence and Service Support :

DWTPL Service Team provides Prompt Service Support to the Customers. Our Engineers/Technicians visit the site within a couple of hours of the assistance call. We recommend our O & M Service which is unmatched in the industry. We offer complete O & M Service at very competitive prices. DWTPL offer Integrated Facility Management O & M Services for STP, WTP, Softener, RO Plants, Pumping Systems, Fire Hydrant Systems & Swimming Pool Filtration System. A truly One-Stop-Shop approach to avoid deployment of Multiple agencies. top

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The DWTPL Sewage Treatment Plants work on either of the following technologies : A] Conventional Technology based on biological process 1. Suspended Media Bio Reactor (SMBR) : The effluent is passed through a Bar Screen, Oil & Grease Trap and Equalization tank to the Suspended Media Bio Reactor. In this the Oxygen from air is transferred to the liquid with the help of Air Grid or Diffusers. A specially designed plastic media is filled in the tank to the required level. This media facilitates attached growth during the treatment and also ensures that the required MLSS are maintained at required concentration (3500 5000 ppm). After the Solid Liquid separation in SMBR reactor, the liquid is taken in the Settling Chamber in which the suspended solids accumulate at the bottom and are removed by a sludge pump and sent to the sludge holding tank. The water from the settling chamber is passed through two filters in series. The first filter has a specific combination of media like Gravels, Pebbles, Filtration Sand to ensure proper filtration. The next filter has Activated Carbon media of high Iodine Value. The Carbon bed also ensures further reduction of BOD. Chlorine dosing is done at the outlet of the Carbon Filter. 2. Sludge Return Bio Reactor (SRBR) : The effluent is passed through a Bar Screen, Oil & Grease Trap and Equalization tank to the

Sludge Return Bio Reactor. In this the Oxygen from air is transferred to the liquid with the help of Air Grid or Diffusers. This also ensures that the required MLSS are maintained at required concentration (3500 5000 ppm). The residence time of the reactor tank is considered in such a way that there is enough time for treatment in the reactor. A blower is provided to supply air to the Grid / Diffusers. After the Solid Liquid separation in SRBR, the liquid is taken in the Settling Chamber in which the suspended solids accumulate at the bottom and are removed by a sludge pump and returned partially to the aeration tank as per the requirement to maintain MLSS and the excess sludge is sent to the sludge holding tank.The water from the settling chamber is passed through two filters in series. The first filter has a specific combination of media like Gravels, Pebbles, Filtration Sand to ensure proper filtration. The next filter has Activated Carbon media of high Iodine Value. The Carbon bed also ensures further reduction of BOD. Chlorine dosing is done at the outlet of the Carbon Filter. B] Advanced oxidation Process Advanced oxidation process is the latest technology adapted by DWTPL. This technology is a physio-chemical process and offers many advantages over the conventional biological processes, such as requirement of very less area, independece of environmental conditions like temperature, humidity etc., flexible of batch/continuous operations, absence of bad odour and no secondary sludge generation. Besides, the treated sewage in this case does not require any polishing treatment and can be directly used for gardening and flushing. The process mainly consists of the following unit operations : 1. Sewage collection, homogenization 2. Coagulation and filtration of suspended matter 3. Dosing of conventionaloxidants 4. Energy activation, detoxification and oxidation of pollutants to carbon di oxide and water 5. Adsorption of residual oxidant and partially treated contaminants through Activated Carbon Filter top
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DWTPL GREY WATER RECYCLING PLANTS What is Greywater? In a housing complex or similar establishment the Fresh/Municipal water is used for purposes like Drinking & Cooking, Bathing, Toilet Flushing, Floor Washing, Washing Machines, Gardening etc. The used Water from Sources other than Sewage & Kitchen Waste is termed as Greywater. Greywater from Washing Machine & Bathing is approx. 40 to 45% of Total Fresh Water taken in. Why Recycle Greywater?

Recycle and Reuse of Grey Water has to direct advantage that there will be a direct reduction of @ 40-45% in the quantity of Fresh Water required daily. Some of the advantages are as follows:

Most Municipal Bodies are shifting towards Metered Billing from lumpsum billing hence there shall beContinual Savings in Water bills year after year. Due to Scarcity of Fresh Water the availability shall become a question mark in times to come. Greywater Recycling will reduce the impact to a great extent. The Load on Common/Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant shall be reduced. Hence need for Expansion/New Sewage Treatment Plants shall also be reduced.

Where to Use Recycled Greywater?

Toilet Flushing Floor Washing Gardening

Economics of Greywater Recycle & Reuse Consider a Complex with say 100 Residential Units. Each unit has say 4 persons. Average consumption of Freshwater is @ 100 ltrs/day/person.

Hence Total Freshwater required shall be 100 x 4 x 100 = 40000 litres/day. The cost of Municipal water is say 30 Rs/1000 litres ( It is increasing day by day. At Chennai it is already 60 Rs/1000 litres) Daily Water Bill = 40000 x 30/1000 = Rs. 1200/day. Which is Rs. 4,38,000/ year. At 60 Rs/1000 litres this will be Rs. 8,76,000/year. There will be charges for Disposal (Disposal Cess) of Sewage soon. The reduction in Disposal Volume will save this on ongoing basis. Savings in Sewage Treatment Plant Cost (Capital as well as Operating Cost). If Greywater Recycling system is installed, Smaller Sewage Treatment plant shall suffice.

What is required for Greywater Treatment & Reuse?

It is best done for the New Complexes at planning stage. Can be done for existing complexes also. Modification in Piping, Storage & Pumping equipment. Marginal additional Capital Cost which is One Time. Installation of Greywater Recycle System specifically developed by Deccan Water Treatment Pvt. Ltd.

For Enquiry : Tel : +91-20-65311482 ; +91-20-64100065 Fax : +91-20-27032693 E-mail : deccan_waters@yahoo.com Website :www.deccanwatertreatment.com

CAR WASH EFFLUENT TREATMENT & REUSE SYSTEM Car Wash Effluent Treatment & Recycle System, A state of Art offering from Deccan Water Treatment Pvt. Ltd. CAR WASH EFFLUENT : A typical facility carrying out Servicing/Cleaning of Cars/Vehicles has a Washing System. Most Modern Car Wash Systems use low Hardness Water to Prevent Staining. The use of Soaps & Detergents is also common. Hence the Car Wash Effluent has following impurities:

Mud & Dirt Oil & Grease Organic Matter causing smell

WHY TREAT CAR WASH EFFLUENT & REUSE?

Savings in Fresh Water Intake (Almost 95%) Drastically Reduced Discharge to Drains Environment Friendly

HIGHLIGHTS OF CAR WASH TREATMENT SYSTEM FROM DECCAN WATER TREATMENT PVT LTD A car wash treatment has to ensure that the treated water should not cause damage to Car paint, damage to cleaning system, Odor nuisance. Our System has following features to address the above requirements:

2 Stage Odor & Organic Control treatment- Gas based 2 Stage Oil Removal Treatment 2 Stage Filtration with Special Media Compatible to underground RCC tanks Around 95% Water is Reused Around 15 to 20 Cycles of Reuse before discard Easy to Operate & Maintainence

This unit is a compact coagulation sedimentation unit that was developed to separate the solids from waste liquid. ELEPON's unique coagulating sedimentation method provides excellent processing capacity and employs a variety of new mechanisms, such as an automatic sludge removal unit and an automatic pH regulator unit.

PD-1200/1600/2000/2600/3000

Features
The processing capacity made possible by our unique coagulating sedimentation method is superior at efficiently removing s.s. An automatic sludge removal unit is employed to allow the sludge removal amount and removal time to be freely set. The compact design reduces the required installation space. Automatic unit makes operation and management easy. pH automatic control is standardized, so the optimum pH for coagulation can be set to match the effluent.

Applications
Metal surface treatment plants Stone, slate, concrete plants, ceramics, glass polishing effluent Civil engineering construction site effluent treatment equipment Landfill drainage treatment equipment Scrubber effluent, car wash effluent treatment equipment Test chamber, laboratory effluent treatment equipment Other industrial effluent

<Models and Specifications>

PD-1200 *Standard processing capacity Reaction tank capacity (
) ) 1 300 200 1.4 100 ) ) 100 200 1.3

PD-1600
2 600 400 3 300 300 500 1.75

PD-2000
4 1200 600 5.5 500 500 1000 3.1

PD-2600
8 1800 1000 12 1000 1000 1500 3.55

PD-3000
12 3000 1500 18 1000 1000 2000 5

Coagulation tank capacity ( Coagulate tank (

)

Sedimentation tank capacity (m3) Caustic soda tank (

Polymer coagulate tank ( Power consumption (kW)

Equipment weight (t) Weight during operation (t)

1.3 3.7

2 7.2

2.8 12.4

5.4 24

7 34.2

*The standard processing amount is the reference water processing amount when the metal ion's fine oxide flocking is roughly flocked by the polymer coagulate. Therefore, the processing capacity varies depending on the water quality of the raw water.

Currently, industrial effluent treatment system technology employs not only stand-alone equipment and facilities, but also total systems that function under a comprehensive concept. Such concepts include pH neutralization processing, coagulating sedimentation treatment, pressure floatation treatment, bio oxidation processing, and filtering and absorption processing. ELEPON E.C.A.P. CORPORATION is a manufacturer of complete industrial effluent treatment systems with the mission of saving the environment from destruction and returning the earth back to its natural condition.

Inorganic Effluent Treatment Systems Organic Effluent Treatment System Sludge Dehydration Treatment System

Inorganic Effluent Treatment Systems For inorganic-based effluent treatment systems, users can select screens, oil removers, neutralization, oxidation, reduction, coagulating sedimentation, pressure floatation, filtering, adhesion, dehydration, and drying, and incineration of sludge to match the effluent condition and use them independently or in combination to form a single piece of effluent treatment equipment. In addition, unitized equipment, such as a neutralization processing unit, coagulating sedimentation treatment equipment, coagulating pressure floatation treatment equipment, dehydrator, and dirty water processing equipment.
Neutralization processing unit Model PB/Model PG Coagulating sedimentation treatment unit Applications Metal surface treatment effluent Electronic component plant, printed circuit

Model PD board effluent Coagulating pressure floatation treatment unit Glass polishing effluent Model PAL Test chamber, laboratory effluent Dehydrator Models EKS/F/PC Construction and civil engineering site effluent Dirty water processing unit Model EKRD Ready-mix concrete and secondary product Sand filter Models R/AR effluent Activated carbon absorption tower Models Other factory effluent RC/ARC

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Organic Effluent Treatment System Most organic-based effluent is processed by microorganisms. Users can select screens, oil removers, coagulating sedimentation, pressure floatation, standard activated sludge, methane fermentation, nitrification, filtering, adhesion, dehydration, and drying, and incineration of sludge to match the effluent condition and use them independently or in combination to form a single piece of effluent treatment equipment. ELEPON provides two types of stand-alone contact oxidation units, one employing the continuous cleaning fixed bio-membrane method, and the other employing the oscillating fixed bed method.
Continuous cleaning fixed bio-membrane method contact oxidation unit Model ERT Continuous cleaning fixed bio-membrane method contact oxidation unit Models P/F Sand filter Models R/AR Activated carbon absorption tower Models RC/ARC Methane fermentation processing unit Model EAZ Applications Foodstuff effluent Husbandry effluent Dyeing effluent Aquaculture processing effluent Kitchen effluent Other factory effluent

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Sludge Dehydration Treatment System For sludge generated from inorganic-based effluent treatment and organic-based effluent treatment, users can select filter presses, screw presses, and vacuum dehydrators to remove the water to match the amount and condition of the sludge. Dehydration agents are sometimes added as preprocessing depending on the qualities of the sludge. In addition, both stand-alone and standard units are

provided.
Screw press Model EKS Filter press Models F/FS/FM/KDA Applications <Screw Press Model EKS> Bio processing extra sludge Kitchen effluent sludge Oil scum, such as effluent containing oil Coagulating sedimentation sludge Raw vegetable matter Other types of sludges <Filter Press Models F/FS/FM/KDA> Metal surface treatment effluent processing sludge Chemical plant effluent processing sludge Dyeing effluent processing sludge Civil engineering site effluent processing sludge Other

http://www.elepon.co.jp/english/outline/erp_3.htm
The ZCL car wash interceptor protects municipal storm drain and sewer systems by effectively capturing sand, grit, soap and free oil residue from car wash drainage. Particles as small as 150 microns are captured in a multi-chamber system that directs sand and grit to the bottom of the tank, while at the same time trapping floating products at the surface. Contaminants in the wastewater are minimized, preventing serious problems in sewer systems and the environment.

Highly Effective Capture of Car Wash Settleable Solids

Key Features
4 Long life, proven integral rib design, maintenance free fibreglass reinforced plastic (FRP) construction 4 Rust proof, watertight, not affected by soaps, alkalis and corrosives 4 Designed for conveyor, roll over or self serve car washes 4 Efficient multi-chamber design in single wall or double wall construction 4 Light weight tank makes for a quicker and easier installation 4 Cylindrical cross section promotes collection of solids at the bottom centreline for ease of removal 4 Multiple pump out access ports allow for fast, no entry vacuum removal of sludge and solids 4 Multiple, easy access manways facilitate tank entry if required 4 Includes FRP inlet and PVC outlet, FRP baffles 4 Optional equipment: anchoring system, water tight risers and internal piping 4 Can be adapted for water recycling systems

4 Custom designs can be accommodated to meet functional requirements

The Corrosion Free Advantage Thats Easy to Install

The car wash interceptor from ZCL simply will not rust. 100% FRP construction provides long term, corrosion free service that is not affected by soaps, alkalis and other corrosives common in runoff wastewater. No heavy equipment is required for lifting and placement as the ZCL interceptor is substantially lighter than pre-cast concrete tanks.

http://www.zcl.com/products/petroleum-products/car-wash-interceptors.html

CARWASH WASTEWATERS: CHARACTERISTICS, VOLUMES, AND TREATABILITY BY GRAVITY OIL SEPARATION AGUAS RESIDUALES DE LAVADO-ENGRASADO AUTOMOTRIZ: CARACTERSTICAS, VOLMENES Y TRATABILIDAD
C. Fall
*

, C. M. Lpez-Vzquez, M. C. Jimnez-Moleon, K.M. B, C. Daz-Delgado, D. Garca-Pulido and M. Lucero-Chavez

Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua (CIRA), Universidad Autnoma del Estado de Mxico (UAEM), Apdo. postal 367, Toluca, C.P. 50091, Estado de Mxico, Mxico. Received 12 March 2007; Accepted 12 July 2007 Abstract The aim of this research was to determine the characteristics, volumes and treatability of Full-service carwash wastewaters in Toluca (Mexico State). The average water use for Exterior-only wash was 50 L per small-size car and 170 L per medium-size vehicle (pick up, van or light truck). The Full-service wash (exterior, engine and chassis) required 170 L per small-size car and 300 L per light truck. Wastewaters were generally emulsified and contained high contaminant loads (in average, 1100 mg/L oil and grease, 4500 mg/L COD and 3500 mg/L Total Suspended Solids). Gravity oil separators used in the car washing facilities were able to reduce the pollutant loads (showing a 80 % efficiency) but usually not enough to meet the sewer discharge standards or reuse requirements. The data provided by the study are useful for screening the applicable technologies and setting the design capacity of the reclaim systems that are needed in the Mexican car washing sector. Keywords: vehicle; wastewaters; washing; water use; oil-water separator. Resumen El objetivo de esta investigacin fue evaluar las caractersticas, volmenes y tratabilidad de las aguas residuales procedentes de talleres de lavado-engrasado en Toluca (Estado de Mxico). Los resultados mostraron que se gastan en promedio, 50 L de agua en el lavado de carroceras de vehculos compactos y subcompactos, frente a 170 L, para camionetas y vans. En el servicio completo de lavado-engrasado (carrocera, motor y chasis), los volmenes de agua requeridos fueron en promedio de 170 L para autos chicos y 300 L para camionetas. Las aguas residuales son generalmente emulsionadas y contienen altas cargas contaminantes (en promedio, 1100 mg/L de aceites y grasas, 4500 mg/L DQO y 3500 mg/L de slidos suspendidos totales). Los separadores convencionales de aceite y grasas que se utilizan en los talleres de lavado son capaces de reducir las cargas contaminantes (eficiencia de 80 %), pero no siempre esta disminucin fue suficiente para llegar a producir un efluente conforme a los lmites de descarga en el alcantarillado o satisfacer un objetivo de calidad para el re-uso del agua. Los datos que provea el estudio son tiles para ayudar a seleccionar las tecnologas aplicables y tamao de procesos de tratamiento que se requieren en el sector de lavado-engrasado en Mxico. Palabras clave: vehculos; aguas residuales; lavado-engrasado; tasa de uso de agua; separador de aceites.

1. Introduction Studies carried out in different parts of the world have shown that the car service and maintenance sector constitutes a potential source of soil, water and air pollution (US-EPA 1991; Duke and Chung 1995; WEF 1995; Paxus 1996). Based on the experience gathered from reported cases in the U.S.A, a survey of car wash facilities was initiated in Toluca (Mexico State) to evaluate the environmental conditions of these small businesses, more specially with respect to the wastewaters. As far as we know, there is not any published paper in the currently and reasonably accessible literature that focused on studying the characteristics of the carwash wastewaters in Mexico. According to reports from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics of Mexico (INEGI 1999) there were 148682 centers for repair and maintenance of automobiles and trucks in Mexico in 1999, among those, 1506 centers were located in the municipality of Toluca (capital of the State of Mexico, with 670000 inhabitants). In the same year, there were 8595 Full-service car wash facilities in the country and 97 in Toluca. Within the car service sector, carwash shops are growing environmental concerns according to the public perception. Because of water use, car washing constitutes a highly visible activity which is scrutinized by public and policy makers, especially during periods of droughts or water shortages (Brown 2002a). Since 1999, the International Carwash Association (ICA, Chicago, IL.) has undertaken several studies to determine the average water consumption per vehicle washed (Brown 2002b), characteristics of the discharges (Brown 2002a) and water conservation and reclaim techniques (Brown 1999) in the US professional carwash industry. The average water consumption per vehicle washed reported by Brown (2002b) is 57

L, 129 L, and 163 L for self-services, conveyor and in-bay wash categories, respectively. In contrast, Rosenblum (2001) reported a general mean value of 177 L per car. Another report of the ICA (Brown 2002a) claimed that oil/water separator tanks, in professional carwashes, are able to meet standard requirements of the pretreated effluent. Samples of the effluents, collected at the discharge points of different facilities, contained around or less than 100 mg/L of oil and grease (O&G), between 150 to 890 mg/L COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and 6 to 117 mg/L TSS (Total Suspended Solids). Similar studies and data were also reported by the Westminster City Water resources (AWWA 2002) and the Australian Water Corporation (AWC 2003). Although the automatic car washing, as practiced in US industry (conveyor, in-bay and self-service), is scarce in Mexico, the data from the ICA, AWC and Westminster City may be a baseline for comparisons. Best management practices in the automotive repair and maintenance sector recommend the use of oil-water separators for spill control, for leaks containment and for wastewater pretreatment (WEF, 1995; US-EPA, 1991). Compared to coalescers, the conventional oil-water separator is seen as a more accessible technology (simplicity of construction, lower maintenance requirements and cost) where limited financial resources and lack of skills play a pivotal role. The best-known criteria for the design of gravity oil separators are those presented by the API (American Petroleum Institute), but they are only strictly applicable to effluents from refineries. These standards include various requirements, for example, a minimum depth of three feet (API, 1990), which cannot be applied in the case of smaller flows. In addition, in washing effluents, the presence of soaps and degreasers may produce emulsions and prevent the adequate performance of any gravity separator. Then, since gravity separators are

frequently encountered in the carwash sector in Mexico, it is pertinent to evaluate the limits of this technology with respect to the sewer discharge standard (NOM 02: DOF 1998) and for reuse scenarios. The results reported in the present study are part of a larger research whose objective was to carry out an environmental evaluation of car repair and maintenance services in Mexico. In that broad research, more than 150 visits to car shops were made in Toluca. A sample of 60 facilities of all types (general mechanics, transmission, car wash, tire repair, change of oil, batteries, dismantling and resale of used parts, etc.) was submitted to a detailed environmental evaluation based on a questionnaire (US-EPA 2003) and a software program (EcoTaller) developed for this purpose (Garduo and Morales 2003). The results presented in this paper focus on the car washing sector. The specific objective was to determine the characteristics, volumes, and treatability of carwash wastewaters. The aim was to highlight the environmental problematic and provide basic data required for the development of pollution control technologies needed in the sector. 2. Methodology. 2.1 Defining the sample of facilities evaluated Due to the great similarity in the modus operandi of each type of facility, it was decided to select a non random sample of 13 representative carwash shops, based on the most common practices, geographical location, willingness of owners and managers to cooperate and budget limits. For the car cleaning sector (Table 1), the sample was composed by Exterior-only wash shops and Full-service wash facilities (engine, chassis and exterior, locally known as wash-lubricating services). The interest to study these sites was to quantify the flow rate of the washing systems (hoses and high

pressure trigger guns) that are used, estimate the length and average water consumption per vehicle, characterize the discharges and evaluate the efficiency of the pretreatment systems (oil-water separators). Not all the previous mentioned activities were done in each facility, but at least, three samples from three different shops were collected and analyzed to determine the average reported values. The individual reported measurement from each shop (e.g. water use per vehicle) was obtained by calculating the arithmetic mean of different replicates (3 to 4) while the physico-chemical characteristics were obtained based on a composite sample collected when a car was being washed (1 L per 2 min). 2.2 Measurement of the average water use per vehicle The operation modes followed in these facilities may be grouped in two main categories, according to the way how water is provided: 1) use of buckets to throw water to the cars (bucket-fulls"),

http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/html/620/62060206/62060206.html

Granulation-Fluidized Bed Technology for Waste-water Treatment

physicsAdd comments
Aug

042011

First, the background of sewage treatment in China is an arid countries water affected 2.8 trillion cubic meters of fresh water resources, 6% per cent of global water resources, second only to Brazil, and Russia and Canada, ranking fourth in the world, but only 2,300 cubic meters per capita, only for the worlds average level of one-fourth, United States of one-fifth, ranked 121 in the world, is the worlds 13 per capita water resources are one of the poorest countries.

According to the monitoring, present in most cities across the country subject to a certain degree of dot and the surface contamination of groundwater, and there is increasing year by year trend. Increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use of water features, further increasing the contradiction of water shortage, a serious impact on China is implementing the strategy of sustainable development, but also a serious threat to drinking water safety and the health of the people of the city residents.

XI, for example, in 2000 to 187k the built-up area of XI, population 3.26 million. According to the drainage plan of XI (1995), XI an City Center is divided into six sewage collection system in the urban areas, present sewage emissions of about 800,000/d, sewage treatment rate of about 34%.

Status of XI and drainage services an area of about 152.2k, drainage pipes subject to Confluence, North East part of the old town and outside, the rest mainly to triage system. Drainage tube network total long about 835.4km. which sewage pipeline 490km (including status confluence tube), penetration 67%, rain tube Canal 345.4km, penetration 45%, tube Canal density about 5.5km/k. currently sewage tube network accepted city sewage volume about 800,000/d, has built city sewage processing factory two seat, total processing ability 270,000/d, sewage processing rate 34%, which North stone bridge sewage processing factory 150,000/d, Deng home village sewage processing factory 120,000/d.

Meanwhile, XI is a lack of water resources of cities, the citys per capita use of surface water resources quantity less than 350, only for the country and the world average per capita share of and one-sixth, well below the internationally recognized to maintain a social and economic environment in the required 1000 threshold, with the accelerated process of modernization in the future, water shortage will affect the citys water supply. Sewage is a stable and reliable, renewable use of water resources, is an important way to solve water shortage in cities, sewage after advanced treatment can be used for industrial and mining enterprises, such as landscaping and urban sanitation, urban river landscape.

Second, the present situation of sewage treatment technology

Now generally conventional sewage treatment process of wastewater treatment, using flocculation sedimentation and sand filter systems, design and addition of ferric chloride pesticides in A2/O system in final clarifier distributor box, enhanced biological phosphorus removal, reduction of end phosphorus in effluent concentrations. Precipitation water by lifting pump station to sand filter, air-water backwash filter, filtered water to clean water tank, pressure entering the water pipe network. XI Dengs home village wastewater treatment plant, sewage purification Center North stone bridge of XI, XI an textile city wastewater treatment plant in Xian dianzicun wastewater treatment plant are basically used in the wastewater treatment system.

Conventional sewage treatment system, sewage coagulation sedimentation pool, it cannot form a particle condensation of a good condition, cannot generate aggregate flocs, solid-liquid separation efficiency is very low.

Third, the sewage treatment technologiesgranulation-fluidized bed wastewater treatment technology

1, the basic concepts of the fluidized bed

When a fluid at different speeds up through granular layer, these situations might occur. -When a fixed-bed fluid at lower speeds, flow of fluid through the gap between static particles, this bed is known as fixed-bed, as shown in figure a. Initial or critical flow of bedDang fluid of velocity increases to must degree Shi, particles began loose, particles location also in must of interval within for adjustment, bed layer slightly has expansion, but particles still cannot free movement, then bed

layer is initial or critical flow of State, following figure b by shows; flow of bedif fluid of velocity rise to all particles just suspended in up flow of gas or liquid in the and can do random of movement, at this time particles and fluid Zhijian of friction chah with net gravity equilibrium. Thereafter bed height l with increased velocity increases. This bed is called a fluidized bed. As shown in Figure c\d;dilute phase conveying bed if velocity after the rise to a certain limit values, fluidized-bed interface disappears, dispersion is suspended in the air and air flow away, this bed is called dilute phase conveying bed. As shown in Figure e.

When different velocity change of the bed (a) fixed bed (b) initial critical fluidized bed or (c) fluidized bed (d) poly-fluidized bed (e) transport bed

2, characteristics of the fluidized bed

Gas-solid in the fluidized bed is like the boiling of liquid motion, and demonstrated in many ways similar to the nature of the liquid. Fluidized bed with flow like a liquid, solid particles from the hole out of the container wall. And like liquid as, from a container inflow another a container; then as, than bed layer density small of objects can is easy of push into bed layer, and a release, it on bomb up and floating in bed layer surface Shang; Dang container tilt Shi, bed layer of Shang surface keep level, and Dang two a bed layer connected Shi, they of bed surface itself adjustment to same level surface; bed layer in the arbitrary two section between of pressure changes generally equal to this two section between units area bed layer of gravity.

3, granulation-fluidized bed wastewater treatment technology

Self-granulation-fluidized bed is by quasi-steady-state operation in chemical engineering principle and reaction engineering theory, combined with coagulation and engineering experience in the practice of a new water treatment technology. The technology of main technical indicators are as follows:

Preliminary chemical coagulation reactions in complete hydraulic mixer, hydraulic retention time below 1 min;

Self granulation on reaction to the current mechanical mixing equipment complete, mixing mechanical strength (G-value) at about 30s-1, hydraulic retention time of 10-20 min;

 Solid-liquid separation in self-granulation-fluidized bed in the upper part of the solid-liquid separation area complete hydraulic retention time of 5-10 min;

Sludge separation while automating the concentration process, mainly by inorganic suspended particle system, separation of sludge moisture content of up to 80%~85%, organic and inorganic suspended coexistence system, separation of sludge moisture content to 90~95%;

Separate SS concentration of water is typically less than 5mg/L, isolation areas strengthened after the separation of auxiliary devices separate SS concentration of water is typically less than 1 mg/L;

Scope of application of : water (sewage, waste water) 1,000-20,000 mg/L,COD SS concentration not greater than 1,000 mg/L.

The integration of technology in design of special equipment to be made. Its main feature is the hydraulic retention time is short, small, small footprint, wide applicability, flexible, efficient, solid-liquid separation and sludge thickening can be completed simultaneously.

This technology is widely used in high turbidity water treatment, silts concentration, water plant and wastewater treatment and reuse of municipal sewage sludge concentration, builders waste water treatment, water treatment and other disaster relief.

4, granulation-fluidized bed wastewater treatment technology of industrialization prospect

In the active implementation of the national ecological environment construction in the process of planning, regeneration of comprehensive utilization of water resources, water resources and water pollution is a particularly important aspect. Water treatment equipment market will significantly increase capacity, suitability and price competition will be the technical level, competition in the market. Using the technology series devices with advanced technology, small volume, low cost characteristics, and can be produced in accordance with user requirements, environmental protection equipment will have strong competitiveness in the market. The primary user of the device

is small and medium-sized industrial enterprises of industrial water treatment, wastewater treatment, industrial water recycling, urban medium to the water treatment, sewage sludge treatment.

The item technology has in Zhengzhou Yellow River huayuankou (high turbidity water treatment), and Xian Deng home village sewage processing factory (digestive sludge dehydration), and Shaanxi lueyang Mills (gas washing wastewater and dressing wastewater processing), and Shenzhen water works company (precipitation pool row slurry processing) for has half productive experimental, this Foundation Shang repeatedly for device improved, application has efficient solid liquid separation Manager under invention patent, currently has smooth through invention patent real trial, technology get national patent office of finds and protection. The Xijiao power plant at Xian to date of patent technology for ash wastewater reclamation and reuse process, in the North of XI Ishibashi sewage purification Center for activated sludge separation of mixed liquid and sludge thickening, XI an curved River plant, Shandong zaozhuang municipal water supply company, Shandong binzhou city water company for the production of wastewater reclamation and reuse process, achieved a good practical application. Therefore, this technology has a huge market and the prospect of industrialization.

Four, granulation-fluidized bed technology for wastewater treatment: current status

In recent years, self-granulation-fluidized bed in application in water treatment processes are developed, especially for sludge dewatering and high turbidity raw water with high concentration of solid-liquid separation of waste for the purpose of pelleting fluidized bed research caused concern in the water sector at home and abroad. Abroad there are many experts and scholars began conducted an in-depth study on the technology, there are a lot of research results. At home, however the technology is relatively late, there is need to continue to improve!

Granulation-fluidized bed technology for research have two main areas, one is from experimental research or practice, mainly for pelleting fluidized bed technology applied to the practice of research. For example, Wang xiaochang Professor of self made grain type flow of bed in the particles flow state of test determination under and Pan Yongzhang of made grain flow of bed technology in wash car wastewater back with processing in the of experimental research under,; another is for theory research, main is convection of bed in the particles flocculation coagulation mechanism of research and convection of bed of in the solid liquid flow for simulation calculation,. For example, Professor Huang Ting-Lin of the fluidized bed movement of balance, knot groups, and

the Kinetic study of Professor Wang xiaochang fluidized pellet bed process. Such as the Development of a mathematical model. However, overall, Chinas research on the technology or stay in experimental research.

Five, granulation-fluidized bed technology for wastewater treatment applications

As granulation-fluidized-bed technology with high efficient solid-liquid separation, it is widely used in high turbidity water treatment, silts concentration, water plant and wastewater treatment and reuse of municipal sewage sludge concentration, builders waste water treatment, water treatment and other disaster relief.

Use of granulation of high efficient solid-liquid separation technology of silts concentration industrial wastewater is superior to traditional process in the following aspects:

(1) processing efficiency high, effect good. efficient solid liquid separation device main device of hydraulic stay time for 9min around, plus front pump and pipeline mixed, total hydraulic stay time in 10min within, far than traditional processing technology by required of stay time short. by such short of processing time, device water turbidity has meet industrial back with water quality requirements. and need of inorganic coagulant cast volume below traditional mixed coagulation precipitation technology.

(2) separation of sludge moisture content low, without special enrichment processing. efficient solid-liquid separation device for separation and sludge dewatering performance is very good, stay in the storage area above 1h, sludge moisture content below 85%, without special enrichment for final sludge treatment.

(3) operational flexibility and can meet different needs, efficient solid-liquid separation device not only for waste water treatment, but also for batch processing, and resist the load capacity, in the case of exceeding the rated load 50% are basically guaranteed to address water.

Following granulation-fluidized-bed technology and its application in car-washing wastewater treatment for example introduction of fluidized bed application in industrial wastewater treatment:

As the peoples standard of living continues to improve, the number of cars is also on the rise, so the car wash industry has a huge market demand. Now, different sizes of car wash across the country, but most car wash place no waste water processing and recycling equipment, car wash only after simple precipitation of water is directly discharged into the municipal pipeline, not only a waste of water resources, but also caused some pollution on urban water environment.

In view of the current car wash industry present situation of water pollution and waste of water resources, on the market in recent years a variety of vehicle washing waste-water reuse equipment. Based on multi-media filter, adsorption ceramic filters, interception, adsorption, screening of ultrafiltration system principles to achieve after the car-washing waste-water reuse; some conventional oil sedimentation, filtration, disinfection isolation methods. Although the treated effluent from these devices can achieve the car-washing waste-water quality requirements, but their common shortcoming is an area of large, construction and operation costs are relatively high, put on the market when faced with many difficulties.

However, the use of pelleting fluidized bed technology for treatment of car-washing wastewater, car-washing wastewater by fluidized bed device processing, effluent discharge standard of water quality car wash water can be achieved. Granulation by fluidized-bed water content of the sludge produced significantly lower than in the sludge generated by conventional coagulationsedimentation, does not need to set the sludge thickening equipment. And granulation by fluidized bed with conventional treatment process comparison, has a small footprint, equipment simple structure, low investment and running costs, therefore be used in the car-washing waste-water reuse, have broad market prospects.

Abstract: The car washing wastewater that contains oil, sediment, surface active agents and other dissolved organic matter. Due to the size of the different car wash car washing wastewater treatment and reuse technology, there is a big difference. Introduced at home and abroad sizes car wash wastewater treatment and reuse of the main process, summarized and compared in point of car washing car washing wastewater reuse plant in major technical, analysis of the current smallscale recycling plant problems in the current car wash Wastewater Treatment introduced, and the direction of development were also expected. Keywords: car washing wastewater; treatment process; recycling Keywords:: TB Abstract: A Article ID :1672-3198 (2008) 09-0378-02

A car wash waste water

Car driving the process very susceptible to contamination, body and glass is mainly dirt by adhesion

of dust, soot incomplete combustion of fuel and air in a variety of floating pArticles. Chassis and wheel dirt adhesion is mainly sand, road asphalt, coal tar and burning oil. They repeat the contaminated or mixed pollution, will form a strong adhesion of dirt. Mainly from motor fuel in the dirt. As the adhesion of the various pArts car dirt types, used in cleaning detergents and cleaning methods there are differences. The detergent component, the main constituent of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and other non-ionic surfactant, as well as play the role of lubrication and light anionic surfactants, commonly used for the alkyl sulfate and phosphate salt, vinegar, etc. . It can be seen washing the major pollutants in wastewater oil dirt, sediment, detergent. Due to the different types of clean vehicles (small cars and large trucks), car wash lines of different functions (a simple combination of car washing and vehicle washing), washing in different ways (mechanical car washing and Artificial high-pressure water washing), car wash wastewater pollutant composition vary. However, car washing water quality is essentially the same. In some cases, car wash waste water may also contain heavy metals. The on-site measurement and reference studies, typical conditions, such as car washing water quality as shown in Table 1.

2 car wash wastewater treatment and reuse technology

2.1 The market for large vehicles to car washing wastewater treatment 2.1.1 Traditional Craft With precipitation - oil removal - filtration treatment process. Transport vehicles more than the market for vehicle washing wastewater after the wastewater and washing oily wastewater mixture of water, usually water is relatively large. Chengdu Depot's car, such as wastewater treatment plant, its processing flow shown in Figure 1. In this treatment process, the setting sand tank, grating main function is to conduct the initial passenger car wash effluent precipitation will be large pArticulate matter, Shen Yu setting sand bath, a large suspended solids in the water grid was blocked. Inclined Plate grease traps are used to dealing with large floating oil and sediment particles, used oil collection device to collect floating oil, transported to an oil storage tank. By adjusting the sedimentation tanks to regulate water quantity and quality right after the floatation tank to remove water in the emulsified oil and suspended solids.

Throughout the treatment process of sludge generated was pumped to sludge drying field drying. This traditional treatment process applied to an ordinary car wash wastewater treatment, but because the process has specialized Sand, degreasing process, covers an area of greater water to meet the wastewater discharge standards but the total E. coli, turbidity and other indicators does not necessarily satisfy the "The People's Republic of China Miscellaneous Domestic Water Quality Standards" (GJ25.189) for recycling car wash water requirements. Therefore, For reuse is also need depth of more stringent treatment process.

Figure 1 oil-water mixed with washing oily wastewater and wastewater treatment process

In addition to the above-mentioned conventional treatment, there is the use of biological contact oxidation pool, membrane filtration technologies, there are some use of electrolytic methods to pairs of car wash wastewater treatment. Tianjin seven trucks to transport washing wastewater, for example, the waste water for the washing machine repair and clean-up trucks and venue of

wastewater. waste water can be used to deal with this gravity separation and adsorption coalescence method, but it covers an area of large, and the treatment effect is not very satisfactory. The transport field processing method using electrolytic cell washing wastewater treatment. The treatment process shown in Figure 2.

2.2 mini-car wash car washing wastewater reuse line process 2.2.1 Membrane Bioreactor Membrane Bioreactor for Treatment of car washing wastewater process shown in Figure 3. Car wash wastewater and domestic sewage effluent setting sand mixed into the grease traps, sewage removal of a large proportion of inorganic sand and the oil slick is conducive to the follow-up treatment of membrane bio-reactor, the reactor membrane modules main function is to carry out the mud sludge mixture separation, filter out the treated water. This method can be used a higher sludge concentration ( 10g / L), the remaining sludge emissions reach a minimum, a very long sludge age and thus enable the generation of a long cycle of bacteria (such as the nitrifying bacteria) in the reactor can be interception and

reproduction, and make the water was very low metabolite levels, water quality and stability; area is small, operation and management simple and easy to automate. But it must be in continuous operation mode in order to maintain the activity of activated sludge, such as the interruption for a long time, the tank body will lose activity in activated sludge. Membrane bio-reactor and when the influent water temperature less than 8 , the activity of activated sludge will also be affected to some degree, which will surely lead to the deterioration of the water. Moreover, the process should pay attention to avoid micro-organisms can inhibit the metabolism of disinfectant mixed system, otherwise the normal physiological function micro-organisms will be destroyed, but also make the water worse. elsewhere in theResearch Papers Download http://www.hi138.com

2.2.2 Physical treatment methods Physical treatment methods - membrane filtration method, applied to the small quantity of large changes in water quality. In general is to allow the sewage through a series of filter media, allowing the sewage contains large

particles of silt and other material and part of the mechanism of organic matter can be removed by filtering. The filter media commonly used quartz sand, activated carbon, ceramic and so on. Process shown in Figure 4.

Among them, multi-media filter can be equipped with a quartz sand filter material to filter water, mud, sand, rust, oil, etc.; activated carbon is used to water the various odor, color, detergent, soap, etc. adsorption removal; precision filter can be in the water residual mud, sand, rust, oil filter, etc., in order to ensure the final effluent water quality; film will be in the water molecule compounds, clay, pigments, minerals, latex particles, microorganisms, grease, detergents as well as oil, water emulsion removal. This method is the use of filtration, adsorption, and other physical principles of the removal of pollutants in water, the water good effect; equipment installation is simple, soft and hard tubes can; area is small, the use of economic and so on. However, the process requires frequent backwashing, activated carbon used for a period of time required to sophisticated filters in the filter regeneration also need regular replacement. And the need for better water quality, otherwise the process will shorten the life.

2.3 The car wash wastewater treatment in research on Stephen, Fan Yuehua, Department Raymond Wong, Wei-eddy current electro-coagulation - floatation - contact filtration combined process of car washing wastewater were studied to discuss the operating voltage (U), current intensity (I), electrolysis time (t ), pH values and other factors on treatment effect, results showed that the optimal experimental conditions in U for the 25V, I is 0.6A, t for 10min, pH value of 7 ~ 7.5, the water quality of the concentration of CODcr from 144.45mg / L down to 60.96mg / L, turbidity from 39.06NTU reduced to 4.61NTU, CODcr and turbidity removal rate, respectively 57.8% and 88.2%, deal with the water quality standards for wastewater discharge of a discharge standard. The process will also process and chemical coagulation were compared with experiment and found that the treatment effect of the process is better than chemical coagulation. Pan Yong-zhang, Xie Xiaomin using a magnetic filter magnetic kinds of car washing wastewater treatment method to achieve the purpose of wastewater reuse. Examined the magnetic seed dosage, coagulant dosage, the magnetic field intensity and magnetic filtration velocity on the impact of water turbidity, and under the best conditions of the actual wastewater treatment. The results showed that magnetic seed dosage of 80mg / L,

polymerization grasp Aluminum dosage 45mg / L, the magnetic field strength 2000Gs, magnetic filtration velocity 80m / h under the conditions of life to achieve effluent water quality requirements of the standard miscellaneous (CJ25. 1-89). 2.4 The car washing wastewater treatment sludge disposal For the car wash wastewater treatment not only to consider the water treatment, while also considering car washing wastewater treatment sludge disposal. As the process of driving the car a lot of contaminated soil, cleaning of vehicles during the deposition of a considerable amount of sludge. Li Yang as such that car wash sludge in the mineral oil content is very low by the degradation, no adverse effects on crops. Chromium and lead were much lower than the national control standards. Sludge can be used for land reclamation, planting crops, sludge can also be used with new soil, improving soil, thick soil layer. Lead-contaminated sludge car wash is best used for tree planting, planting flowers, or for burning bricks.

3 Conclusions and Outlook

Car washing wastewater reuse, the present, there are some defects in a variety of processes are using only the water coagulation effect is difficult to guarantee; using sand filtration or activated carbon adsorption treatment filtration operation cost is high; use of flotation product cost is high; used when the operation of membrane bioreactor not flexible, the product poor adaptability. Find treatment effect is good, cost of operation and low cost process needs further exploration and research. My car washing wastewater reuse in the future direction of the following three: the emergence of new technology, can significantly reduce the recycling costs, improve water quality, it is mainly for small devices, a large car wash less constrained by space, the craft are more maturity; With the price of water rose further standardize the market, small car washing point toward the joint, forming a large car wash, car washing wastewater to achieve large-scale treatment facilities with a centralized manner, reduce unit costs and processing costs, at present, car wash wastewater are more successful with a large car wash can prove this point; washing with water or rain water in order to reduce the

References [1] 1994, (2) :27[2] and so on. Locomotives and rolling stock -trillion. Chengdu Depot Design of oily

wastewater treatment works. Railway Standard Design,

manufacturing industry wastewater treatment. Locomotive & Rolling Stock technology, 2005,10 (5) :14-16. Reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers Download http://www.hi138.com

SEWAGE TREATING

AUTOBASE-5T sewage treating equipment

AUTOBASE -Sewage Water Recycle Equipment: It adopts the most advanced biologic film separation technology in the world. This product uses the most advanced biologic film separation technology in the world. It is unnecessary to add other chemical treatment substances during sewage disposal. This system uses complete physical separation technology and has the advantages such as long service life, no any wastage, and clear treating water quality, etc. and is recognized and used according to the highest requirements in car washing industry. Physical filtering system with novelty meaning provides economic water treatment effect without using any chemical additive. It combines the characteristics of cost effectiveness and novelty and even uses no flocculating agent during water circulation through filtering, which can form ideal treatment effect. Auto wash is an important breakthrough of water treatment system whose novel system fills up the blank that physical water circulation uses no chemical additive completely. The process water completely complying with the car

cleaning requirements can be obtained by using the system. Any dirt particle in the dirty water can be filtered and removed effectively so that the cleaning water can be recycled completely. The pure biologic water treatment system is based on Bio film process and is the best method recognized for treating car cleaning system. Structure Characteristics: It neednt collecting pool or facility with large volume. It does the filtering ,suspending and biological treatment work in a tank. Sludge treatment is simple. Non-error, completely recyceled and none-drainage. The effect of discoloration and filtering is perfect. It can filter the negetive ion surfactant thoroughly. It can save manpower dues to fully automatic control system. Simple operation, convenience maintenance, easy installation and move. Specifications of AUTOBASE sewage treating equipment Model Dimesionsmm Electricity Powerkw 900*500*1600 220 1.8 3T 900*700*1600 220/380 1.8 5T 900*700*1600 220/380 1.8 7T 1000*850*1600 380 3.6 10T

Delivery (m) 30 40 40 40

Suction (m) 8 10 10 10

Aparture(mm) 32 40 40 40

Remark

Description of the Basic Functions for Sewage Treating Equipment a) Biomembrane Group reclaimed water after proposal is clear to the bottom and conforms to the international environmental demands. This product has obtained many patents of invention. Its birth symbolizes the global sewage treating equipment reaches a new height. It is applied to hospital water treatment, school reclaimed water treatment, greening water treatment and so on. b) Control Board:

Clear control board has reduced the operational difficulty and can be controlled through two-way choice by hand or automatically.. c) Sewage Valve Sewage output valve made by the material of UPVC has the advantage of solid structure as well as easy to operate and so on. d) Flow Meter The observable flow meter made of glass material is the unique design of TEPO-AUTO. It can observe the water quality and flow after treating clearly. This will set the minds of our clients at rest more to our sewage treating equipment. e) Water Pump Sewage treatment pump adopts high pressure centrifugal pump compatible for cold and hot water. Wide scope of application and none-noise work are the most remarkable advantages. Power of 0.9 KW guarantees the stable work. f) Associated Line That constructed by the UPVC material, clear to see and durable has reached the highest requirement of AUTOBASE. It need not care within the service life for 10 years. Moreover, it is convenient to install and easy to maintain. g) Structural Framing Main structural framing made of stainless steel can extend the service life. The greatest strength for this equipment is the area of 1.2 square meter.

Industrial Wastewater treatment system

A group of unit processes designed to separate, modify, remove, and destroy undesirable substances carried by wastewater from industrial sources. United States governmental regulations have been issued that involve volatile organic substances, designated priority pollutants; aquatic toxicity as defined by a bioassay; and in some cases nitrogen and phosphorus. As a result, sophisticated technology and process controls have been developed for industrial wastewater treatment. Wastewater streams that are toxic or refractory should be treated at the source, and there are a number of technologies available. For example, wet air oxidation of organic materials at high temperature and pressure (2000 lb/in. or 14 kilopascals and 550F or 288C) is restricted to very high concentrations of these substances. Macroreticular (macroporous) resins are specific for the removal of particular organic materials, and the resin is regenerated and used again. Membrane processes, particularly reverse osmosis, are high-pressure operations in which water passes through a semipermeable membrane, leaving the contaminants in a concentrate. See also Hazardous waste; Membrane separations. Pretreatment and primary treatment processes address the problems of equalization, neutralization, removal of oil and grease, removal of suspended solids, and precipitation of heavy metals. See also Electrochemical process; Ion exchange; pH; Sedimentation (industry). Aerobic biological treatment is employed for the removal of biodegradable organics. An aerated lagoon system is applicable (where large land areas are available) for treating nontoxic wastewaters, such as generated by pulp and paper mills. Fixed-film processes include the trickling filter and the rotating biological contactor. In these processes, a biofilm is generated on a surface, usually plastic. As the wastewater passes over the film, organics diffuse into the film, where they are biodegraded. Anaerobic processes are sometimes employed before aerobic processes for the treatment of high-strength, readily degradable wastewaters. The primary advantages of the anaerobic process is low sludge production and the generation of energy in the form of methane (CH4) gas. See also Biodegradation; Sewage disposal; Sewage treatment. Biological processes can remove only degradable organics. Nondegradable organics can be present in the influent wastewater or be generated as oxidation by-products in the biological process. Many of these organics are toxic to aquatic life and must be removed from the effluent before discharge. The most common technology to achieve this objective is adsorption on activated carbon. See also Activated carbon; Adsorption. In some cases, toxic and refractory organics can be pretreated by chemical oxidation using ozone, catalyzed hydrogen peroxide, or advanced oxidation processes. In this case the objective is not mineralization of the organics but detoxification and enhanced biodegradability. Biological nitrogen removal, both nitrification and denitrification, is employed for removal of ammonia from wastewaters. While this process is predictable in the case of municipal wastewaters, many industrial wastewaters are inhibitory to the nitrifying organisms. Volatile organics can be removed by air or steam stripping. Air stripping is achieved by using packed or tray towers in which air and water counterflow through the tower. In steam stripping, the liquid effluent from the column is separated as an azeotropic mixture. See also Azeotropic mixture; Stripping. Virtually all of the processes employed for industrial wastewater treatment generate a sludge that requires some means of disposal. In general, the processes employed for thickening and dewatering are the same as those used in municipal wastewater treatment. Waste activated sludge is usually stabilized

by aerobic digestion in which the degradable solids are oxidized by prolonged aeration. See also Sewage solids. Most landfill leachates have high and variable concentrations of organic and inorganic substances. All municipal and most industrial landfill leachates are amenable to biological treatment and can be treated anaerobically or aerobically, depending on the effluent quality desired. Activated carbon has been employed to remove nondegradable organics. In Europe, some plants employ reverse osmosis to produce a high-quality effluent. See also Water pollution.

Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. Most industries produce some wet waste although recent trends in the developed world have been to minimise such production or recycle such waste within the production process. However, many industries remain dependent on processes that produce wastewaters.

Contents
1 Sources of industrial wastewater o o o o o o o 1.1 Agricultural waste 1.2 Iron and steel industry 1.3 Mines and quarries 1.4 Food industry 1.5 Complex organic chemicals industry 1.6 Nuclear industry 1.7 Water treatment

2 Treatment of industrial wastewater o o o 2.1 Solids removal 2.2 Oils and grease removal 2.3 Removal of biodegradable organics o o o 2.3.1 Activated sludge process 2.3.2 Trickling filter process

2.4 Treatment of other organics 2.5 Treatment of acids and alkalis 2.6 Treatment of toxic materials

3 See also

4 References 5 External links

Sources of industrial wastewater Agricultural waste

Main article: Agricultural wastewater treatment

Iron and steel industry

The production of iron from its ores involves powerful reduction reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially ammonia and cyanide. Production of coke from coal in coking plants also requires water cooling and the use of water in by-products separation. Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such as benzene, naphthalene,anthracene, cyanide, ammonia, phenols, cresols together with a range of more complex organic compounds known collectively as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and coolant. Contaminants include hydraulic oils, tallow and particulate solids. Final treatment of iron and steel products before onward sale into manufacturing includes pickling in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the surface for tin orchromium plating or for other surface treatments such as galvanisation or painting. The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters include acidic rinse waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants, (particularly those using Hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there remains a large volume of highly acid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride to be disposed of. Many steel industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil also known as soluble oil.

Mines and quarries

Mine wastewater effluent with neutralized pH from tailing runoff. Taken in Peru.

The principal waste-waters associated with mines and quarries are slurries of rock particles in water. These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large sites. Some specialized separation operations, such ascoal washing to separate coal from native rock using density gradients, can produce wastewater contaminated by fine particulate haematite and surfactants. Oils and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants. Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated by the minerals present in the native rock formations. Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials, undesirable materials may become contaminated in the wastewater. For metal mines, this can include unwanted metals such as zinc and other materials such as arsenic. Extraction of high value metals such as gold and silver may generate slimes containing very fine particles in where physical removal of contaminants becomes particularly difficult.

Food industry
Wastewater generated from agricultural and food operations has distinctive characteristics that set it apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private wastewater treatment plants throughout the world: it is biodegradable and nontoxic, but that has high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids(SS).[1] The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater are often complex to predict due to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and postharvesting.

Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing generates waters with high loads of particulate matter and some dissolved organics. It may also contain surfactants. Animal slaughter and processing produces very strong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood, and gut contents. This wastewater is frequently contaminated by significant levels of antibiotics and growth hormones from the animals and by a variety of pesticides used to control external parasites. Insecticide residues in fleeces is a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing. Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic material and may also contain salt, flavourings, colouring material and acids or alkali. Very significant quantities of oil or fats may also be present.

Complex organic chemicals industry

A range of industries manufacture or use complex organic chemicals. These include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, paints and dyes, petro-chemicals, detergents, plastics, paper pollution, etc. Waste waters can be contaminated by feed-stock materials, by-products, product material in soluble or particulate form, washing and cleaning agents, solvents and added value products such as plasticisers. Treatment facilities that do not need control of their effluent typically opt for a type of aerobic treatment, i.e. Aerated Lagoons.[2]

Nuclear industry
The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as Radioactive waste.

Water treatment
Water treatment for the production of drinking water is dealt with elsewhere. (See water purification.) Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for demanding purposes. Water treatment produces organic and mineral sludges from filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins removes calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from water, replacing them with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when in admixture with other wastewater.

Treatment of industrial wastewater

The different types of contamination of wastewater require a variety of strategies to remove the contamination.[3][4]

Solids removal
Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered as slurry or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special problems. In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be required. Although, flocculation may be used, using alum salts or the addition of polyelectrolytes.

Oils and grease removal

Main article: API oil-water separator

A typical API oil-water separator used in many industries

Many oils can be recovered from open water surfaces by skimming devices. Considered a dependable and cheap way to remove oil, grease and other hydrocarbons from water, oil skimmers can sometimes achieve the desired level of water purity. At other times, skimming is also a cost-efficient method to remove most of the oil before using membrane filters and chemical processes. Skimmers will prevent filters from blinding prematurely and keep chemical costs down because there is less oil to process.

Because grease skimming involves higher viscosity hydrocarbons, skimmers must be equipped with heaters powerful enough to keep grease fluid for discharge. If floating grease forms into solid clumps or mats, a spray bar, aerator or mechanical apparatus can be used to facilitate removal. [5] However, hydraulic oils and the majority of oils that have degraded to any extent will also have a soluble or emulsified component that will require further treatment to eliminate. Dissolving or emulsifying oil using surfactants or solvents usually exacerbates the problem rather than solving it, producing wastewater that is more difficult to treat. The wastewaters from large-scale industries such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, and natural gas processing plants commonly contain gross amounts of oil and suspended solids. Those industries use a device known as an API oil-water separator which is designed to separate the oil and suspended solids from their wastewater effluents. The name is derived from the fact that such separators are designed according to standards published by the American Petroleum Institute (API).[4][6] The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using Stokes Law to define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their density and size. The design is based on the specific gravity difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed wastewater is the middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.[4] Typically, the oil layer is skimmed off and subsequently re-processed or disposed of, and the bottom sediment layer is removed by a chain and flight scraper (or similar device) and a sludge pump. The water layer is sent to further treatment consisting usually of a Electroflotation module for additional removal of any residual oil and then to some type of biological treatment unit for removal of undesirable dissolved chemical compounds.

A typical parallel plate separator[7]

Parallel plate separators[7] are similar to API separators but they include tilted parallel plate assemblies (also known as parallel packs). The parallel plates provide more surface for suspended oil droplets to coalesce into larger globules. Such separators still depend upon the specific gravity between the suspended oil and the water. However, the parallel plates enhance the degree of oil-water separation. The result is that a parallel plate separator requires significantly less space than a conventional API separator to achieve the same degree of separation.

Removal of biodegradable organics

Biodegradable organic material of plant or animal origin is usually possible to treat using extended conventional wastewater treatment processes such as activated sludge or trickling filter.[3][4] Problems can arise if the wastewater is excessively diluted with washing water or is highly concentrated such as neat blood or milk. The presence of cleaning agents, disinfectants, pesticides, or antibiotics can have detrimental impacts on treatment processes. Activated sludge process Main article: Activated sludge

A generalized, diagram of an activated sludge process.

Activated sludge is a biochemical process for treating sewage and industrial wastewater that uses air (or oxygen) and microorganisms to biologically oxidize organic pollutants, producing a waste sludge (or floc) containing the oxidized material. In general, an activated sludge process includes: An aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected and thoroughly mixed into the wastewater. A settling tank (usually referred to as a "clarifier" or "settler") to allow the waste sludge to settle. Part of the waste sludge is recycled to the aeration tank and the remaining waste sludge is removed for further treatment and ultimate disposal. As a general process for most of the Industrial waste water the following Technologies are used.

1. ASP : Activated Sludge process 2. SAFF system of Submerged aerobic fixed film system 3. MBBR : Moving bed bio reactor ( Anox invented this now is considered generic technology) 4. MBR : Membrane Bioreactor 5. DAF clarifiers 6. TBR : Turbo bioreactor Technology ( A patented technology of Wockoliver) 7. Filtration technologies More information about above can be found on various commercial manufactures like WOIL Trickling filter process Main article: Trickling filter

Image 1: A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter

A typical complete trickling filter system

A trickling filter consists of a bed of rocks, gravel, slag, peat moss, or plastic media over which wastewater flows downward and contacts a layer (or film) of microbial slime covering the bed media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by forced air flowing through the bed or by natural convection of air. The process involves adsorption oforganic compounds in the wastewater by the microbial slime layer, diffusion of air into the slime layer to provide the oxygen required for the biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds. The end products include carbon dioxide gas, water and other products of the oxidation. As the slime layer thickens, it becomes difficult for the air to penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed. The components of a complete trickling filter system are: fundamental components: A bed of filter medium upon which a layer of microbial slime is promoted and developed. An enclosure or a container which houses the bed of filter medium. A system for distributing the flow of wastewater over the filter medium. A system for removing and disposing of any sludge from the treated effluent.

The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well characterized treatment technologies. A trickling filter is also often called a trickle filter, trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter or biological trickling filter.

Treatment of other organics

Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, coking products and so forth can be very difficult to treat. Treatment methods are often specific to the material being treated. Methods include Advanced Oxidation Processing, distillation, adsorption, vitrification, incineration, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal. Some materials such as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation and in such cases, a modified form of wastewater treatment can be used.

Treatment of acids and alkalis

Acids and alkalis can usually be neutralised under controlled conditions. Neutralisation frequently produces a precipitate that will require treatment as a solid residue that may also be toxic. In some cases, gasses may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream. Some other forms of treatment are usually required following neutralisation. Waste streams rich in hardness ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose the hardness ions in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts. This precipitation process can cause severe furring of pipes and can, in extreme cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes. A 1 metre diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals complex was blocked by such salts in the 1970s. Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill or by careful pH management of the released wastewater.

Treatment of toxic materials

Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver, cadmium, thallium, etc.) acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or selenium) are generally resistant to biological processes unless very dilute. Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment with other chemicals. Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require concentration followed by landfilling or recycling. Dissolved organics can be incinerated within the wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Process.

See also
Sustainable development portal

Aerated lagoon ATP Test Best management practice for water pollution (BMP) Dark fermentation

Electrocoagulation List of waste water treatment technologies Maceration (sewage) Peak water Rotating biological contactor Sedimentation (water treatment)

References
1. ^ European Environment Agency. Copenhagen, Denmark. "Indicator: Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers (2001)." 2. ^ Tannery Wastewater Treatment by the Oxygen Activated Sludge Process Mamoru Kashiwaya and Kameo Yoshimoto Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), Vol. 52, No. 5 (May, 1980), pp. 999-1007 (article consists of 9 pages) Published by: Water Environment Federation 3. ^
a b

Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering

(Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-041878-0. 4. ^
a b c d

Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical

Plants (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. LCCN 67019834. 5. ^ Water and Wastewater News, May 2004 <http://wwn-online.com/articles/50898/> 6. ^ American Petroleum Institute (API) (February 1990). Management of Water Discharges: Design and Operations of Oil-Water Separators (1st ed.). American Petroleum Institute. 7. ^
a b

Beychok, Milton R. (December 1971). "Wastewater treatment". Hydrocarbon Processing:

109112. ISSN 0818-8190.

External links
Water Environment Federation - Professional society [1] for industrial wastewater treatment based on DAF system [2] for industrial wastewater treatment based on Package treatment plant or on MBBR technology.

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/industrial-wastewater-treatment#ixzz1il6uiJJi

Highly efficient removal of grit particles at variable flow rates Low energy costs

Low headloss (less than 1/4 inch) Low Maintenance Durable and rugged construction Standard Chambers handle flows up to 70 MGD All stainless steel construction standard with carbon steel options

Design parameters for settling tank Types of settling Overflow rate m3m2/day Average Primary settling only Primary settling followed by secondary treatment Primary settling with activated sludge return Secondary settling for trickling filters Secondary settling for activated sludge (excluding extended aeration) Secondary settling for extended aeration 25-30 35-50 25-35 15-25 15-35 8-15 Peak 50-60 60120 50-60 40-50 40-50 25-35 Solids loading kg/m2/day Average 70-120 70-140 25-120 Peak 190 210 170 2.53.5 2.53.5 3.54.5 2.53.5 3.54.5 3.54.5 1.5-2.0 2.0-2.5 Depth Detention time