96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association

Program and Abstracts

April 27-29, 2012 Hosted by the Incorporated Orange County Chapter NYSAA

Ofcers of the New York State Archaeological Association President Dr. Sherene B. Baugher (sbb8@cornell.edu) Vice President Corresponding Secretary Recording Secretary Treasurer Marie-Lorraine Pipes (pipesml@aol.com) Abigail Herlihy kaylakibbit@hotmail.com Lori Blair (lblair@hartgen.com) Fred Assmus (fasa10key@aol.com)

Ofcers of the Incorporated Orange County Chapter President David Johnson Vice President Charles Tudor Treasurer Jon Leonard Corresponding Secretary Sharon Assmus Recording Secretary Trustees Priscilla Johnson Kevin Storms Clifton Patrick Gary Keeton Barry Kass 2012 Conference Chair: David Johnson 2012 Program Co-chairs: Barry Kass, Proffessor Emeritus of Anthropology, SUNY Orange Cory Harris, Chair, Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Orange
Cover Art: Frozen Charlotte Porcelain Doll by Kevin Storms www.kevinstorms.com

96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association April 27-29, 2012

Conference Schedule
Friday - April 27nd 10:00 2:00
1:00 5:00 12:00 1:00 1:15 3:00 3:00 5:00 5:00 6:30 6:00 7:30 7:30 on New York Archaeological Council (NYAC) Board Meeting Book Room Registration Desk Conference Center Lobby NYAC General Meeting Conference Center NYAC Program Conference Center NYSAA Fellows / Awards Committee Meeting Dinner on your own NYSAA General Business Meeting followed by Hospitality Reception

New York Archaeology Season 2011

Erie Canal Harbor Archaeological District: Crossroads of Commerce
EXCAVATIONS AT THE WEBSTER BLOCK IN DOWNTOWN BUFFALO SHOWN ON AN 1872 MAP

ILLUSTRATED HISTORIC ARTIFACTS ARE FROM A PRE-1853 REFUSE DEPOSIT FOUND NEAR THE ERIE CANAL ILLUSTRATED PREHISTORIC ARTIFACTS ARE FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISTRICT

NINETEENTH CENTURY SERVICE ALLEY FOR BUILDINGS NEAR THE CANAL

ARTIFACTS FROM THE SITE OF A 19th CENTURY SECOND HAND SCRAP YARD
BUFFALO

For regional events and information, visit: WWW.NYARCHAEOLOGY.ORG Sponsors: New York Archaeological Council, New York State Archaeological Association, New York State Museum, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Panamerican Consultants, Inc.

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Saturday April 28th

7:00 9:00 Breakfast NYSAA Secretaries Breakfast Book Room Registration Desk Conference Center Lobby Introduction and Welcome to the Conference Flint Knapping Demonstrations Dr. Albert A. Dekin symposium Break Dr. Albert A. Dekin symposium (cont.) Lunch Dr. Albert A. Dekin symposium (cont.) Poster Session Break Presentations related to pre-contact Archeology Banquet Keynote Speaker NYSAA Awards Ceremony 7:15 8:30 8:00 5:00 8:00 5:00 8:45 9:00 9:00 5:00 9:00 10:20 10:20 10:40 10:40 Noon Noon 1:40 1:40 3:00 2:00 3:00 3:00 3:20 3:20 5:10 7:00 8:00 8:00 9:15 9:15 10:00

Sunday, April 29th

7:00 9:00 8:00 12:00 8:15 8:20 Breakfast Book Room

Introduction to the paper sessions Presentations related to post-contact Archaeology-session I Break Presentations related to post-contact Archaeology-session II Field Trip page 2 of 25

8:20 10:00 10:00 10:20 10:20 Noon 1:30 4:00

96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association

Paper and Poster sessions 4/28 Conference Center

8:45 8:55 Welcome to the conference by Sherene B. Baugher Pres.-NYSAA, David Johnson, Pres.-OC Chapter (Host Chapter), Barry Kass, Program Chair.

Flint-Knapping Demonstration
9:00 am 5:00 pm
Gary Sipila, Orange County Chapter member and expert int-knapper, will conduct a intknapping demonstration throughout the Saturday morning and afternoon sessions in the poster room.

Saturday symposium in honor of the late Dr. Albert A. Dekin, Professor of Anthropology, Binghamton University
8:55 9:00 Introduction to the symposium by session moderator Nina Versaggi [Note: the symposium includes the following *eleven papers] *9:00 9:20 Andrefsky, William (Department of Anthropology,Washington State Univ.Pullman, WA): Landscape Structure, Human Agency, and Lithic Technology *9:20 9:40 Lothrop, Jonathan & Graydon Ballard (New York State Museum): The GreenPauler Site: Two Probable Paleoindian Caches in the Upper Susquehanna Valley *9:40 10:00 Prezzano, Susan (Anthropology Department, Clarion University, Pennsylvania): Fishing Encampments: Landscape, Scale, and Contemporary Archaeology in Northwest Pennsylvania *10:00 10:20 Cassedy, Daniel (URS Corporation, Morrisville, NC): The Five Mile Dam Site: A Proto-Laurentian South Hill Manifestation in Mohawk Valley 10:20-10:40 Break *10:40 11:00 Curtin, Edward (Curtin Archaeological Consulting, Inc): Landscape and Place in the Formation of Archaic Societies, or a Multi-Scalar Perspective of the Late Archaic in New York State *11:00 11:20 Rinehart, Niels (Auringer-Seeyle Chapter of NYSAA): Connecting The Dots in the Winooski Valley of Vermont: Constructing A GIS to Incorporate Small Sites Within A Larger Landscape *11:20 11:40 Versaggi, Nina & Samuel Kudrle (Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University): A GIS-Assisted Re-Analysis of I-88 Sites in the Schenevus Creek Valley, NY *11:40 Noon Quiggle, Robert & Matthew Kirk (HDR Engineering, Inc., Hydropower Services, Syracuse, NY/Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.): Industrial Progress in the Adirondacks: The Archeological Evidence and Implications of the Transition from Extractive Enterprises to Renewable Energy th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association 96 page 3 of 25

Noon-1:40 PM Lunch Saturday afternoon papers (Dekin symposium cont.) *1:40 2:00 Robinson, Paul & Doug Harris (Department of Anthropology, Rhode Island College/ Narragansett Tribal Historic Preservation Ofce): Ceremonial Landscapes and Battleelds at Nipsachuck during King Philips War *2:00 2:20 Victor T. Mastone, Craig J. Brown, Christopher V. Maio (Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources/Historical Archeology Program, University of Massachusetts, Boston/ Department of Environmental, Earth, and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston): The Revolutionary War Battle of Chelsea Grounding the Historical Narrative through Cultural Landscape Analysis *2:20 2:40 Knoerl, John (National Park Service, WASO CRGIS Program, Washington, DC): How Battleelds Disappear 2:40 3:00 Q&A from audience {Note: End of Dr. Albert A. Dekin Symposium}

Poster Session: 2-3PM Poster Room

Laurel Berbach, Karen Bruhn and Ronald Kingsley (Schenectady County Community College-Community Archaeology Program): Mystery Solved, Backyard Archaeology in the Historic Stockade, Schenectady, NY Timothy C. Lloyd, Peter Leach, Daniel Welch (John Milner Associates, Inc., Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.): The Squawkie Hill Mounds

3:00-3:20 Break

Presentations related to pre-contact Archeology

Session Moderator: Cory Harris, Orange County Chapter 3:20 3:40 Scott Horecky and John Phillips (Lower Hudson Chapter-NYSAA): A Cluster of Ground Stone Tools on the Lower Hudson 3:40 4:00 Sandra Katz and Kathleen Allen (Dept. of Anthropology, U. of Pittsburgh): Exploring the Organization of Stone Tool Production at Two Prehistoric Cayuga Village Sites 4:00 4:20 Steve Moragne (NYS Museum Cultural Resources Survey Program): A Non-Site Analysis of the Robert Simonds Site (NYSM#12357) 4:20 4:40 Are Tsirk (Fractography Consultant): Knapping Lessons from Fractography, Using Normanskill Chert

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4:40 5:00 Fred Assmus (Orange County Chapter, NYSAA): The Relationship of Pottery Motifs to the Everyday Life of the Prehistoric Peoples in the Upper Delaware Valley 5:00 5:10 Q&A from Audience

7:00 8:00 Banquet 8:00 9:15 Keynote speaker: David Johnson, (President, Orange County Chapter, NYSAA): Analyzing Archaeology in New York State based on Peruvian and Southwestern United States Surveys 9:15 10:00 NYSAA Awards Ceremony

Sunday, April 29th

7:00 9:00 Breakfast 8:00 12:00 Book Room

Paper and Poster sessions Conference Center

8:15 8:20 Introductory remarks: Barry Kass, Program Chair

Presentations related to post-contact Archaeology-session I

(Session Moderator: Charles Tudor, Orange County Chapter)

8:20 8:40 Joseph Diamond (SUNY New Paltz), John Stevens, James Decker (Hudson Valley Vernacular Architecture): Archaeological and Architectural Investigations: Recreating the Original Roof-Lines of Two Early 18th Century Dutch Houses in Ulster County, NY 8:40 9:00 David Moyer (Upper Susquehanna and Chenango Chapters, NYSAA): Taking a Break on the Catskill Turnpike: Archaeological Investigations at the Andrew Mann Inn 9:00 9:20 Den Rivera ( Metropolitan Chapter, NYSAA): Digging at the Crossroads: Location and Community Memory 9:20 9:40 Corey McQuinn (Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc.): Preliminary Findings from the N.A. White and Sons Pottery, Utica, New York: The Craft of Stoneware Pottery and Changes in Consumer Culture. 9:40 10:00 Andy Krievs (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.): Dutch Sent Me: A Clandestine Bootleg Distillery in Pine Plains, New York 10:00-10:20 Break

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Presentations related to post-contact Archaeology-session II

Session moderator: Cory Harris, Orange County Chapter 10:20 10:40 Matthew Kirk (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.): Inexpensive and Poorly Made: The Behaviors Which Produce Trash 10:40 11:00 Abigail Herlihy (Adirondack Chapter, NYSAA): Paradise to Parking Lot: Exploring the Good Life at the Woodcliff Lodge Historic Site,, Poughkeepsie, New York 11:00 11:20 Louise Basa and Thomas Blaber (Schenectady County Community CollegeCommunity Archaeology Program): Silver Braid 11:20 11:40 Donald Bayne (Orange County Chapter, NYSAA): Iona Island 11:40 Noon Q&A from audience
1:30 4:00 Sunday Afternoon Field Trip: Fishkill Cantonment & Van Wyck Historical

House, Fishkill, NY Important Information and Directions: The eld trip to the Van Wyck Historical House and Cantonment will held from 1:30 to 3:30 for those who have registered for it. If it rains we can still visit the house. A tour of the house will be conducted by their staff and the walking tour of the revolutionary burial site will be lead by Bill Sandy. The walk will be less than a mile along a trail. Appropriate footwear is suggested. Participants who cannot walk to the burial site can still enjoy the house tour. Directions: *Please note you cannot turn left onto route 9 so please follow these directions: Turn right onto Route 9 north and immediately get into the left lane. At the rst trafc light make a U turn onto Route 9 South. Follow Route 9 south for 9 miles until you see the intersection for Route 9 and Interstate 84. Go under Route 84 and stay in the left lane. Immediately after you pass under the bridge at the rst stop light take a left onto Snook Road. The Van Wyck House is on that corner and the rst building on the left. Turn left into the parking lot.
(Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. Volume I. By Benson J. Lossing, 1850)

Van Wyck Historical House

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Program Abstracts

Dr. Albert A. Dekin, Jr. January 24, 1944January 28, 2010

Saturday morning (4/28) Al Dekin Memorial Symposium

8:55 9:00 Nina Versaggi (Public Archaeology Facility, Bingamton University): Introduction

Session Overview
Albert A. Dekin, Jr. served as President of the New York Archaeological Council for several terms in the 1980s. He also taught at SUNY-Binghamton from 1976 until his retirement (and passing) in 2010. From 1976-1987, he was director of the Public Archaeology Facility and transformed the facility into a successful Cultural Resource Management research and consulting center. During this time, he mentored many graduate students at Binghamton as well as other archaeologists throughout the State and Northeast. Although he spent many of his later years in archaeology working in Alaska and British Columbia, this symposium focuses on his diverse contributions to Northeastern archaeology.

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The following topics are addressed in the eleven papers in this symposium: The concept of archaeological scale linked to units of analysis was always one of Al's interests. This was mostly an intra-site focus, but later emerged as a regional synthesis. How does the transition from one scale to the next inuence interpretation of prehistoric practice, organization, mobility, and land use? This leads directly to Al's more recent interest in landscape analysis. Landscape can play a major role in the analysis of battleeld terrain, traditional cultural properties, memory, and symbolic representations just to name a few. Finally, Al's other passion was technology as reected in material culture, whether in terms of prehistoric technologies or modern digital technologies. Advances in lithic, pottery, botanical and other material culture analyses t into this category. Also, ethical concerns with how we curate and preserve data featured prominently in many of Als lectures. Recent initiatives in digital archival programs and electronic sharing of data are just some examples of this topic.

9:00 9:20 Landscape Structure, Human Agency, and Lithic Technology William Andrefsky, Jr. (Department of Anthropology Washington State University) Hafted bifaces or projectile points have long been used by North American archaeologists as phylogenic markers for culture historical and temporal periods. Researchers also know that technological characteristics on such tools are excellent indicators of artifact functions. For instance, we know that impact damaged bifaces reveal to us that the tool was actually used as a projectile tip. We also know from wear analysis that these tools were sometimes used as cutting and as sawing utensils. In this study I show how hafted bifaces can reveal information about human land-use practices. Technological characteristics such as damage, resharpening, and reconguration of hafted bifaces are used in conjunction with x-ray orescence analysis of obsidian to reveal human circulation patterns. It is shown that hafted biface production and maintenance strategies are linked to individual decisions based upon contextual factors such as the distances tool makers are from their residence camps and their familiarity with elements of their landscape. Lithic technological practices are intimately linked to landscape elements, availability of resources, economic situations, and the place of individuals and their decisions within this diverse web. 9:20 9:40 The Green-Pauler Site: Two Probable Paleoindian Caches in the Upper Susquehanna Valley Jonathan C. Lothrop (New York State Museum), Graydon Ballard From excavations at the Debert Paleoindian site as a young college student, Al Dekin formed an abiding interest in late glacial adaptations in North America. Stemming from his archaeological eldwork further north in the arctic and subarctic, he saw that ethnographic hunter-gatherers of these regions provided useful counterpoints for interpreting archaeological evidence of Paleoindian technology and land use in the late glacial Northeast. For mobile foragers in northern latitudes, caching of tools and supplies is a common strategic practice. Early Paleoindian stone tool caches have been widely documented in western North America, and their recent study has led to new insights on Clovis technology and colonization. East of the Mississippi, however, only a handful of 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 8 of 25

early Paleoindian (uted point afliated) caches have been recorded, and all are located in the Northeast. This paper reports on two probable Paleoindian lithic caches, discovered on a late Pleistocene terrace above the Susquehanna River in eastern New York. The Green-Pauler caches include tool blanks and bifaces, with toolstone dominated by jasper, perhaps from eastern Pennsylvania. We conclude that these two caches were utilitarian in nature, and that Paleoindians may have imported these artifacts during travels north from Pennsylvania into eastern New York, perhaps via the Delaware Valley. This analysis of the Green-Pauler caches and comparisons to late Pleistocene lithic caches elsewhere in North America yield potential insights on early Paleoindian technology and land use in eastern New York and the broader Northeast. 9:40 10:00 Fishing Encampments: Landscape, Scale, and Contemporary Archaeology in Northwest Pennsylvania Susan C. Prezzano (Professor of Anthropology, Clarion University) Al Dekin combined wide-ranging academic interests with substantial experiential knowledge of contemporary and archaeological cultures of the North America to arrive at a unique perspective on the past that merged interests in landscape, scale, and technology. Recent investigations in northwestern Pennsylvania have used these three themes to inform on past archaeological practices, and to provide a framework for pursuing new archaeological agendas in the region. Specically, the Allegheny drainage has received little professional archaeological investigations due to few early ethnohistorical documents on Native Americans of the area, and to a perception that the narrow, unglaciated oodplains of the Allegheny could not sustain substantial pre-contact Native American populations. In addition, perceptions of habitable landscapes, based on contemporary land use, have inuenced archaeological pursuits. However, recent excavations along the Clarion River, a tributary of the Allegheny River, reveal a series of deeply buried occupations (ca. 7200-8400 BP) within the Middle Archaic period. These occupations, due to their lack of substantial lithic debris, could be easily missed following standard archaeological investigations. The discovery of some of the earliest shing implements in the Northeast in a unique archaeological context allow for novel interpretations of land use during the initial establishment of modern hardwood forests and stream patterns in the region. 10:00 10:20 The Five Mile Dam Site: A Proto-Laurentian South Hill Manifestation in Mohawk Valley Daniel Cassedy (Principal Archaeologist, URS Corporation) The Five Mile Dam site is situated on the Mohawk River in Herkimer County, New York and was excavated by Garrow & Associates in 1991. Though other Late Archaic sites have been reported in the Mohawk Valley, few have been as extensively investigated. The assemblage of artifacts and associated radiocarbon dates from an Otter Creek/Brewerton component at this site contributes signicantly to the chronology of Proto-Laurentian manifestations in New York. The feature forms, artifact assemblage, and the chronological position of this component are summarized, and a more detailed comparison with other ProtoLaurentian sites is provided. Seven hearths were lled with burned earth, butternut fragments, and calcined bone. Eight Otter Creek and Brewerton Side 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 9 of 25

Notched points were recovered, and two of them came from one of the hearths, which was dated to 5,580 60 B.P. Two other hearths were dated to 5,380 110 B.P. and 5,230 90 B.P. The Otter Creek/Brewerton assemblage from this site is likely related to Funks Proto-Laurentian South Hill phase, which is characterized by assemblages composed of broad side notched points with ground bases and notches generally resembling Otter Creek and Brewerton Side Notched points but lacking the groundstone tools found in true Laurentian assemblages (Funk 1988). Both the feature form and artifact assemblage of this component have similarities with three other sites described by Funk as having Proto-Laurentian assemblages: McCulley No. 1, in the upper Susquehanna Valley; the Sylvan Lake Rockshelter in the Hudson Valley; and Shafer in the upper Schoharie Valley. 10:40 11:00 Landscape and Place in the Formation of Archaic Societies, or Multi-Scalar Perspective of the Late Archaic in New York State Edward V. Curtin (Curtin Archaeological Consulting, Inc.) Considerations of scale were an important element of Al Dekins instruction to students and PAF project directors. This paper focuses on six spatial scales referred to as Site, Landscape, Community, Phase, Landscapes of Memory, and the Subcontinental. To consider Site and Landscape, the paper draws from examples of recent eldwork in the Hudson valley at Coxsackie and in the Vosburg Site Archaeological District, investigating activity performed within residential or eld camps in comparison to activity performed more extensively outside of camps. Evidence of anthropogenic environmental change is also discussed. Community is viewed in terms of differential landscape use, while Phase is considered as the result of interaction between proximal communities. Data pertaining to the Vosburg site, the Bent Site, and the River phase of eastern New York illustrate the discussion of these scales. Landscapes of Memory are discussed as phenomenological landscapes derived from social memories, histories and meanings relating particular sites to larger regions and social diversity. Data from Brewerton, Frontenac Island, and Lamoka Lake are discussed in this context. The Subcontinental scale extends the discussion of these sites as consideration expands to how these sites may have been involved with broader eastern North American historical processes during the Late Archaic. 11:00 11:20 Connecting the Dots in the Winooski Valley of Vermont: Constructing a GIS to Incorporate Small Sites within a Larger Landscape Niels R. Rinehart Particularly in CRM contexts, we tend to dene sites within a limited set of typologies. Although we may assign these typologies a general role within an idealized hunter-gatherer seasonal round, sites often appear as isolated dots on an empty landscape, creating bounded locations dened by the presence of artifacts and surrounded by a negative or sterile landscape. In this study, I generate a GIS illustrating a wide continuum of variation between nearly 200 sites from the Winooski Valley in Vermont, dening each site according to site size, artifact density, artifact richness, as well as types of artifacts and cultural features. This sample includes several clusters of very small sites, some producing as few as two or three lithic artifacts. Utilizing the GIS, I identify the smaller landscapes these 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 10 of 25

little sites are found clustered within. The impetus for this study is nding ways to spatially contextualize these clusters of small sites. In so doing, we see that these sites not as isolated dots, but rather as part of a larger destination within a much broader landscape lled with a rich range of sites and destinations. This GIS also permits an opportunity to test the applicability of standard site typologies, given the continuum of site data presented. 11:20 11:40 A GIS-Assisted Re-Analysis of the Interstate-88 Sites in the Schenevus Creek Valley, New York Nina M. Versaggi and Samuel Kudrle (Public Archaeology Facility, Binghamton University) When Al Dekin arrived at Binghamton University (then SUNY-Binghamton) in 1976, he immediately faced the challenge of organizing the nal phase of site data recoveries on the Interstate-88 Project. Al used the concept of archaeological scale to meet the challenge, and data recoveries involved detailed intra-site analyses as the building blocks of site specic interpretations and regional predictive modeling. The senior authors doctoral dissertation use a more holistic regional interpretation of the hunter-gatherer sites found during the I-88 project. This regional approach recognized that predictive models tended to treat all sites as equal dots on the landscape rather than the diverse expressions of huntergatherer social decisions and perspectives of their landscape. Instead, she used an Anthropological perspective of hunter-gatherers social organization, mobility and land-use. The site types that resulted have been useful for PAF and other researchers. However, this study was not meant to be static. Today, GIS provides a powerful tool to help us view micro- and macro-scale features that could have inuenced hunter-gatherer land use and perception of landscape. This paper will focus on one aspect of complex hunter-gather systems the overlap of sites with certain landscapes variables. This study will use a GIS-assisted reinterpretation of a selection of sites found within Schenevus Creek during the I-88 project. 11:40 Noon Industrial Progress in the Adirondacks: The Archeological Evidence and Implications of the Transition from Extractive Enterprises to Renewable Energy Robert Quiggle and Matthew Kirk (HDR Engineering, Inc., Hydropower Services, Syracuse, NY/Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.) Archaeological investigations along several major river valleys in the Adirondack region of New York State have revealed a progression of industries that mirror the larger social trends of the region. This paper explores the progression of waterpowered industries from simple sawmills to hydroelectric plants along segments of the Oswegatchie, Black, Raquette, and Salmon Rivers through the archaeological and historical record. Recent investigations at hydroelectric facilities demonstrate how the changes in technology and material culture are visible in both intra-site features and larger regional patterns. An interpretation of these features within the context of regional technological transitions also reects the changing attitudes towards and uses of the Adirondack landscape during the historic period. A regional synthesis of these changes provides a unique entry point into the economic, political, and social changes in the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York from the late 1800s through the 1960s. The industrial history and 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 11 of 25

archaeology of the region also challenges popular histories of the Adirondacks as an idyllic and natural landscape. Finally, the archaeological integrity of these various industrial complexes is addressed. Many of the historic hydroelectric projects have been altered, but the combination of the regional decline in the extractive economy, the forever wild designation of the Adirondack State Park, and the federal licensing process for hydroelectric projects have left many features of these projects remarkably intact. As a whole, the existing hydroelectric projects in the Adirondack Region of New York State retain a uniquely comprehensive record of nearly a century of industrial development.

Saturday Afternoon Dekin Symposium Cont.

1:40 2:00 Ceremonial Landscapes and Battleelds at Nipsachuck during King Philips War Doug Harris (Narragansett Indian Tribal Historic Preservation Ofce) Paul Robinson (Department of Anthropology, Rhode Island College) Two major conicts in King Philips War (1675-1676) took place at Nipsachuck, an area in northern Rhode Island that includes about 14,000 thousand acres of hills, swamps, elds and streams. Although this area is historically identied as the place where these battles were fought, the actual battleeld locations are unmarked and unknown. In recognition of the historical importance of Nipsachuck, the Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission, the Narragansett Indian Tribal Historic Preservation Ofce and the Blackstone Valley Historical Society formed a research partnership, and with funding from the National Park Services American Battleeld Protection Program, are conducting a multi-year, phased project to identify and protect the Nipsachuck Battleelds and their associated sites. The rst phase of the project is complete: we have gathered and synthesized the historical eye-witness accounts of the battles and the colonial land records; we have completed military terrain analysis, and have researched tribal oral history to dene the likely battleeld locations within the larger Nipsachuck area. In 2012 these will be tested archaeologically to provide material evidence of the battles. A key insight comes from Tribal oral history which establishes the essential importance of the area to indigenous people and also suggests why Nipsachuck recurred as a choice military target during the war. The oral history recounts that Nipsachuck was a regional place of signicant ceremony and that during times of great crisis, Nipsachucks spiritual usage would have been heightened, creating a predictable place for colonial military interception.

The Great Narragansett Swamp

King Philip's War: Based on the Archives and Records of Massachusetts ... By George William Ellis, John Emery Morris. 1906.

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2:00 2:20 The Revolutionary War Battle of Chelsea Grounding the Historical Narrative through Cultural Landscape Analysis Victor T. Mastone, (Massachusetts Board of Underwater Archaeological Resources) Craig J. Brown (Historical Archeology Program, University of Massachusetts, Boston) Christopher V. Maio (Department of Environmental, Earth, and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston) Overshadowed by the iconic battles at Concord/Lexington and Bunker Hill, the Battle of Chelsea Creek is often overlooked as part of the siege of Boston. On May 27-28, 1775, American militia forces raided British forage and supplies on the northern shore of Boston Harbor. A running engagement with British marines and armed vessels ensued. The British forces were unsuccessful; a major result of the battle was the capture and destruction of the schooner HMS Diana. Today, the area is a heavily modied urban-industrial landscape and the associated development activities obscured, damaged, or destroyed the major landscape features of the battleeld, archeological resources associated with the battle, and any attempts to recovery the historic landscape and restore the viewshed of the battleeld. The historical narrative (primary and secondary sources), by itself, lacked precision or detail and was unreliable to delineate the battleeld and identify its component features. With funding from the National Park Services American Battleeld Protection Program, a geospatial and temporal assessment of the location, extent, and preservation potential of the Chelsea Creek battleeld and its associated cultural resources. By re-examining the documentary record and using GIS analysis, a digital elevation model, and a military terrain model (KOCOA), this investigation created a high resolution spatial and temporal dataset of Bostons historical landscape during the time of the American Revolution. The visualization and geospatial analysis of landscapes and signicant historical events greatly enhances the understanding of temporal and spatial interactions between these events and the physical landscape upon which they occurred. 2:20 2:40 How Battleelds Disappear John] Knoerl ( Program Manager, National Park Service, WASO CRGIS Program, Washington, DC) Conicts among competing priorities such as preservation and urban development have been in play ever since the National Historic Preservation Act was signed into law in 1966. Resolving these conicts is often hampered by our inability to visualize the nature of the conict. In the case of Civil War battleelds, urban development tends to fragment these landscapes. One of the signicant contributions Al Dekin made to graduate education in archaeology was introducing an inter-disciplinary focus to our research. For instance, he often used methods from the elds of historical geography, cultural ecology, and climatology in his Northeastern teaching and advising. This paper borrows from the eld of landscape ecology, extracting a set of landscape metrics, including fragmentation analysis, and applies these on two battleelds in Virginia using Geographic Information Systems. The results suggest that it may be possible to use this information along with other considerations to map out a strategy for protecting key areas that optimally function to halt continued fragmentation of the landscape.

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Poster Session (poster room)

2-3PM The Squawkie Hill Mounds
Timothy C. Lloyd, Ph.D., RPA (John Milner Associates, Inc.) Peter Leach, RPA (John Milner Associates, Inc.) Daniel Welch, RPA (Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.) The first site to demonstrate the influence of Ohio Hopewell mortuary ceremonialism in western New York was Squawkie Hill, located on a bluff overlooking the Genesee River gorge. In the 1930s Arthur Parker sent a young William Ritchie to excavate mounds at Squawkie Hill. Ritchies excavations revealed Ohio Hopewell artifacts and mound construction techniques. Over the subsequent decades additional mounds showing Ohio Hopewell influence were identified in the region, and Ritchie eventually defined the Squawkie Hill Phase of the Hopewellian cultural manifestation in the northeast. The location of the Squawkie Hill mounds was lost over the 75 years that have lapsed since Ritchies excavations. This poster presents the results of the relocation of the mounds through the use of geophysical prospection. The mound remnants were identified with ground-penetrating radar, and a recently-developed electromagnetic induction device called a Profiler. The results suggest that there were mound characteristics that went unnoticed during the 1930s excavations.

Mystery Solved, Backyard Archaeology in the Historic Stockade, Schenectady, NY

Laurel Berbach, Karen Bruhn and Ronald Kingsley ( Schenectady County Community College-Community Archaeology Program) The display focuses on excavation of a buried stone structure discovered in the back yard at 32 Front Street. The excavation, by students of the program under the leadership of Ronald Kingsley, revealed the structure was a deep but small underground ice vault that was built for the preservation and storage of perishable foods for residents of the household. Artifacts indicate that the vault was constructed sometime during the early 1800s, but was eventually abandoned, filled and buried during the first quarter of the 20th century when refrigeration became available.

Saturday Afternoon Presentations related to pre-contact Archeology

3:20 3:40 A Cluster of Ground Stone Tools on the Lower Hudson Scott Horecky and John Phillips (Lower Hudson Chapter-NYSAA) Several stone tools have been located on the tidally inundated Hudson River shoreline at Croton Point in northern Westchester County. These tools include a full groove stone axe, pestles, adzes, and a celt. Traces of a contact period Algonquin (Wappinger Kitchawank) palisade as well as 5,000 BP or older oyster middens are present nearby. Local site excavations at Croton Point (Fiedel 1983-85); Piping Rock (Brennan/Wingerson 1973-1977) and Dogan Point (Brennan 1968-1972; Claussen 1987-1993) produced evidence of extensive Archaic, Transitional and Woodland occupations along this stretch of the Hudson River's eastern shore. However, the sites surroundings are extensively disturbed. As a result, specic cultural associations may remain unclear. Over the last three hundred and fty years, Croton Points landscape has been altered by agriculture, clay mining, brick manufacture, railroad construction, public recreation and waste disposal. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the source, age and relevance of the above-mentioned prehistoric artifacts with an understanding and accounting for historic disruptions, as well as the mixing of eroded tidal shoreline deposits. 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 14 of 25

3:40 4:00 Exploring the Organization of Stone Tool Production at Two Prehistoric Cayuga Village Sites) Sandra Katz and Kathleen M.S. Allen (Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh) Using a multi-scalar approach, we explored the organization of stone tool production at two prehistoric Cayuga village sites, Parker Farm and Carman, located on the west side of Cayuga Lake, upstate New York. We applied Cowans (1994) approach to lithic analysis in order to compare stone tool and debitage assemblages from selected features within one house at each site. Our goal was to determine if these sites played different roles within the settlement system, during their respective time periods approximately 1525-1550 A.D. for Parker Farm, the late 1500s for Carman. We then did a ner-grained analysis of the domestic organization of stone tool production at the Parker Farm house. Specically, we examined the extent to which two tool production strategies ake tools from cores, and biface production were distributed between a nuclear family compartment and a public vestibule area. Our analyses paint a complex portrait of stone tool production at these sites. The inter-site comparison revealed more evidence of bifacial tool production in the Carman lithic assemblage, more evidence of core aking in the Parker Farm assemblage. However, the intra-house analysis at Parker Farm showed that both forms of tool production took place, at different functional areas. Specically, intensive bifacial tool production took place at one bench area within the nuclear family compartment, while intensive core aking took place at the east side of the vestibule area. Ongoing analyses will sharpen our understanding of the distribution of tool production strategies within the Parker Farm house, and within two Carman houses. 4:00 4:20 A Non-site Analysis of the Robert Simonds Site (NYSM #12357) Steve Moragne (New York State Museum Cultural Resources Survey Program) A 2011 Phase IB survey performed by staff of the New York State Museums Cultural Resource Survey Program near Syracuse, NY identied a large, multicomponent site on the north bank of the Seneca River. In the course of preparing the project report there was a need to better differentiate intra-site space to rene the future work recommendations and help maximize unit placement in the event that a Phase II Site Exam was requested. To that end, a research strategy borrowing the concepts of distributional or non-site archaeology, typically applied to larger areas or landscapes, was applied to the distributions of artifacts, and to some characteristics of those artifacts, within the project area. This analysis revealed patterns and details that can aide in developing research questions and help any future work at this site locate units in order to most efciently demonstrate its research potential. 4:20 4:40 Knapping Lessons from Fractography, Using Normanskill Chert Are Tsirk (Fractography Consultant, Upper Montclair, NJ) The objective is to show that greater use of fractography can improve interpretations in lithic technology. Assessment of the workability of lithic materials can be improved by combining the subjective lithic grade scale of 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 15 of 25

Callahan (1979) with objective measures for fracture toughness by Domanski and others. Specic fractographic information is incorporated in examples of lithic analysis with Normanskill chert. The meaning of some artifacts is claried and some surprising conclusions on biface breakage are drawn. Reference is made to new but useful fracture markings for Normanskill chert. It is shown that identical or very similar results may occasionally be due to very different causes. This paper is a companion to Fractography Lessons from Knapping presented at the 2011 conference on Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics. 4:40 5:00 The relationship of Pottery Motifs to the Everyday Life of Prehistoric Peoples in the Upper Delaware Valley Fred Assmus (Orange County Chapter-NYSAA, treasurer, NYSAA) A look at pottery vessels from the earliest stone vessels to clay vessels of the early Contact Period. The results of 50 years of study on more than 28 sites in the Upper Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. How tempering was used to make the earliest clay pottery. How motifs imitated what was seen in everyday life at different times in the study area. A look at how the changing landscape affected styles and motifs. How this analysis should work in other areas of the Northeast and North America in general.

Mohawk Iroquois Longhouse

(NYS Museum)

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Saturday Evening Keynote Lecture

Keynote speaker: David Johnson, (President, Orange County Chapter, NYSAA)

Photo provided.

Analyzing Archaeology in New York State based on Peruvian and Southwestern United States Surveys
Although Johnson has been associated with New York State archaeology for the last 45 years, he didnt realize something was missing until 1996 when he recognized a correlation existed between Perus Nasca Lines and groundwater. During the last fteen years his research team has provided considerable evidence indicating many of the ancient Nasca Lines map the course of groundwater from the Andes, across Peru and Chiles coastal desert, to the Pacic coast. Eventually he expanded his study to include the southwestern United States and found a similar correlation existed with Chacoan Roads, archaeological sites and groundwater in Arizona and New Mexico. This lead him to wonder if Native Americans used surface features to map groundwater within those regions could they have used a similar technique in New York State for the same purpose. Interestingly, preliminary data suggests this theory may also apply to the northeastern states. David Johnson has been a member of the New York State Archaeology Association since he was sixteen years old. He is a National Geographic recipient in Research and Exploration for his research on the Nasca Lines and has written several articles and a book on his research. Currently he is collaborating with archaeologists in Peru, Arizona, New Mexico and New York to develop a better understanding of how ancient Native Americans were able to locate and map groundwater resources. 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 17 of 25

Sunday morning (4/29)

Presentations related to post-contact Archaeology-session 1
8:20 8:40 Archaeological and Architectural and Investigations: Recreating the Original Roof-Lines of two Early 18th century Dutch Houses in Ulster County, NY. Joseph E. Diamond (Mid-Hudson Chapter NYSAA,SUNY New Paltz) John Stevens, James Decker (Hudson Valley Vernacular Architecture) Archaeological investigations in 2004 at the Matthewis Persen House in Kingston, NY located red earthenware pan tile fragments near the southeast corner of the First Phase of the building, indicating an early form of roong material on the house. Recently, historical restoration on the Elmendorph House in Hurley NY located pan tile fragments along an original second story knee wall in the First Phase of the building. Subsequent archaeological examination of a yard area behind the Elmendorph house in 2011 yielded large amounts of red earthenware pan tiles. An architectural examination of the two houses, and their construction histories, has determined that the two are very similar. Each began as a steep gable-fronted stone structure with parapets and probably vlechtingen (or tumbling). These structures were removed when the buildings were later turned parallel to the street, and expanded by additional construction episodes. 8:40 9:00 Taking a Break on the Catskill Turnpike: Archaeological Investigations at the Andrew Mann Inn David Moyer (Upper Susquehanna Chapter NYSAA,Chenango Chapter, NYSAA) In 2011, the Upper Susquehanna Chapter of the NYSAA conducted archaeological investigations at the Andrew Mann Inn, which is located in the Town of Unadilla, Otsego County, New York. The inn was constructed in the 1790s to serve travelers along the Catskill Turnpike and is believed to have been one of the rst buildings constructed in the area following the American Revolution. Archaeological testing was conducted at the request of the owner in anticipation of planned construction along the foundation and in the yard. Excavation consisted of digging a grid of small, one foot square test pits within the yard area to look for artifact concentrations and to gain an understanding of how landscape usage changed over time. These excavations also gave us the opportunity to examine the popular local tradition that Andrew Mann forbade alcohol consumption on the premises. As a result of our testing we sampled a mere one percent of the site, leaving the remaining 99% untouched. While small, this one percent sample provided much of the same information that a large scale excavation would have given us while leaving the site relatively intact. The results demonstrate how avocational archaeology can produce important information about the past through the limited systematic excavation of sites actively in danger due to construction and development. 9:00 9:20 Digging at the Crossroads: Location and Community Memory Den Rivera (Metropolitan Chapter, NYSAA) Archaeological excavation has been undertaken to investigate the Croft House in Putnam Valley, New York. The property location at the intersection of two major roadways indicates that it was highly visible in a trafcked area, and oral history 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 18 of 25

regarding the house indicates that the site was a Revolutionary War Tavern. North American historical archaeology tends to give credence to oral accounts, but in the absence of tangible evidence, some stories are met with a degree of healthy skepticism. An important component of this project is the community, who played a key role in the decision to excavate the property. Evidence regarding the relevance of the property in the past that contradicts existing beliefs may (or may not) alter its meaning to the current community. However, the signicance of the property to the community both then and now must be incorporated to gain a full understanding of this relationship. 9:20 9:40 Preliminary Findings from the N.A. White and Sons Pottery, Utica, New York: The Craft of Stoneware Pottery and Changes in Consumer Culture. Corey D. McQuinn (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.) In October 2011, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) sponsored a Phase II site evaluation of the N.A. White and Sons Pottery site for the reconstruction of an urban highway arterial. Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc. uncovered several features pertaining to stoneware production during two major phases of the potterys operation. The Whites produced stoneware that became both a national bestseller during the last half of the nineteenth century as well as a sought-after collectible in the 21st century. Excavation of the White Pottery site uncovered two large dump features from the 1850-1860s and from the very end of the potterys production in the 1900s. In addition, archaeologists found domestic contexts associated with the home of Charles White, bookkeeper and son of founder Noah White. Artifacts from the site included hundreds of crude, expediently made kiln furniture juxtaposed with the artistically made molded vessels the rm became known for in the 1890s. Archaeological contexts demonstrate both changing production technology and the personal effects of one of the owners, which appears to be an unprecedented combination of material culture. 9:40 10:00 Dutch Sent Me: A Clandestine Bootleg Distillery in Pine Plains, New York Andy Krievs (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.) Recent archeological investigations conducted in the Town of Pine Plains, Dutchess County, revealed evidence of a clandestine bootleg distillery consisting of an underground bunker and several outbuildings connected by a series of tunnels. The facility was in operation for less than six months before it was raided on October 6, 1931, by Department of Justice ofcers working out of the New York City Ofce of Prohibition. The archeological investigations conducted at the Dutch Spirits Site provided a unique opportunity to investigate and document the remains of a bootleg-era distillery operation. To date, there is very little in the archeological record regarding prohibition sites and documentary research on such sites has proven difcult other than the occasional newspaper article or local folklore. According to legend, the facility supplied alcohol for Dutch Schultzs bootleg organization. The uniqueness of the site should provide added incentive for others in the eld to recognize and investigate other possible bootleg-era sites in the Lower Hudson Valley. 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 19 of 25

Presentations related to post-contact Archaeology-session 2

10:20 10:40 Inexpensive and Poorly Made: The Behaviors that Produce Trash Matthew Kirk (Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc.) The disposal of trash into privies and sheet middens are closely related; as they are highly inuenced by City ordinances, neighborhood responses to trash management, and idiosyncratic behaviors of families and individuals. I will discuss various formation processes and how they shape these urban features and related deposits in West Utica during the late nineteenth century. The city with the rst Woolworths discount store was also one of the rst to struggle with the mounting trash generated from an emerging disposable, consumer culture. I will also explore how these formation processes might be extrapolated to a variety of other sites from late precontact times to the present, as people of the past perceived trash in a different manner than modern Americans. 10:40 11:00 Paradise to Parking Lot: Exploring the Good Life at the Woodcliff Lodge Historic Site, Poughkeepsie, New York Abigail L. Herlihy (Adirondack Chapter, NYSAA) Established in the late 19th century by John Flack Winslow, founder of Troy Ironworks and nancier of the Union Navys rst ironclad warship, the USS Monitor, the Woodcliff estate, located in Poughkeepsie, New York, was well-known for its park-like design and sylvan beauty associated with the landscape architectural ideals of Andrew Downing. Upon the death of Winslows widow, the property was converted into the Woodcliff Pleasure Park, touted for its beautiful setting and world records-holding roller coaster, The Blue Streak. Following the economic decline of the 1930s and increasing racial tensions, the park closed in 1941. The land lay abandoned until the mid-1950s when it was purchased for heavy equipment storage by Costanzi Construction, a local rm. The subsequent 1992 purchase of the property by Marist College resulted in an archeological survey of the campus which lead to the ultimate identication of the Woodcliff Lodge Historic Site the north gatehouse of the estate and residence of the Winslows head gardeners and their families. Consisting of the razed remains of the north lodge foundation (the gardeners home) and its associated features such as a 19th-century internal self-ltering cistern and a midden/privy complex, as well as several early 20th-century features including a capped well and septic system, the site provided a wealth of information, not only on the daily lives of the working class, but also on the changing values of society from the mid-1800s through the early 1940s. 11:00 11:20 Silver Braid Louise Basa and Thomas Blaber (Schenectady County Community College, Community Archaeology Program) 32 Front Street is located in the Stockade, a historical center of Schenectady, New York, and a neighborhood known for containing the largest collection of authentic colonial houses of any neighborhood in the United States. Excavation of this property began when the owner, Robert Woods, decided to renovate his home. The original intent of the excavation was to locate a part of the seventeenth century wall surrounding the stockade that was burnt down during the 1690s 96th Annual Conference of the New York State Archaeological Association page 20 of 25

attack. Although this wall was not discovered, several separate ndings allow for considerable insight into seventeenth through twentieth century life in Schenectady. These include military artifacts, silver and British coins, ornate ceramics and numerous food supplies. Of particular interest was a woven silk and silver military braid. In the following paper, I will discuss the process leading to the discovery of a possible mid-1700s architectural feature where the silver braid was found, as well as the implications of this discovery in the context of the site for local New York history. 11:20-11:40 Iona Island Donald Bayne (Orange County Chapter-NYSAA) Iona Island has been used from the dawn of man in the Hudson Valley. Native Americans have used the area in their migratory life since the glacial period ended. Hunting and shing provided sustenance for them in their way of life. In 1683, the Dutch purchased the island for the Native Americans and settled there until the island was again sold in the 1840S. It eventually became one of the birthplaces of American Viticulture by Dr. C.W. Grant. The island was resold around 1869 and became a summer resort with amusements and a hotel. In 1899, the U.S. Navy purchased the island and built a munitions depot used to supply munitions for WW1 and WW2. In 1965, the island was purchased by the Palisades Interstate Park System. Today it a Bald Eagle Sanctuary and closed to the public. It is amazing the transformation this island has experienced and the part it has played in the shaping of our countrys history.

Doc Bayne leading a tour of Iona Island.

Photo by Clifton Patrick. 2009.

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1:30 4:00

Field Trip: Fishkill Cantonment & Van Wyck Historical House, Fishkill, NY

In 1683 Francis Rombout purchased 85,000 Acres of land from the Wappinger Indians which includes most of todays Southern Dutchess County. Francis Rombout was a former Mayor of New Amsterdam before the British settlers took over lower Manhattan and renamed it New York. The Dutch settlers migrated north up the North River and established new communities along the Hudson River Peekskill, Fishkill, Spackenkill, Cobleskill, Catskill, etc. Many consider the history of Fishkill as beginning in 1709 with the establishment of a Homestead and Grist Mill by Francis Rombouts daughter Catharyna Rombout Brett and her husband Roger Brett in Fishkill Landing (now Beacon). In 1732, Cornelius Van Wyck purchased 959 Acres of land from Madam Brett and built a small two-room house - the present east wing and kitchen area of the Van Wyck Homestead. About 25 years later, ca. 1757, the west wing was added with four large rooms downstairs, and bedrooms upstairs. The Homestead had 4 replaces for warmth. After the start of the American Revolution in April 1775, General George Washington placed General Israel Putnam in command of about 2,000 Continental Soldiers stationed in Fishkill, New York. Also at this time, Benjamin Franklin, as Postmaster General, established six Regional Post Ofces: Boston, MA; Hartford, Conn; Fishkill, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Williamsburg, VA; (now "Colonial Williamsburg") and Charleston, SC, so mail correspondence between the New England Colonies and Philadelphia and the Southern Colonies passed through Fishkill, New York. Travelers going from New York City to Albany, or Fort Ticonderoga, rode or walked along the "Albany Post Road" - now Route 9 - so Fishkill, New York was strategically located and was essentially the "Crossroads of the Colonies" during the Revolutionary War. Unfortunately for the Van Wyck family, in 1776 General Israel Putnam - under General Washington's orders - requisitioned the Van Wyck Homestead as Ofcers' Headquarters for the Continental Army stationed here in Fishkill. Over 2,000 Continental Soldiers were

Photo provided.

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put in charge of the Fishkill Supply Depot, (1776-1783) which was the most important supply area for the New England Colonies including New York and Pennsylvania. Cannons, cannon balls, muskets, uniforms, blankets, etc., manufactured in these colonies were shipped to the Fishkill Supply Depot for distribution to the Continental Army as needed. Equipment and supplies used during the Battle of Trenton, NJ (Dec. 1776), the Battle of Saratoga, NY (Oct. 1777), and at Valley Forge, PA (winter encampment 1777 -1778), most-likely came from the Fishkill Supply Depot. Hundreds of Continental Soldiers and Militia who died either in a battle, or from wounds sustained in a battle, or from disease are buried in an unmarked graveyard on the grounds of the Fishkill Supply Depot a short distance from the Van Wyck Homestead. This graveyard was discovered during archeological digs in the Spring of 2007. It is the largest Revolutionary War Continental Army burial site, and it has been referred to as New Yorks Valley Forge. Hopefully the ten acres surrounding their graves will be preserved as a Historic Site.

Map provided.

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New York State Archaeological Association

nysaa-web.org

Incorporated Orange County Chapter NYSAA

sites.google.com/site/ioccnysaa

New York State Historic Preservation Ofce

http://nysparks.com/historic-sites/