5934 CH04

4
The Textile and Apparel Industry
Objectives
Analyze the three segments of todays textile and apparel industry. Summarize the structure of the textile and apparel industry. Describe occupations and careers in the textile production, apparel production, and the retail segments and the education and training they require.
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
Textile and Apparel Industry

Textile and Apparel Industry
Textile Production
Apparel Production
The Retail Segment
continued
Textile Production Segment
Bobby Deal/RealDealPhoto/Shutterstock
Focuses on production of fabrics for apparel and other uses

Textile Production Segment

Deals with
fibers yarns dyes finishes methods of fabric production
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
The Structure of the Textile Industry

Four stages of production I. Fiber production II. Yarn production III. Fabric production IV. Fabric finishing
Textile Designing
Textile designers
develop designs for fabrics, color combinations, patterns, prints, and weaves often use computer design programs to create designs
Think About It
What is the difference between a textile designer and a fashion designer?
crystalfoto/Shutterstock
Textile Converters
Decide what fibers to use, what widths and weights of fabrics to weave or knit, and how many yards to produce Select dye colors and finishes that help fabrics perform as expected
Manufacturing
Includes textile plant operations or processes
spinning dyeing weaving knitting finishing
continued
Manufacturing
Employees who use machines in their work include spinners, colorists, loom operators, and machine operators Engineerschemical, computer, industrial, and plantplay an important part Laboratory technicians perform tests on fibers, yarns, and fabrics
Research and Development
Develop and produce new products to meet consumer demand and find ways to produce these products
Alexander Raths/Shutterstock
continued
Research and Development

Researchworking to find new products such as fibers, weaves, dyes, and finishing techniques Developmentfinding practical ways to use products researchers create
Marketing
Marketingall activities involved in creating and selling profitable products Manufacturers must decide what raw materials to buy and what fabrics to manufacture Manufacturers base their decisions on careful studies of what customers want
continued
Marketing
Market analystspeople who study fashion changes and consumer demands and use forecasting Selling is the last step in the marketing process Textile sales associates show fabric samples to clothing manufacturers
Apparel Production Segment

Includes all people and processes involved in designing and making garments
Sapsiwai/Shutterstock
continued
Apparel Production Segment

Design garments Make patterns Cut Sew Assemble Distribute finished items to stores
The Structure of Apparel Companies

Apparel production companies have various departments or divisions, and may include
research and merchandising design and product development production sales and marketing
Research and Merchandising

Apparel production begins with research A firms staff tries to forecast what their customers will buy Their goal is to have the right products, at the right price, at the right time so the company will be profitable
continued

Apparel designers interpret trends and create sketches and sample designs
Dasha Petrenko/Shutterstock
continued

Sample designs become a part of a merchandising plan Designers show sample designs to retail buyers who then make selections Then the selected designs are prepared for production
Design and Product Development

Fashion designers create designs and ideas for clothes and accessories They make sketches until one is satisfactory
Think About It
AISPIX/Shutterstock
In what might fashion designers specialize?

Production
Garment-making process involves multiple steps performed by many workers including
Production pattern makers make master patterns Pattern graders make patterns into a wide range of sizes
continued
Production
Markers decide how to place pattern pieces to prevent fabric waste Cutters cut through the layers of fabric with power saws or electric cutting machines Sewing machine operators sew the pieces together Finishers, trimmers, and pressers complete the garments
continued
Production
Workers in engineering and management have good communication and problemsolving skills Engineering and management positions include
plant managers production managers production engineers costing engineers quality control engineers
Sales and Marketing

Marketing in the apparel industry is primarily wholesale Manufacturers sell to retail buyers who represent shops and department stores
continued
Sales and Marketing

In retail sales, shops and department stores sell to individual customers
Losevsky Pavel/Shutterstock
continued
Sales and Marketing

New fashions are in production at least a season, or six months When samples are ready, retail buyers view them in showrooms during market week
continued
Sales and Marketing

During market weeks, retail-store buyers come to fashion centers to view new collections and make selections In several large cities, such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Chicago, there are also
apparel marts
Think About It
Cedric Weber/Shutterstock
Where are the major U.S. fashion centers?

Custom Work in Apparel Production

Some people have their clothing custom-made Tailoring is a form of custom work Suits and coats are the garments most often tailored
Think About It
Why might someone choose to have garments custommade?
Levent Konuk/Shutterstock
The Retail Segment

Retailers include
department stores discount chains specialty stores (carrying specific kinds of apparel) Internet and mail-order companies
continued
The Retail Segment

Fashion merchandising includes
planning buying selling
Merchandising is the central function of retailers
continued
The Retail Segment
Blend Images/Shutterstock
After garments are through production, they are ready for sale to consumers
continued
The Retail Segment

Fashion promotion is an important part of selling It includes
advertising setting up window and store displays media publicity special events as fashion shows
continued
The Retail Segment

Merchandising and promotion involves
merchandise managers buyers sales associates market researchers fashion coordinators display directors illustrators writers models
Merchandise Managers
Operate one or more departments within a store Plan seasonal sales, promotional sales, and special events Decide what merchandise to sell and at what price
Dinga/Shutterstock
Buyers
Responsible for selecting clothes to sell in stores they represent May go to major fashion centers or markets several times a year Order items and amounts to be delivered to their stores after viewing manufacturers merchandise
continued
Buyers
Keep records about what customers are buying in their stores Are interested in what styles, colors, and sizes are selling best Make decisions that largely determine a stores profits
Sales Associates
Only store employees most customers ever meet May form lasting bonds with devoted customers Earn an hourly rate, salary, or salary plus a commission
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Stock Clerk
Receive merchandise Prepare price tags May help with straightening stock
Robert Kneschke/Shutterstock
Market Researchers
Study customer wants and needs Communicate this information to manufacturers, designers, and buyers
Stephen Coburn/Shutterstock
Fashion Coordinators
Promote stores and merchandise Gather and relay fashion information to merchandise managers and buyers Work with advertising and publicity Plan fashion shows
Benis Arapovic/Shutterstock
Display Directors
Create attractive displays seen in stores and store windows Work closely with fashion coordinators
Adisa/Shutterstock
Fashion Illustrators
Work for retail stores, pattern companies, and advertising agencies Create attractive and detailed drawings
VikOl/Shutterstock
Fashion Writers
Inform public about new trends in fashion as soon as they occur
samotrebizan/Shutterstock
Fashion Models
Serve many needs in photos for press releases, Internet and mail-order catalogs, pattern catalogs, and advertisements Are essential in fashion shows
Benis Arapovic/Shutterstock
Alterations
siart/Shutterstock
Alterations specialists must have superior sewing skills, work fast, and fit clothing properly
Objective
Summarize the concept of vertical integration.
Vertical Integration of the Textile and Apparel Industries

Prior to 1970s, most companies focused on one aspect of fabric/apparel production
Textile mills produced fabrics that they sold to apparel manufacturing companies Apparel manufacturing companies produced apparel that they sold to retailers
continued
Vertical Integration of the Textile and Apparel Industries

Today many large corporations handle all stages of production (vertical integration)
They produce fibers They sew garments They sell garments in stores
This allows them to control all steps in the creation of their apparel, leading to greater cost control
Review
1. Name the three segments of the textile and apparel industry. textile production, apparel production, the retail segment 2. Name the four stages of production that form the basic structure of the textile industry. fiber production, yarn production, fabric production, fabric finishing
continued
Review
3. Textile converters are responsible for costing the fabric. What does this mean? How is it done? They set prices by computing all the costs involved in producing the fabric. They then add a margin of profit to the production cost to determine the fabrics selling price.
continued
Review
4. What kinds of activities take place during market weeks? Manufacturers hold special fashion shows for buyers. Models wear the new designs to help convince buyers to order them. Fashion writers and fashionpromotion specialists attend these invitation-only shows and gather information about the new fashions.
continued
Review
5. Describe an occupation in each of the three segments of the textile and apparel industry. Answers will vary.
continued
Review
6. Summarize the concept of vertical integration. a system used by some large corporations that handle all stages of production from producing the fibers to sewing the garments to selling them in stores
Glossary
apparel mart. Buildings where many garment manufacturers have permanent showrooms and sales offices. commission. A percentage of a sales associates total sales that is paid in addition to his or her salary. custom-made. Garments that are specially designed for an individual.
Glossary
development. Finding practical ways to use products that researchers create. fashion center. Cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Dallas, Chicago, Atlanta, and Miami where retail-store buyers come during fashion weeks to view the new collections and make their selections. fashion merchandising. All phases of planning, buying, and selling apparel.
Glossary
fashion promotion. Advertising, setting up window and store displays, media publicity, and special events such as fashion shows. forecasting. Projecting future market trends for the coming months and years. marketing. All of the activities involved in creating and selling profitable products.
Glossary
market week. Time periods when apparel companies offer the next seasons fashion lines. merchandising plan. The producers plans for creating a line of designs for a given season.
Glossary
research. Working to find new products such as fibers, weaves, dyes, and finishing techniques. retail. Selling small quantities of goods to consumers. retailers. Businesses that buy garments from manufacturers and sell them to customers.
Glossary
vertical integration. A company that handles several or all steps in production and/or distribution. wholesale. Selling quantities of goods for resale.

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4

The Textile and Apparel Industry

Textile and Apparel Industry

The Retail Segment

Textile Production Segment

Focuses on production of fabrics for apparel and other uses

Textile Production Segment

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

The Structure of the Textile Industry

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Research and Development

Research and Development

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Apparel Production Segment

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Apparel Production Segment

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

The Structure of Apparel Companies

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Research and Merchandising

Research and Merchandising

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Research and Merchandising

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Design and Product Development

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

In what might fashion designers specialize?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Sales and Marketing

Sales and Marketing

Sales and Marketing

Sales and Marketing

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Where are the major U.S. fashion centers?

Custom Work in Apparel Production

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use

The Retail Segment

The Retail Segment

Merchandising is the central function of retailers