RAFFLES INSTITUTION 2012 YEAR 6 H2 CHEMISTRY QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS NOTES FOR E-LEARNING

Cation aluminium, Al3+(aq) Reaction with NaOH(aq) white ppt. soluble in excess Equation 1) Al3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Al(OH)3 (s) 2) Reaction with NH3(aq) white ppt. insoluble in excess Equation Al3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Al(OH)3 (s)

ammonium, NH4+ (aq) barium, Ba2+(aq)

ammonia produced on heating no ppt.

(if reagents are pure else will form its carbonate with atmospheric CO2)

Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Ba(OH)2 (aq)

If impure: Ba(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) BaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

No ppt
(if reagents are pure else will form its carbonate with atmospheric CO2)

Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Ba(OH)2 (aq)

If impure: Ba(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) BaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

calcium, Ca2+ (aq)

white. ppt. with high [Ca2+(aq)]

Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Ca(OH)2 (aq) 1) Cr3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Cr(OH)3 (s) 2)

no ppt

chromium(III), Cr3+(aq)

grey-green ppt. sol. in xs giving dark green solution

grey-green ppt. insoluble in excess

Cr3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Cr(OH)3 (s)

copper(II), Cu2+(aq),

pale blue ppt. insoluble in excess

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Cu(OH)2 (s)

blue ppt. soluble in excess giving dark blue solution

1) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) (contd) 1

(contd) 2)

iron(II), Fe2+(aq)

green ppt. insoluble in excess

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe(OH)2 (s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Fe(OH)3 (s) 1) Pb2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Pb(OH)2 (s) 2)

green ppt. insoluble in excess

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe(OH)2 (s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Fe(OH)3 (s) Pb2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Pb(OH)2 (s)

iron(III), Fe3+(aq)

red-brown ppt. insoluble in excess

red-brown ppt. insoluble in excess

lead(II), Pb2+(aq)

white ppt. soluble in excess

white ppt. insoluble in excess

magnesium, Mg2+(aq)

white ppt. insoluble in excess

Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) Mn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mn(OH)2 (s) 1) Zn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Zn(OH)2 (s) 2)

white ppt. insoluble in excess

Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) Mn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mn(OH)2 (s) 1) Zn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Zn(OH)2 (s) 2)

manganese(II), off-white ppt. insoluble in Mn2+(aq) excess

off-white ppt. insoluble in excess

zinc, Zn2+(aq)

white ppt. soluble in excess

white ppt. soluble in excess

Anion carbonate, CO32

Reaction CO2 liberated by dilute acids

Equation (where applicable) CO32(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O (l) CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O (l) 1) CrO42(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72(aq) + H2O (l) 2) 3)

chromate(VI), yellow solution turns orange with H+(aq); CrO42(aq) gives yellow ppt. with Ba2+(aq); gives bright yellow ppt. with Pb2+(aq)

chloride, Cl (aq)

gives white ppt. with Ag+(aq) (soluble in NH3(aq)); gives white ppt. with Pb2+(aq)

1) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl (s) 2) 3)

bromide, Br(aq)

gives pale cream ppt. with Ag+(aq) (partially soluble in NH3(aq)); gives white ppt. with Pb2+(aq)

1) Ag+(aq) + Br(aq) AgBr(s) 2) 3)

iodide, I(aq)

gives yellow ppt. with Ag+(aq) (insoluble in NH3(aq)); gives yellow ppt. with Pb2+(aq) NH3 liberated on heating with OH(aq) and Al foil NH3 liberated on heating with OH(aq) and Al foil; NO liberated by dilute acids (colourless NO (pale) brown NO2 in air)

1) Ag+(aq) + I(aq) Ag I (s) 2)

nitrate, NO3(aq) nitrite, NO2(aq)

1) 2) 2H+(aq) + NO2(aq) H2O(l) + NO(g)

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

sulfate, SO42(aq)

gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq) or with Pb2+(aq) (insoluble in excess dilute strong acids) SO2 liberated with dilute acids; gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq) (soluble in dilute strong acids)

1) Ba (aq) + SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) 2) Pb2+(aq) + SO42(aq) PbSO4(s) 1) SO32(aq) + 2H+(l) SO2(g) + H2O(l)

2+

sulfite, SO32(aq)

Cr2O72-(aq) + 3SO2(g) +

2) Ba2+(aq) + SO32(aq) BaSO3(s)

BaSO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ba2+(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

Gas ammonia, NH3 carbon dioxide, CO2 chlorine, Cl2 hydrogen, H2 oxygen, O2 sulfur dioxide, SO2

test and test result turns damp red litmus paper blue; gives a white ppt. with limewater (ppt. dissolves with excess CO2) bleaches damp litmus paper pops with a lighted splint relights a glowing splint turns acidified aqueous potassium dichromate(VI) from orange to green

Equation (where applicable)

CO2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) HCl (aq) + HClO (aq)