FDM Multiplexing time domain

Data Multiplexing
1. 2. 3. 4. Multiplex / Demultiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM Wave-Division Multiplexing, WDM Time Division Multiplexing, TDM

Basic Definitions
Multiplexer(MUX): device to combine signals to one composite signal. Demultiplexer(DEMUX): device to separate the composite signal into signal components Path: refers to the physical link. Channel: refers to a portion of a path.

Types of Multiplexing
There are two basic types of multiplexing in use: Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) & Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is one special kinds of FDM used in fiber optical transmission. TDM can be further divided into synchronous TDM and asynchronous TDM.
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Categories of multiplexing

FDM Demultiplexing time domain

FDM Multiplexing frequency domain

FDM Demultiplexing frequency domain

Concept of Guard Band

To prevent channel overlapping, they must be separated by unused bandwidth called Guard Band.

Analog hierarchy

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WDM
WDM is a special case for FDM used in fiber optics. Different signals are separated by wavelength, not frequency. Sometimes called Wave Division Mulitplexing More common use of WDM is Dense WDM (DWDM), which combines hundreds of optical sources together into one fiber.

Light waves
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Implementation of WDM
An optical prism is used for WDM multiplexing and demultiplexing. Different wavelengths are refracted (bent) by different amounts

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TDM Definition
Time Division Multiplex (TDM) is the process of combining signals together in the time domain.

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TDM Basics
The basic principle of TDM is Sampling Theorem. The basic unit in TDM is Time Slot. The data in TDM is grouped into Frames, which consists of one cycle of time slots.
T 3T

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Interleaving
Interleaving is the process of multiplexing. In TDM, synchronization between the sender and receiver is very important.

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Synchronous TDM
In synchronous TDM, each source is preassigned a fixed location of time slot. Each source can and only can send information at the time slot given to it. If a source has no data to send, its time slot remains empty. This can lead to inefficiency. If n sources are grouped together, the total data rate of the path is n times the original data rate of each source.
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Synchronous TDM Example

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Synchronous TDM - Multiplexing

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Synchronous TDM - Demultiplexing

animation

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TDM Example

We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the data rate of the link.

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Solution
We can answer the questions as follows: 1. The data rate of each source is (250 chars x 8 bits) = 2000 bps = 2 kbps. 2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s, or 4 ms. 3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second. 4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 s, or 4 ms. 5. Each frame is (4sources x 8bits) + 1sync = 33 bits. 6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33, or 8250 bps. (strictly, bit rate of the link is 8250bps the actual data rate is only 8000 data bits/s)
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Asynchronous TDM
In asynchronous TDM or statistical TDM, only sources containing data will be sent with time slot. Therefore, asynchronous TDM can avoid bandwidth waste in synchronous TDM. But, in order to distinguish data from different sources, address should be added into the frame structure, increasing the overhead of the transmission.
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Asynchronous TDM Example

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Address and Overhead

As shown below, address is added before the data from each source. It is practical only when the data size for each time slot is relatively larger than the address.

In this example, the addressing information takes up as much space as the actual data - inefficient
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TDM in Telephone System

FDM was used in the original telephone system, but now the telephone lines (except the subscriber line) are all in digital form, so FDM is not in use now. There are two types of TDM used in telephone system. In US, T-1 line with basic rate of 1.544 Mbps is used, while in Europe and China, E-1 Line of 2.048 Mbps is in use. DS is a service, T-n is a line
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Digital Signal (DS) Hierarchy in US

8k sample/sec x 8bit samples gives 64kbps basic line DS1 = 24 x DS0 = 24x64k=1536k 1536k + 8k(sync) =1544k

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T Line and E Line

Table 6.1 DS and T lines rates
Service DS-1 DS-2 DS-3 DS-4 Line T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 Rate (Mbps) 1.544 6.312 44.736 274.176 Voice Channels 24 96 672 4032 E Line

Table 6.2 E line rates

Rate (Mbps) 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 Voice Channels 30 120 480
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There are 24 voice channels in T-1 line, while 30 voice channels out of 32 channels in E-1 line.

E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4

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T-1 Frame Structure

Data

sync

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Sync bit

One frame = 24 * 8 + 1 sync bit Frame rate = 193 * 8000 = 1.544 Mbps
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Summary
Multiplexing is the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. There are two main types of multiplexing: TDM and FDM. TDM includes synchronous and asynchronous TDM. In telephone system, there are two types of TDM in use: T line and E line.
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