Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
xs
Amplifier A
Frequency Selective Network
xo
xf
Af =
L ( j o ) = A ( j o ) ( j o ) = 1
Barkhausen Criteria
Note that for the circuit to oscillate at one frequency the oscillation criterion should be satisfied at one frequency only; otherwise the resulting waveform will not be a simple sinusoid.
Ring Oscillators
The main difficulty for using submicron CMOS ring oscillators in wireless communication systems is their relatively poor phase noise response. Precaution is required to achieve as low phase noise as possible from CMOS ring oscillators. Dominant noise sources in IC environment are common-mode signals in nature (e.g. power supply noise, substrate-coupled noise). Fully differential design is a must!
Ring Oscillators
H(j) + H(j) + H(j) + -
+
180 (a) VDD RD Vout M1 CL
+
360 (b)
+
0 (c) VDD
RD E M1 CL F
RD Vout M2 CL
VDD RD E M1 CL F M2 CL RD G M3 CL RD Vout
H (s ) =
3 A0
s 1 + 0
3 0
osc = 3 0
tan 1
osc = 60o o
3 A0
2 osc 1+ 0
=1
A0 = 2
VDD M6
VDD
VDD
Osc out
VinVCO
M5
M1
(a) + - + X1 + - + X2 + - + (b) (a) Five-stage single-ended ring oscillator, (b) four-stage differential ring oscillator VDD R1 X M1 R1 Y M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 R1 R1 R1 R1 X3 + - + X4
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
ISS VX VY VDD
ISS
ISS
VDD + R1 ISS
Vo2 (quadrature)
Vbias
Vbias
Vout
Vin-
Vin+
frequency control
Ib
Vdd
frequency control
Ib
Frequency Control
Frequency of oscillation, ( fosc ), is controlled through the bias current of a delay element ( Ib ). Maximum peak-to-peak voltage, ( Vpp ), is controlled through the replica biasing. Total output capacitance of a delay element, ( Cout ), directly affects the frequency of oscillation.
f osc
Ib V pp .Cout
Chip Photomicrograph
Test Results
Coupled Multivibrators
M3 Output M1
VDD M4 Output C M2
VinVCO
VinVCO
M5 b) CMOS
M6
a) NMOS
Source coupled voltage-controlled oscillators (also known as source coupled multivibrators). M2 on M1 off Output M1 (off) X ID C ID M2 (on) Y ID X Y M1 on M2 off M2 on M1 off M1 on M2 off
time