Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REPORT TITLE:
Students Surname:
CHINONDIWANA
Students Name:
COMFORT
Date Performed:
29 March 2012
Student Number:
211155098
10 April 2012
Section
Title Page
Table of Contents
List Symbols
Structure
Executive
Summary
Introduction
Theory
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Total
Declaration:
Possible
Mark
1
3
2
2
Student's
Mark
5
5
15
10
25
25
5
2
100
I certify that this report is my own unaided work, except for the assistance received
by the teaching staff. I undertake not to pass this report on to any other student.
Date: _______________
Signed: _______________
Contents
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS ......................................................................................................................................... iv
1.
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
2.
3.
4.
5.
DISCUSSION:........................................................................................................................................ 10
6.
7.
REFERENCE: ......................................................................................................................................... 12
8.
APENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 13
ii
ABSTRACT
The experiment was aimed at demonstrating the working principle and the effect of hot water
temperature variation on the performance characteristics of concentric heat exchanger. The fluid
used was water. The equipment was arranged for both parallel and counter flow. Having noted
the results, heat transfer, heat loss, heat transfer coefficient and log mean temperature were
calculated. The results showed that the concentric heat exchanger obeyed basic laws of
thermodynamics. In addition, the results proved that the one arranged to give counter flow is
more effective than parallel flow. To obtain better results
iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Symbol
Definition
Unit
m2
Aflow
m2
Cp
J.kg-1.K-1
equivalent diameter
hi
W.m-2.K-1
ho
W.m-2.K-1
k.
Thermal conductivity
W.m-1.K-1
kg.s-1
0.4 when fluid is being heated and 0.3 when fluid is being cooled
dimensionless
Nu
Nusselt number
dimensionless
Pr
Prandlt number
dimensionless
ql
Re
Reynolds number
dimensionless
temperature
W.m-2.K-1
fluid velocity
m.s-1
T1
T2
TLM
iv
Greek
Symbol
Definition
Unit
efficiency
fluid viscosity
Pa.s
density
kg.m -3
Subscripts
C
cooling fluid
Cin
Cout
heating fluid
Hin
Hout
1. INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is an arrangement of equipment that allows heat energy to be exchanged between
fluids that are not in contact. One fluid at temperature(Tx) enters pipe(A) and exits at
temperature(T y) while another fluid enters pipe(B) at temperature (Tr) and exits at
temperature(Ts).Pipe (A)passes through pipe (b) as shown below. There are two heat exchange
mechanisms when the thermal energy is transferred from fluid in pipe (A) to fluid in pipe (B) or
vice versa.The experiment focused on these mechanisms which are counter and parallel flow.
Figure 1
......4
Let TLM=T1 if
T1 = T2
.5
2.7 Calculation of the inside (hi) and outside (ho) film heat transfer coefficients:
Base the physical properties on the bulk temperature (i.e. the average of the inlet and
outlet temperature.) of the fluid in the annulus for ho and the inside tube for hi.
2.8 The general equation for the Nusselt Number (Nu) and heat transfer coefficient (h i
or ho):
Nu=
Nu=
Where
D=
.9
10
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.11
3.12
3.13
Apparatus
Concentric heat exchanger
4
1
Hot water
Cold Water
Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
(in)
(out)
(in)
(out)
o
o
o
39.3 C
31.8 C
23.9 C
29.6oC
39.3oC
29.6oC
24.0oC
27.5oC
2
2
Temperature
23.9 oC
24 oC
24.8 oC
24.9 oC
27.5 oC
27.5 oC
29.5 oC
29.6 oC
29.6 oC
30.8 oC
31.8 oC
32 oC
39.2 oC
4
1
(Pa.s)
0.000911
0.000909
0.000892
0.000889
0.000837
0.000837
0.000801
0.000799
0.000799
0.000779
0.000762
0.000759
0.000659
Hot water
Cold Water
Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
(in)
(out)
(in)
(out)
o
o
o
39.4 C
32.0 C
24.8 C
30.8oC
39.2oC
29.5oC
24.9oC
27.5oC
2
2
(kg/m3) Cp(kJ.kg-1.K-1)
997.4116 4.179672502
997.3871 4.179627031
997.1871 4.179284336
997.1616 4.179244092
996.465 4.178388893
996.465 4.178388893
995.8848 4.177962874
995.8548 4.177946453
995.8548 4.177946453
995.4877 4.177783597
995.1718 4.177694163
995.1076 4.177681107
992.5683 4.178128342
39.3 oC
39.3 oC
39.4 oC
0.000658 992.53
0.000658 992.53
0.000656 992.4917
4.178145367
4.178145367
4.178162645
0.6293636
0.6293636
0.629506948
0.004
0.001
0.004
651.89814
162.97454
653.53439
10.86497
2.716242
10.89224
4.3 TABLE PREPARED USING MICROSFT EXCEL FOR THE CALCULATED RESULTS ON TABLE 4.4 TO 4.9
EXPERIMENT
1
2
QH(kJ/s)
2.051019186
0.66366584
QC(kJ/s)
-0.783965799
-0.48168506
Qlost(kJ/s)
1.267053387
0.18198078
0.382232309
0.725794565
TLM (0C)
6.5588861
6.08223023
QC(kJ/s)
-0.824680219
-0.357723023
Qlost(kJ/s)
1.198776359
0.305989331
0.407560126
0.538972976
TLM (0C)
6.675550522
5.392618964
EXPERIMENT
1
2
QH(kJ/s)
2.023456578
0.663712353
Calculation of the cross sectional area of flow (Aflow) and Diameter (D)
Area =
The measurements of the cross section of the tube are as below
=13.6mm
15mm
Therefore r =13.6/2=6.8mm=0.0068m
Aflow=
(0.0068)2=0.0001453m2
= 0.0136m
0.0068) =0.04273m
Velocity
TABLES SHOWING RESULTS FOR THE INSIDE FILM HEAT TRANSFER (hi)
4.6 PARALLEL FLOW
Experiment
1
2
Pr
4.755535463
4.892920515
Re
8736.946685
2129.247952
Nu
52.23666137
17.02861297
hi
2395.607715
778.739028
Re
8763.678308
2124.996493
Nu
52.30993515
17.01303298
hi
2399.851046
777.8353628
Experiment
1
2
Pr
4.739043324
4.904082627
15mm
22mm
20mm
=0.06346m
(0.01012-
Velocity
D=
=0.00905767m
Tables showing calculated results of the overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
and heat flux (ql).
Experiment
1
2
Pr
5.859462403
5.999507352
Re
2448.172542
2398.269736
Nu
23.98526731
23.81729817
ho
1614.715392
1599.109869
U
962.7096347
523.1561623
q
423.0566714
213.1910671
Re
2505.877129
2424.804114
Nu
24.17884351
23.90877813
ho
1632.374234
1607.276482
U
969.652636
523.6178914
q
433.6886657
189.1860087
Experiment
1
2
Pr
5.706235303
5.92543917
5. DISCUSSION:
In both cases, that is parallel and counter flow the temperature of the hot water always
dropped while the temperature of the cold water was raised which is consistent with the
law of conservation of energy showing that the heat supplied by hot water is equal to the
heat gained by the equipment, the surrounding and cold water. When the equipment was
arranged to allow parallel flow, the temperature of the cold water exiting was always less
than the temperature of the hot water exiting as shown in table 4.1.The same occurs in
counter flow.
Value of heat lost (Qlost) for the parallel configuration in table 4.4 for experiment 1 is
greater than in counter flow configuration in table 4.5.As a result the efficiency of the
counter flow is greater than parallel flow showing than for experiment 1 counter flow is
more effective in transmitting the heat energy from hot fluid to cold fluid without losing
much energy. This is shown to be true theoretically using Clausius Statement as far as the
two types of the concentric heat exchangers are concerned.
In table 4.4 and 4.5 when the flow rate of the hot fluid was changed from 4L/min to
1L/min the temperature differences for hot water increased. Therefore the larger the flow
rate the lower the temperature difference hence less energy transmitted to the cold fluid.
When the flow rate dropped the temperature difference went up hence more energy was
transmitted to the cold fluid.
As from the heat transfer hypothesis, the heat gained by cold water should have been
equal to the heat lost by hot water but we could not achieve the theory in the experiment
because of the heat loss to the surroundings.
10
11
7. REFERENCE:
http://mars.uta.edu/mae3183/manuals/04_heat_exchanger.pdf. [ 01 April
2012]
12
8. APENDICES
Sample calculations for experiment 1 Table 4.1
Experiment Flow rate of hot
Number
water (L/min)
1
Hot water
Cold Water
Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature
(in)
(out)
(in)
(out)
o
o
o
39.3 C
31.8 C
23.9 C
29.6oC
13
=4.179672502*997.4116498*0.002*23.9
= 199.2712234
Q (kJ/s) = Q (kJ/min)/60=199.2712234/60
= 3.321187056
A table was then prepared showing all the calculated results for each temperature
Temperature
23.9 oC
29.6 oC
31.8 oC
39.3 oC
(kg/m )
0.000910918
0.000799109
0.000762258
0.000657612
(Pa.s)
997.4116498
995.8547678
995.1718266
992.5300333
-1
-1
Cp(kJ.kg .K )
4.179672502
4.177946453
4.177694163
4.178145367
-1
-1
k(W.m .K )
0.605019994
0.614525236
0.618046325
0.6293636
Flow
rate(m3/min)
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.004
Q(kJ/min)
199.2712234
246.3091714
528.8369931
651.8981443
=- QC/QH
=-(-0.783965799/2.051019186)
=0.382232309
14
Q(kJ/s)
3.321187056
4.105152856
8.813949886
10.86496907
QH(kJ/s)
2.051019186
QC(kJ/s)
-0.783965799
=993.85093
= The average was calculated as above
D=0.0136m
v=0.4589ms
-1
15
Qlost(kJ/s)
1.267053387
0.382232309
TLM (0C)
6.5588861
0.023*8736.946685
Nu=
0.8
* 4.7555354630.3
=52.23666137
Making hi subject of the formula
hi= Nu* kf /D
kf=the average k calculated from the values of k in the reference table
hi=2395.607715
Experiment
Pr
4.755535463
Re
8736.946685
Nu
52.23666137
hi
2395.607715
The same procedure used to calculate hi was used for ho and the same table was prepared as
below
ho=1614.715392
Calculation of U and q
=
16
17