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13-1 Changing the Living World Dog show ex.

. - multiple types of dogs show that some were bred for hunting and others for companions and retrieving. Selective Breeding is the practice of using genetic variation in living things to force desired traits to the next generation of that organism. Hybridization is the crossing of two dissimilar individuals in a species to get the best two qualities into the offspring Potato ex. Burbank crossed one disease resistant potato with one with good producing capacity to make a super potato Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics in order to maintain a useful trait in a population Inbreeding carries the risk of bringing traits together for a genetic defect, which have resulted in blindness an joint deformity in golden retrievers In order to continue selective breeding, breeders need a wide variety of traits to pull from. In order to increase variation, biologists induce mutations by radiation and chemicals. Purposeful mutation of genes can be dangerous to the organism, but may result in favorable results that breeders can put into the population Bacteria ex. bacteria, since their genes are easy to manipulate, can be used for useful purposes. One strain is used to clean oil spills as they are able to digest it Polyploidy can produce stronger plants such as bananas and citrus fruits 13-2 Manipulating DNA Computer game analogy- you have a computer game you want to change, you need to get code out, read it, change it, and then put it back in. Genetic engineering is making changes in DNA DNA is extracted by cutting on the cell and separating from the rest of the cell The DNA is cut by using restriction enzymes, which locates specific nucleotide sequences and cuts them in half To separate the DNA a method known as gel electrophoresis is used. The procedure involves placing the DNA fragments in a porous gel and applying electricity. The DNA, which is negatively charged, is drawn to the positive charge. The smaller pieces move faster and farther, while the big ones lag. After this the DNA needs to be read so it is possible to change it. To change the DNA, short strands are made in a machine. These synthetic strands are then attached to the natural DNA. DNA edited in this way is called recombinant DNA. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a method used to copy DNA for examination. In this method, DNA is split into the two individual strands using heat, then DNA polymerase is used to make a new strand. A few cycles can produce much DNA. 13-3 Cell Transformation After modifying the DNA, the DNA needs to be place back in the cell so it can work. During transformation, a cell take s in the DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA. Transforming Bacteria - a restriction enzyme is used to cut the plasmid, bacteria's circular DNA - DNA fragments cut w/ the same enzyme attaches onto the plasmid's sticky ends - the recombinant, DNA containing information from multiple source, plasmid is reinserted into the bacterium - the bacteria starts producing the protein that was introduced to it earlie This method has been used make bacteria produce human insulin, which earlier had been taken from bovine. This dropped the price radically. In animal cells, transformation is usually performed on an egg cell since they are large enough to have DNA directly injected.

13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Organisms that are transgenic have DNA from other species Ex.- the genetic code for luciferase, the enzyme that makes it possible for fireflies to glow, is injected into tobacco plants making them glow Transgenic Microorganisms such as bacteria now produce useful substances such as insulin, clotting factor, and growth hormone Transgenic Plants are present in the food industry, since genetic engineering has created stronger plants, as they are resistant to weed killer and dont need to be sprayed with pesticides. Transgenic Animals, such as mice, have proven useful in testing drug effects, and has produced animals with more, leaner meat. Cloning has now become possible. A somatic cell is fused with an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. It is then placed in a surrogate to grow. Miscellaneous for Test Codominance- where both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Ex.- Speckled Chicken Karyotype- a picture of chromosomes Incomplete dominance- where one allele does not entirely dominant over the other. Ex.- Pink Flowers Independent assortment- principle that states that the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another. This is true only if the genes referenced are not on the same chromosome.

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