April 2nd- 3rd, 2012

March Recap
Intramolecular forces a) Ionic metal & non-metal, EN > 1.5, Transfer of electrons Held together by electrostatic attraction (the electrons/charges) Sharing of electrons a. Polar covalent b. Pure covalent c. Coordinate covalent

b) Covalent 2 non-metals

April 2nd- 3rd, 2012 c) Metallic multiple non-metals. A sea of electrons, so attractive forces that hold each other and transfer electrons between them freely. Intermolecular forces a) Dipole-Dipole Force of attraction between polar molecules

Ex. b) Dipole-Ion

Ex. c) Hydrogen Bonding Between H and the lone pair of electrons on an electronegative element (like O, F) Explains surface tension, high boiling point, adhesion, cohesion

Ex. d) London Dispersion (Van der Waals) transient (intermittent) dipoles that happen in non-polar molecules

April 2nd- 3rd, 2012 Ranking of bonds strength: 1) Ionic 2) Covalent 3) Metallic ------------ BIG GAP HERE ----------4) H-Bonding 5) Dipole-Ion 6) Dipole-Dipole 7) London Dispersion (Van der Waals) Naming a) Binary naming: NaCl = sodium chloride Change non-metal to ide ending b) Multivalent naming: PbO2 = lead (IV) oxide or plumbic oxides c) Polyatomic naming: MgSO2 = magnesium hyposulfite (per-ate, ate, ite, hyp-ite) d) Acids: a. Binary acid HBr (aq) = hydrobromic acid b. Oxyacid HBrO2 = bromous acid e) Salts: a. Double salts Na2KPO4 = sodium potassium phosphate NaK2PO4 = sodium dipotassium phosphate b. Acid salts Al2(HPO4)3 = aluminum hydrogen phosphate c. Hydrated salts CuCl2 o 5H2O = copper (II) chloride o pentahydrate

April 2nd- 3rd, 2012 Types of Reactions 1) Single displacement o Metal activity series = given o Halogen series = group VIIA on P.Table o Cant bump out someone above you! o Ex. NaBr(aq) + Cl2(g) NaCl(aq) + Br2(g) o Ex 2. NaNO3 + Ag NR 2) Synthesis o Ca + O2 CaO2 (Combustion with oxygen is also synthesis, but must BURN) 3) Double Displacement o Make a precipitate o Make a gas o Form water o Something that breaks down into a gas 4) Combustion o Complete vs. incomplete o Complete: lots of O2, pure Hydrocarbon. Products: CO2 + H2O o Incomplete not enough O2, can be pure/impure Hydrocarbon. Products: CO2, H2O, CO, C 5) Nuclear Reactions (keep in mind conservation of mass!) be able to BALANCE o Alpha() 238/92U 4/2He (this is the alpha particle) + 234/90Th o Beta() 14/6C 14/7N + 0/-1e (this is the beta particle) o Gamma() accompanies alpha and beta, noted: 0/0 o Fission (breaking down) vs. fusion (combining) Exceptions: Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH Anything w/ ammonium is soluble) and Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) forms water H2CO3 (aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4(aq) + H2CO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)