Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Richard Jardine
Dynamic soil properties seminar Imperial College 17th March 2010
Page 1 Imperial College London
Full range non-linear dynamic lab versus field: range, non linear, Needs big shaking tests or seismic arrays, plus powerful lab!
Lab versus field at smaller strains: body wave velocities, and static stiffness trends
Mixed measurements: static lab versus dynamic field; static versus dynamic lab
Key points: Strain level & strain rate effects Sampling disturbance and in-situ macro-structure Testing equipment & interpretation Imposed stress & strain paths
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RC Lab trends
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Jardine et al (1985) ( ) BRE reflective field geophysics (Abbiss 1981) 3Ghh versus
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Recognising the importance of non-linearity over engineering strain range engineering range
New insights offered by locally instrumented triaxial tests
Canons Park & Bell Common Thin walled samples, UU tests Electrolevel axial strain sensors Stiffer response when: Ko reconsolidated High quality rotary core samples Rate dependent, plastic, Behaviour over non-linear range
0.001 0.01 0.1
Axial strain, % strain
Conventional testing
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Locally instrumented static lab & field tests and BRE geophysics
Jardine et al (1985)
CUKo triaxial tests on rotary samples Give higher stiffness at smaller strains
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Similar non-linear trends from London clay field tests t t Jardine et al (1985)
Re-interpretation of Cooke Price and Tarr (1979) Stresses adjacent to p from theory, strains from in-place inclinometers; j pile y, p ;
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Similar trends from non-linear Self Boring Pressuremeter interpretation of London clay tests
Pressuremeter & UU and CUKo triaxial tests; Jardine (1992) Importance of strain level is clear Broad agreement over non linear non-linear range from various experiments No reliable Gmax comparisons N analysis of anisotropy No l i f i t
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Sample size:
Can take rotary cores Dynamic Gvh External and semi-local instrumentation (corrected for apparatus compliance)
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100 mm
BRE Seismic CPT tests Gvh compared b Ch d by Chow (1997) with: ith
Fair match, closer if thinner wall, sharp edged, stainless steel sampling tubes used? As in Bothkennar study.
HCA RC and T i d Torsional Sh l Shear (TS) t t show fair agreement at tests h f i t t small strains for silt (& sands) Porovic (1995)
Ev = Ea Procedure assumes rate ar = a vh = independent linear range after Tatsuoka Eh = Er (1992). See Kuwanoa & Jardine (1998) or Lings et al (2000) hv = ra = & Shibuya = E
Resonant column
Gvh
a a
r
a(v)
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r
Imperial College London
r(h)
Dunkerque: anisotropic lab stiffness sets and BRE seismic CPT profiles:
Chow (1997), Kuwano (1999), Jardine et al (2003)
Dunkerque laboratory profiles for dense sand and field sesimic profile
Elastic stiffness, MPa 0 0 100 200 300 400 500
Also, good agreement for 600 reconstituted sa ds Gvh eco s700u ed sands between: R Resonant column t l Bender element Eu from tests Ev E'v from TXC tests Torsional shearTXCtests E'h from TX
10 Depth, m
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Gvh from TX BE tests Ghh from TX BE tests Gvh from field seismic CPT tests Eu from TXC tests E'v from TXC tests E'h f from TX tests t t
20
Gvh Gvh Ghh Eh Ev Eu Seismic CPT --------------------College London Page 19 Imperial All laboratory------------------------
1400
1200
Stiffness characteristics and anisotropy change with stress state; Kuwano and Jardine (2002
1000
G/p'
800
600
Torsional shear
400
200
Es, %
Ev = Ea vh = ar = a Eh = Er = columntests = a hv = ra ResonantE
vh ar a Non-destructive hh Non destructive Gvh
G =G =G
= rr = r = r
Can also apply Static uniaxial probes for all stiffness & Poisson ratio components
Bender elements
Resonant column
Gvh
a a
a
a
Ghh,Ghv
are possible
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r
Imperial College London
a(v)
Block sampling
T5
Two deep rotary-cored boreholes
Imperial College London
Resonant Column Gmax typically 20% higher than Torsional Shear Gvh at = 3x10-5
Torsional shear
Laboratory BE Gvh Laboratory HCA RC Gvh Seismic Gvh: BRE down hole tests
external LVDT
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435
434 0.0000
-100
A3
0.16
0.12
[%]
-200 200
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.2 02
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v [%]
Mix of LVDT Enhanced LVDT, Electro-level & Proximity local strain measurements for four strain components
z z
E'v
Gvh
100
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10
xx
x x
x
20
x x
Ev' (TX) Ev' (HCA) Eh' (TX)
Imperial College London
x
B2(a )
x
30
x
Gvh (BE) Gh h (BE) Gvh (RC) Gvh (Static)
B1 A3 ( 2)
40
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Eh' (HCA)
Continuing work:
Lab & geophysical testing of Cretaceous and Jurassic Mudrocks
HCA & advanced triaxial testing by g y Amandine Brosse, Ramtin Kamal Hossieni, micro-fabric & geology by Stephen Wilkinson
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CONCLUSIONS:
Aim: synthesize lab & field dynamic properties over the full range Needs N d powerful l b t t plus seismic array d t or other i f l lab tests l i i data, th inverse fi ld field analysis. Can expect strong rate effects in non-linear range. Reasonable matches possible between field and (possibly slightly softer) lab stiffness, if advantage is taken of improvements in: Sampling quality Lab testing equipment and procedures Understanding anisotropy & strain level effects Test interpretation Note the great value of appropriate field geophysical testing
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Acknowledgements
Research sponsors and partners: BRE EPSRC and others R h d t BRE, d th Current and former colleagues at Imperial College whose work has been referred to including: John Burland Fiona Chow Matthew Coop Apollonia Gasparre g David Hight Nguyen Anh-Minh Satoshi Nishimura Esad Porovic Tim Connolly Lidija Zdravkovic
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Selected references
Jardine, R.J. Fourie, A.B. Maswoswe, J. and Burland, J.B. (1985) Field and laboratory measurements of soil stiffness. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. SMFE, San Francisco, Vol. 2, p 511-514, Balkema, Rotterdam. Jardine, R.J. Potts, D.M. Fourie A.B. and Burland, J.B. (1986) Studies of the influence of non-linear stress-strain characteristics in soil-structure interaction. Geotechnique, 36, No. 3, p 377-396. Jardine, R. J., St. John H. D., Hight, D. W. and Potts, D. M. (1991) Some applications of a non-linear ground model. Proc. 10th ECSMFE, Florence, Vol.1, Florence Vol 1 pp 23 228 23-228. Jardine, R. J. (1992) Non-linear stiffness parameters from undrained pressuremeter tests. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, June 1992, Vol 29, No 3, pp 436-447. Hight, D W and Jardine, R J (1993) Small strain stiffness and strength characteristics of hard London Tertiary clays. Proc. Int. Symp. on Hard Soils - Soft Rocks, Athens, Greece. Vol 1, 533-552, Balkema, Rotterdam Zdravkovic L. and Jardine R J (1997) Some anisotropic stiffness characteristics of a silt under general stress conditions Geotechnique 47 No 3 L Jardine, R.J. conditions. Geotechnique, 47, 3, 407-438. Hight, D.W., Bennell, J.D., Chana, B., Davis, P.D., Jardine, R.J. and Porovic, E. (1997) Wave velocity and stiffness measurements of the Crag and Lower London tertiaries at Sizewell. Geotechnique, 47, No 3, 451-474. Tatsuoka, F., Jardine, R. J., Lo Presti, D., Di Benedetto, H. and Kodaka, T. (1999) Characterising the pre-failure deformation properties of geomaterials. geomaterials Theme Lecture, Proc XIVth ICSMFE Hamburg, Volume 4 Balkema Rotterdam 1997, Vol 4 pp 2129-2164 Lecture ICSMFE, Hamburg 4, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997 2129 2164. Kuwano, R. and Jardine, R. J. (1998) Stiffness measurements in a stress path cell. Prefailure behaviour of geomaterials. Thomas Telford, London, pp 391-395. Kuwano, R., Connolly, T. M. and Jardine, R. J. (2000) Anisotropic stiffness measurements in a stress path triaxial cell. ASTM Journal of Geotechnical Testing, Vol 23, No 2, pp141-157. Jardine, R.J, Kuwano, R., Zdravkovic, L. Jardine R J Kuwano R Zdravkovic L and Thornton C (2001) Some fundamental aspects of the pre-failure behaviour of granular soils 2nd Int Thornton, C. pre failure soils. Symp. On Pre-failure Behaviour of Geomaterials, IS- Torino, Volume 2. Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp1077-113. Kuwano, R. and Jardine R.J. (2002) On the applicability of cross anisotropic elasticity to granular materials at very small strains. Geotechnique, Vol 52, No 10, pp 727-750. Jardine, R.J., Standing, J.R and Kovacevic, N. (2005) Lessons learned from Full scale observations and the practical application of advanced testing and modeling. Keynote p p , Proc 2003 International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Lyon, Vol 2, pub g g y paper, y p , y , ,p Balkema, Lisse, p. 201-245. Hight, D.W., Gasparre, A., Nishimura, S., Anh-Minh, N., Jardine, R.J. & Coop, M.R. (2007) Characteristics of the London clay from the Terminal 5 site at Heathrow Airport. Symposium in Print on Stiff Sedimentary Clays Gotechnique, 57(2), pp 3-18. Gasparre A., Nishimura, S., Coop, M.R., and Jardine, R.J. (2007) The Influence of Structure on the Behaviour of London Clay, Symposium in Print on Stiff Sedimentary Clays. Gotechnique, 57(1), pp 19-32. Gasparre, A., Nishimura, S., Anh-Minh, N., Coop, M.R. & Jardine, R.J. (2007) The stiffness of natural London clay. Symposium in Print on Stiff Clays. Gotechnique, 57(1), pp 33-48. Nishimura, S., Minh, N.A. and Jardine, R.J. (2007) Shear strength anisotropy of natural London clay. Symposium in Print on Stiff Clays. Gotechnique, 57(1), pp 49-62.
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Bishop Lecture for future TC-29 main events, events first at IS Seoul (2011) IS-Seoul Recognising exceptional laboratory research and practical geotechnical engineering contributions, continuing spirit of Professor g p Alan Bishop.
Page 37 Imperial College London