Sie sind auf Seite 1von 30

ABSTRACT

Zigbee is the name of a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 -2006 standard for wireless personal area networks(WPANS),such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short range radio. The word ZigBee was originated from word ZigZag indicating cross-shaped network cables and Bee to indicate economical communication method. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is targeted at radiofrequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. After the birth of wireless LAN and Bluetooth, new International short-distance wireless standard technology of ZigBee has applied rapidly in our life and recognized as core technology to bring Ubiquitous life in near future. The ZigBee standard provides network, security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard. It employs a suite of technologies to enable scalable, self-organizing, self-healing networks that can manage various data traffic patterns. ZigBee is a low-cost, lowpower, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous lowpower devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next generation automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation. The term "ZigBee" originates from honeybees' method of communicating newfound food sources.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. It is designed around low-power consumption allowing batteries to essentially last forever. The ZigBee standard provides network, security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard. It employes a suite of technologies to enable scalable, self-organizing, self-healing networks that can manage various data traffic patterns. ZigBee is a low-cost, lowpower, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous lowpower devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next generation automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation. ZigBee is an open global standard providing wireless networking based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and taking full advantage of a powerful physical radio this standard specifies. ZigBee is the result of collaborative efforts by a global consortium of companies known as the ZigBee Alliance. The term "ZigBee" originates from honeybees' method of communicating new found food sources.

1.1 HISTORY AND ORIGIN


1.1.1 HISTORY:

ZigBee-style networks began to be conceived about 1998, when many installers realized that both WiFi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications.

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard was completed in May 2003. The ZigBee specifications were ratified on 14 December 2004.

The ZigBee Alliance announces public availability of Specification 1.0 on 13 June 2005, known as ZigBee 2004 Specification.

1.1.2 ORIGIN OF THE TERM ZIGBEE:


An urban myth perpetuated by the Zigbee Alliance is that the term ZigBee originates from the silent, but powerful method of communication used by honeybees to report information about food sources. The myth says that the communication system is known as the ZigBee Principle". By "dancing" around in a zig-zag waggle dance, a bee is able to share critical information, such as the location, distance, and direction of a newly discovered food source to its fellow hive members.

ZIGBEE:
The name "ZigBee" is derived from the erratic zigging patterns many bees make between flowers when collecting pollen. This is evocative of the invisible webs of connections existing in a fully wireless environment. The standard itself is regulated by a group known as the ZigBee Alliance, with over 150 members worldwide. ZigBee devices are actively limited to a throughrate of 250Kbps,compared to Bluetooth's much larger pipeline of 1Mbps, operating on the 2.4 GHz ISM band, which is available throughout most of the world. ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous low-power devices. In the consumer market ZigBee is being explored for everything from linking low-power household devices such as smoke alarms to a central housing control unit, to centralized light controls.The specified maximum range of operation for ZigBee devices is 250 feet (76m), substantially further than that used by Bluetooth capable devices, although security concerns raised over "sniping" Bluetooth devices remotely, may prove to hold true for ZigBee devices as well.

NEEDS OF ZIGBEE:
Were beginning to hear more and more about this wireless technology called ZigBee. A catchy name for sure, but what is it and who needs it? We already have Bluetoothand Wi-Fi-enabled devices, and WiMAX and Wireless USB proliferation are at the doorstep. Who needs another wireless standard?

Each wireless technology that makes it to market serves a special purpose or the function. Bluetooth and wireless USB provide short-range connectivity in what is called a personal-area network (PAN). Bluetooth serves a short-range, moderate-speed, wire replacer, and wireless USB provides short-range, high-speed device connectivity. Wi-Fi is for local-area networks (LANs) and WiMAX is designed to provide wide-area networking (WAN) or metropolitan-area networking (MAN). ZigBee fills yet another nitch. It is a PAN technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Unlike Bluetooth or wireless USB devices, ZigBee devices have the ability to form a mesh network between nodes Meshing is a type of daisy chaining from one device to another. This technique allows the short range of an individual node to be expanded and multiplied, covering a much larger area. One ZigBee network can contain more than 65,000 nodes (active devices). The network they form in cooperation with each other may take the shape of a star, a branching tree or a net (mesh). Each device can operate for years off of a AA cell. That means that each node uses little power. ZigBee may be the answer for wireless monitoring and remote control solutions. Those are the functions for which ZigBee was designed. ZigBee nodes can be used to tie an entire home, office or factory together for safety, security and control. Nodes are embedded in hundreds of sensors and controls that are built into large infrastructures for home automation, industrial automation, remote metering, automotives, medical equipment, patient monitoring, asset tracking systems, security systems, lighting and temperature control systems, and even toys.

CHAPTER 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG:2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM Block diagram explanation


Transmitter The block diagram of the transmitting section consists of three sections. The sensors, micro controller and the zigbee module & LCD. In the first section it contains the sensors. Then comes the micro controller section and finally the LCD and the zigbee module.

It is the sensors that collect the parameters to be collected from the external environment. Mainly five sensors are used, air temperature sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor, wind direction sensor and pressure sensor. The data from the sensors is fed to the pic microcontroller, the micro controller has inbuilt ADC. The analog inputs from the sensors is converted to digital values by the analog to digital converters within the controller. The processed signal is now given to the LCD module, which displays the data collected by the sensors. At the same time the processed signal is transmitted to the zigbee module, from where the data get transmitted wirelessly to the receiver section. Receiver The datas which are transmitted from the transmitter side through the Zigbee module are received at the receiver circuit through another Zigbee module .The values thus collected are then send to the pic through the inbuilt USART module. Now the pic will transmit it to the LCD and to the PC . The 802.15.4 lower layers provide the basic capabilities for LR-WPAN devices such as ZigBee nodes to join a network and send data to a neighboring device, but they do not provide the enhanced functionality for creating more complex multi-hop routed network topologies, nor the device and network management services needed for developing higher-level applications. The role of the ZigBee standard is to define the higher-layer network and application services that build upon the 802.15.4 wireless transmission capabilities to enable the development of complete LR-WPAN systems. The functionality of the two lower layers defined by 802.15.4 are: 1) The Physical Layer (PHY): The PHY layer provides the basic communication capabilities of the radio and is responsible for the wireless transmission and reception of MAC frames. It performs such functions as radio control, energy detection, clear channel assessment, channel selection, data modulation, signal spreading, and the transmission and reception of bits onto the physical medium. The unit of transmission at this layer is the PHY frame.

2) The Medium Access Control Layer (MAC): The MAC layer establishes reliable and secure single-hop communication links between devices. It provides the basic functions of monitoring and accessing the wireless communications medium to coordinate the transmission of data from the higher layers. The MAC layer handles network association and The standard DLL layer in the IEEE model normally consists of two sub-layers, a MAC sub-layer and a Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer. The LLC sub-layer normally specified is the IEEE 802.2 standard. Both the wired ethernet network standard (802.3) and the wireless ethernet standard (802.11) utilize the standard 802.2 sub-layer. However, the 802.15.4 standard does not utilize a separate 802.2 LLC sub-layer, but instead incorporates its functionality into an enhanced MAC sub-layer. Therefore, the 802.15.4 standard consists of just two layers, the PHY and the MAC. Such an approach provides for simplicity in operation and implementation, which is important for WPAN node design where low cost and low processing overhead are essential due to limited power, memory, and processing capabilities. Because of the enhanced functionality of the 802.15.4 MAC layer, the ZigBee Network Layer can interface directly with it.

FIG:2.2 ZIGBEE STACK PROTOCOL


Devices based on the 802.15.4 standard operate in the unlicensed portion of the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency spectrum.

Frequency Band 868 MHz 915 MHz

Frequency Spectrum 868-868.6 MHz 902-923 MHz

Number Channels 1 10

Maximum Data Rate 20 Kbps 40 Kbps

Modulation Type DSSS with BPSK DSSS with BPSK

2.4 GHz

2.4-2.4835 GHz

16

250 Kbps

DSSS with O-QPSK

Availability & Usage Most Europe Countries N. America, S. America, Australia, NZ Most Countries Worldwide

Table-2.1.1:- Frequency Band, Number of Channels, Data Rate, Modulation, and Geographic Availability of the IEEE 802.15.4 bands of operation ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in countries such as USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios and microcontrollers with between 60K and 128K flash memory. Radios are also available standalone to be used with any processor or microcontroller. Generally, the chip vendors also offer the ZigBee software stack, although independent ones are also available. The 802.15.4 lower layers provide the basic capabilities for WPAN devices such as ZigBee nodes to join a network and send data to a neighboring device, but they do not provide the enhanced functionality for creating more complex multi-hop routed network topologies, nor the device and network management services needed for developing higher-level applications. The role of the ZigBee standard is to define the higher-layer network and application services that build upon the 802.15.4 wireless transmission capabilities to enable the development of complete WPAN systems.

CHAPTER 3 WORKING PRINCIPLE


This section describes the principles involved in architecture and designing a secure WPAN solution based on the ZigBee standard. These principles should be employed in the planning and design of a ZigBee network. The subsequent section will list specific best practice guidelines for the implementation of a ZigBee network. The following are principles for developing a secure architecture: 1.Apply a Defense-in-Depth approach:- This concept of secure design involves implementing multiple layers of security measures to control access to mission-critical systems and networks. These are often the targets that an attacker attempts to gain unauthorized access to by compromising a wireless network and using it as an attack path or vector in to an organizational network such as a plant network where the target systems reside. In order to defend the target environment, multiple security measures should be implemented so that if one measure is defeated by an attacker, additional measures and layers of security remain to protect the target environment. Measures such as separation of wireless and wired network segments, strong device and user authentication methods, filtering of traffic based on addresses and protocols, securing end-points/stations from unauthorized access, and monitoring and intrusion detection on the wireless and wired segments are examples of multiple layers of defense that can be employed to achieve a defense-in-depth design. 2)Analyze and harden all components of the system :- This principle of security design entails looking at the entire application that is being deployed or expanded, not just the ZigBee wireless component. This is especially critical if the ZigBee network will be integrated into an existing enterprise environment.

10

Other components might include existing wired and wireless networks, storage servers, processing or transaction servers, log servers, end devices, and application software. Each element should be analyzed for ways to harden it against security attacks or configuration failures. For example, a ZigBee network may interconnect to an existing factory ethernet LAN through a gateway device and record data onto a server that is running a software package for performance analysis. Each of these components should be examined for ways to strengthen security. A good starting point is to review the documentation that comes with the product to see if security features exist and can be enabled. Conversely, a review of product manuals can reveal features or capabilities that are not needed and can be disabled. For interconnection points between the ZigBee network and the enterprise network, the gateway device should be hardened as well as the perimeter interconnection point. Servers with which the ZigBee network communicates should be hardened by disabling unnecessary services, applying current OS patches, removing unused accounts, etc. 3) Separate and segment the ZigBee network from other networks:- ZigBee networks and wired networks should not be directly connected if possible. For example, a ZigBee wireless environmental sensing WPAN or equipment monitoring LR-WPAN network should not have direct connectivity to the wired plant network, but instead be separated by a device such as a firewall, bastion host, or security gateway to establish a security perimeter that can more effectively isolate, segment, and control traffic flows between them. 4) Restrict traffic in and out of the ZigBee network:- If the ZigBee network must be interconnected to other existing networks, filter the traffic by source and destination address and service port number to the minimum required to achieve the desired functionality and requirements. For example, if a ZigBee environmental monitoring network is deployed in a factory and the data must be collected and stored on a server, then the ingress point to the server (a wired network or connection to a dedicated port on the server) should be configured to receive traffic only from the ZigBee gateway address and destined for the server address and application/service port required.

11

5Enable 802.15.4-defined security features at the lower layers of the stack:- ZigBee Alliance defines the upper layer standards and the IEEE defines the lower layer standards. Both standards have security services defined in their specifications. In addition to utilizing the ZigBee security services as outlined in this document, consideration should also be given to leveraging the security available at the MAC layer as defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Having security defined at both the higher and lower layers of the protocol stack creates a stronger security solution and should be adopted if supported by the ZigBee vendor 7) Develop a security architecture based on maximizing protection of the Trust Center:A strong set of policies, procedures, and technical control measures should be implemented to secure the Trust Center (TC) component of the ZigBee network. The TC is a device within the network that all ZigBee nodes trust and that is responsible for the distribution of cryptographic keys for network and end-to-end application configuration management. It is the core component within the ZigBee security architecture and therefore its compromise would undermine the entire trust model

12

CHAPTER 4 ARCHITECTURE

ZIGBEE ARCHITECTURE:

Fig4.1: Architecture of Zigbee For purposes of this discussion, three areas of architectural responsibility are in a ZigBee engineering effort .The physical and MAC layers take full advantage of the physical radio specified by IEEE 802.15.4. The 802.15.4 specification describes a peer-to-peer radio using direct-sequence, spread spectrum (DSSS). The specification also calls out the data rates, channelization and modulation techniques to be employed.

13

The ZigBee Alliance specifies the logical network, security and application software, which are implemented in a firmware stack. It is the ZigBee networking stack that creates the mesh networking capability. Each microcontroller /RF chip combination requires its own ZigBee stack due to the differences in microcontrollers and RF chips. Typically, the ZigBee stack is included with either the microcontroller or RF chip. The stack may belong to the chip vendor, be provided by the chip vendor from a third-party source, or be provided by a third-party source for a specific microcontroller/RF Chip combination. Ultimate control over product details is achievable with a custom design around a ZigBeecompliant chipset. This method carries high up-front costs in RF and digital engineering, plus investments in test equipment and test fees, and will typically encounter the longest time to market. It may also yield the lowest recurring per-unit cost; if manufacturing quantities are sufficiently high and if time to market is not critical, this is an advantageous method.

14

CHAPTER 5 ZIGBEE DEVICES


There are three different types of ZigBee devices:

ZigBee coordinator(ZC)
The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of the network tree and

might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one ZigBee coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network originally. It is able to store information about the network, including acting as the Trust Centre & repository for security keys.

ZigBee Router (ZR)


As well as running an application function a router can act as an intermediate

router, passing data from other devices.

ZigBee End Device (ZED)


Contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node (either the coordinator

or a router); it cannot relay data from other devices. This relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC. This relationship allows the node to be asleep as a significant amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC. ZigBee trust center (ZTC) The ZigBee trust center is a device that provides security management, security key distribution, and device authentication. ZigBee gateway The ZigBee gateway is used to connect the ZigBee network to another network, such as a LAN, by performing protocol conversion.

15

Fig 5.1: DIAGRAM OF ZIGBEE TYPES

ZigBee Topologies
Topology Overview : A ZigBee network can adopt one of the three topologies: Star, Tree, Mesh. These are illustrated on the left and briefly described below. Star Topology : A Star network has a central node, which is linked to all other nodes in the network. All messages travel via the central node. Tree Topology : A Tree network has a top node with a branch/leaf structure below. To reach its destination, a message travels up the tree (as far as necessary) and then down the tree.

16

Mesh Topology: A Mesh network has a tree-like structure in which some leaves are directly linked. Messages can travel across the tree, when a suitable route is available.

Node Types
This section describes the types of node that are used in a ZigBee network. Reference will be made to the toplogies introduced on the previous page (Star, Tree, Mesh), but these topologies will be described in more detail later in this module. The ZigBee standard has the capacity to address up to 65535 nodes in a single network. However, there are only three general types of node:

Co-ordinator End Device Router

These node types are described below. Co-ordinator All ZigBee networks must have one (and only one) Co-ordinator, irrespective of the network topology.

In the Star topology, the Co-ordinator is the central node in the network. In the Tree and Mesh topologies, the Co-ordinator is the top (root) node in the network.

Fig 5.2:Coordinator types

17

At the network level, the Co-ordinator is mainly needed at system initialisation. The tasks of the Co-coordinator at the network layer are:

Selects the frequency channel to be used by the network (usually the one with the least detected activity)

Starts the network Allows other devices to connect to it (that is, to join the network) The Co-ordinator can also provide message routing (for example, in a Star network),

security management and other services. End Device End Devices are always located at the extremeties of a network:

In the Star topology, they are perimeter nodes In the Tree and Mesh toplogies, they are leaf nodes

This is illustrated below, where the End Devices are colour-coded in light blue.

Fig 5.3: End device types


The main tasks of an End Device at the network level are sending and receiving messages. Note that End Devices cannot relay messages and cannot allow other nodes to connect to the network through them. An End Device can often be battery-powered and, when not transmitting or receiving, can sleep in order to conserve power. Router Networks with Tree or Mesh topologies need at least one Router. The main tasks of a Router are:

Relays messages from one node to another

18

Allows child nodes to connect to it In a Star topology, these functions are handled by the Co-ordinator and, therefore, a Star

network does not need Routers. In Tree and Mesh topologies, Routers are located as follows:

In a Tree topology, Routers are normally located in network positions that allow messages to be passed up and down the tree.

In a Mesh topology, a Router can be located anywhere that a message passing node is required. However, in all topologies (Star, Tree and Mesh), Router devices can be located at

the extremeties of the network, if they run applications that are needed in these locations - in this case, the Router will not perform its message relay function, unless in a Mesh network (see above). The possible positions of Routers in the different network topologies are illustrated below, where the Routers are colour-coded in red:

Note that a Router cannot sleep.

Fig 5.4: Router types PROTOCOLS


The protocols build on recent algorithmic research automatically construct a lowspeed ad-hoc network of nodes. In most large network instances, the network will be a cluster of clusters. It can also form a mesh or a single cluster. The current profiles derived from the ZigBee protocols support beacon and non-beacon enabled networks.

19

The typical example of a heterogeneous network is a wireless light switch: the ZigBee node at the lamp may receive constantly, since it is connected to the mains supply, while a battery-powered light switch would remain asleep until the switch is thrown. The switch then wakes up, sends a command to the lamp, receives an acknowledgment, and returns to sleep. In such a network the lamp node will be at least a ZigBee Router, if not the ZigBee Coordinator; the switch node is typically a ZigBee End Device. In beacon-enabled networks, the special network nodes called ZigBee Routers transmit periodic beacons to confirm their presence to other network nodes. Nodes may sleep between beacons, thus lowering their duty cycle and extending their battery life. Beacon intervals may range from 15.36 milliseconds to 15.36 ms * 214 = 251.65824 seconds at 250 kbit/s, from 24 milliseconds to 24 ms * 214 = 393.216 seconds at 40 kbit/s and from 48 milliseconds to 48 ms * 214 = 786.432 seconds at 20 kbit/s. However, low duty cycle operation with long beacon intervals requires precise timing, which can conflict with the need for low product cost. In general, the ZigBee protocols minimize the time the radio is on so as to reduce power use. In beaconing networks, nodes only need to be active while a beacon is being transmitted. In non-beacon-enabled networks, power consumption is decidedly asymmetrical: some devices are always active, while others spend most of their time sleeping.

20

CHAPTER 6 IMPLEMENTING ZIGBEE WIRELESS MESH NETWORKING


ZigBee offers unique advantages for wireless applications. But with a technology this new, realizing a successful ZigBee wireless implementation requires understanding its architecture and operation, assessing design options at the chip and module level, and weighing practical considerations relative to specific application needs. ZigBee is the product of the ZigBee Alliance, an organization of manufacturers dedicated to developing a networking technology for small, ISM-band radios that could welcome even the simplest industrial and home end devices into wireless connectivity. The ZigBee specification was finalized in December 2004, and products supporting the ZigBee standard are just now beginning to enter the market.

Implementing ZigBee wireless mesh networking:

Fig:6.1 Wireless mesh networking

21

ZIGBEE:A HOUSE OF EXTENSIVE ADVANTAGES: ZigBee is designed as a low-cost, low-power, low-data rate wireless mesh technology. The ZigBee specification identifies three kinds of devices that incorporate ZigBee radios, with all three found in a typical ZigBee network. To minimize power consumption and promote long battery life in battery-powered devices, end devices can spend most of their time asleep, waking up only when they need to communicate and then going immediately back to sleep. ZigBee envisions that routers and the coordinator will be mains-powered and will not go to sleep. ZIGBEE: AS A POWER SAVER: To illustrate how these components interrelate, consider ZigBee networking in office lighting.Several manufacturers are currently developing inexpensive sensors for fluorescent tubes that let lights be turned on and off by battery-powered wall switches, with no wires between switch and fixture. The light switch is the end device, powered by a button cell battery that will last for years; the switch wakes up and uses battery power only when flipped on or off to transmit the new state to the fluorescent tubes' routers. The routers are already connected to the mains and are not concerned with battery conservation. Any one of the fluorescent tubes can contain the coordinator. The implications are enormous for new office construction no more electrical runs for lighting and the ability to reconfigure lighting controls at almost zero cost.

ZIGBEE BENEFITS:In all of its uses, ZigBee offers four inherent, beneficial characteristics: The typical ZigBee radio is cost-effective. Chipset prices can be as low as $12 each in quantities as few as 100 pieces. While the 802.15.4 and ZigBee stacks are typically included in this cost, crystals and other discrete components are not; design-in modules fall in the neighborhood of $25 in similar quantities. This pricing provides an economic justification for extending wireless networking to even the simplest of devices.

22

RANGE AND OBSTRUCTION ISSUES AVOIDANCE:


ZigBee routers double as input devices and repeaters to create a form of mesh network. If two network points are unable to communicate as intended, transmission is dynamically routed from the blocked node to a router with a clear path to the data's destination. This happens automatically, so that communications continue even when a link fails unexpectedly. The use of low-cost routers can also extend the network's effective reach. ZigBee Alliance working groups define interoperability profiles to which ZigBee-certified devices must adhere.

LOW POWER CONSUMPTION:


Basic ZigBee radios operate at 1 mW RF power and can sleep when not involved in transmission (higher RF-power ZigBee radios for applications needing greater range also provide the sleep function). Because this makes battery-powered radios more practical than ever, wireless devices are free to be placed without power cable runs in addition to eliminating data cable runs.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE:


The software is designed to be easy to develop on small, inexpensive microprocessors. The radio design used by ZigBee has been carefully optimized for low cost in large scale production. It has few analog stages and uses digital circuits wherever possible. Even though the radios themselves are inexpensive, the ZigBee Qualification Process involves a full validation of the requirements of the physical layer. This amount of concern about the Physical Layer has multiple benefits, since all radios derived from that semiconductor mask set would enjoy the same RF characteristics. On the other hand, an uncertified physical layer that malfunctions could cripple the battery lifespan of other devices on a ZigBee network. Where other protocols can mask poor sensitivity or other esoteric problems in a fade compensation response, ZigBee radios have very tight engineering constraints: they are both power and bandwidth constrained. Thus, radios are tested to the ISO 17025 standard with guidance given by Clause 6 of the 802.15.4-2006 Standard. Most vendors plan to integrate the radio and microcontroller onto a single chip.of a Bluetooth node.

23

CHAPTER 7 APPLICATIONS
There are numerous applications that are ideal for the redundant, self-configuring and selfhealing capabilities of ZigBee wireless mesh networks. Key ones include Energy Management and EfficiencyTo provide greater information and control of energy usage, provide customers with better service and more choice, better manage resources, and help to reduce environmental impact. Home AutomationTo provide more flexible management of lighting, heating and cooling, security, and home entertainment systems from anywhere in the home. Building AutomationTo integrate and centralize management of lighting, heating, cooling and security. Industrial AutomationTo extend existing manufacturing and process control systems reliability. The interoperable nature of ZigBee means that these applications can work together, providing even greater benefits.

Home automation
Control Zigbee will make possible flexible management of lighting, heating and cooling systems from anywhere in the home. It will automate control of multiple home systems to improve conservation convience and safety. figure shows how zigbee connects various devices in home and also provides security of connection. Conserving zigbee will make possible capturing of highly detailed electric water and gas utility. Zigbees first application includes professional installation kits for lighting controls, heating, ventilation , air, conditioning, security. With the introduction of the ZigBee Home Automation profile, home automation can move from currently limited implementations that today are designed primarily for the hobbyist and high-end homes to the higher volume products in the mainstream market.

24

ZigBee technology provides an affordable and standards based approach to home automation, which allows for robust, but simple and cost effective solutions to be developed that can provide increased convenience, efficiency and safety for the average home owner. The Home Automation Profile supports a variety of devices for the home including lighting, heating and cooling, and even window blind control. ZigBee technology and the Home Automation profile provide interoperability from different vendors that allow a greater range of control and integration of different devices in the home. For example, a home security system, along with its basic monitoring functions can be expanded to provide status and control of home lighting when entering and exiting a home.

FIG 7.1: APPLICATION OF HOME AUTOMATION

25

Building automation
Control zigbee will integrate and centralize the management of lighting, cooling heating and security. It will automate the control of multiple systems to improve conservation flexibility and security.conservtaion will reduce the energy expences. ZigBee Building Automation supports the needs of a diverse global ecosystem of stakeholders including building owners, operators, product manufacturers, architects and tenants. These groups know that a standard offers the best way to wirelessly monitor, control and automate commercial building systems to create the world's most innovative, productive and safe work or learning environments.

Industrial automation
Control zigbee will extend existing manufacturing and process control systems reliability and improve asset management by continuously monitoring critical equipment. Efficiency zigbee technology will automate data acquisition from remote sensors to reduce user intervention and provide detailed data to improve preventive maintenance.

FIG:7.2 ZigBee Applications


26

CHAPTER 8 ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS


ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE:
Zigbee has a mesh network topology with low cost, multi hop data transmission and is power-effective. Its smart applications include home automation, wireless sensor, interactive toys and remote controls. It is less complex than Bluetooth. Its short working period results in power saving and low power consumption of communication.

LIMITATIONS OF ZIGBEE:
As it is said each thing has its advantages and disadvantages both. Zigbee also has its disadvantages that mainly includes short range, low complexity and low data speed. Its high maintenance cost, lack of total solution, slow materialization, low transmission reliability; low network stability are also some of its disadvantages that takes it a step back as compared to others.As it is a newly introduced service it is improving day by day to bring better results and looking at the present conditions it is been predicted that in future zigbee will be explosively installed and used protocol in wireless technology for automated household tasks as a result zigbee devices may be found in an average homes around the world, all people communicating with each other freely and in a much better convenient method and regulating common tasks easily in sort period of time.

27

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION
The ZigBee Standard enables the broad-based deployment of reliable wireless networks with low complexity, low cost solutions and provides the ability for a product to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries (for a typical monitoring application). It is also, of course, capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh networking technologies. ZigBee is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home. ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol which is formulated by the relevant task force. It is the newest and provides specifications for devices which have low data rates,consume very low power thus, characterized by long battery life.

28

CHAPTER 10 FUTURE SCOPE


Zigbee has a very become promising future infront of it. Research claims that fuelled by rapid rise in home networking, zigbee would provide revolutionizing statistics in the upcoming years which would entirely change the wireless world.

a) Revenue
Zigbee revenues would increase by astonishing 3400% in next four years.

b) Sales
It sales would touch a remarkable figure of 700$ in 2012.

c) Zigbee in every home


Within next 2 to 3 years a minimum of 100-150 Zigbee chips would present in every home.

d) Cost
It would cost only $5 for a single chip. But the smaller memeory size of protocol stack will further lower the prize of zigbee to around $2 for single chip. Due to its low power output, ZigBee devices can sustain themselves on a small battery for many months, or even years, making them ideal for install-and-forget purposes, such as most small household systems. Predictions of ZigBee installation for the future, most based on the explosive use of ZigBee in automated household tasks.

29

CHAPTER 11 REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. "Our Mission". zigbee.org. Retrieved on 2008-03-18 "ZigBee Specification Download Request". Retrieved on 2008-03-18. Adams, Jon; Bob Heile. "Busy as a ZigBee". IEEE. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. "Compare with Other Technologies". Bluetooth SIG. Retrieved on 2007-01-16 "WLAN Interference to IEEE802.15.4". Retrieved on 2007-11-22.

30

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen