- pop mean pop st. d. x - sample mean s sample st. d. x - sample means mean x e d de sample means st.

st. d = = / standard error =(1-confidence interval as a decimal) Margin or error = Standard error * the z score for the appropriate confidence int standard deviation = variance OR variance = standard deviation squared The variance is the average of the squared differences from the Mean To find the variance the sum of squares (SS) needs to be found SS= - 2 Then divide the SS by n (population) or n-1 (sample) to calculate the variance or SS=x2 (x)2/n coefficient of variation (standard deviation/ mean) x 100% Calculating Z scores given mean and st. d. Z=(x- )/ If is unknown use the SS to calculate the variance and take its square root Emperical rule: z = -1 to +1, 68.26% of values z = -2 to +2, 95.45% of values z = -3 to +3, 99.73% of values Con Area a/2 Z level 0 to Z score 90% 95% 99% 0.450 0.475 0.495 0.05 1.674 0.025 1.960 0.005 2.576

Calculating C.I. - z /2 * n - t(, n-1) n n-1 e deg ee f f eed , defi i g which t to use. Use t if n<30

metric data: ratio (absolute zero) and interval (arbitrary zero, also scalled) data: mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, range, inter-quartile Mean average range, coefficient of Median middle value variation. Mode # w/ highest ***Interval data does fgh not show the size of the frequency how often steps between intervals a observation occurs Relative frequency ordinal data (ranked) frequency of an and interval data with observation over n a limited number of Cumulative frequency values: frequency, The sum of frequencies relative frequency (aka up to a given score v id pe ce , Valid percent % of cumulative frequency, valid observations median, Q1, Q3 over n categorical/nominal The IQR=Q3 Q1 data: frequency, Z of Q1 = -0.67 relative frequency, Z of Q3 = +0.67 mode Limits of Confidence Intervals: for a given CI take the mean +/- (the appropriate z score * the standard error) Ex. 95% CI ) L - (1.96* ) When interpretating the confidence level say: there is ___% probability the range ____ to _____ includes the average Scale Levels: Lowest - Nominal Second - Ordinal Third - Interval Highest - Ratio The highe level scale has all the characteristics and i f i f we levels. Data Type Ex:

To find the proportion of a Z score use the table that has the A e f di ibu i . Thi b e will show the area from the mean to any given z score.

Model # on airplanes nominal AP Top 20 College Central Limit Theorem: Football ordinal IF n>30 then (In Top 20 or not distribution is normal nominal) Price - ratio As the sample size Fortune 500 ordinal increases, standard Age - ratio error decreases, Income - ratio standard distribution Income in $5000 levels out categories ordinal