Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(Principles of Constitution in Holy Quran)
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(Principles of Constitution in the Hadith)
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(Supreme
Authority of Almighty Allah and Holy Prophet)
(Q u r a n & Sun na h
Supreme Law of State)
(Supremacy of Judiciary)
(Essentaility of Enforcement of
Constitution)
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(Rule of Law)
(Q u a li f ic a t io n f or
Constitutional and Political Office)
(Muslim Head of State)
(State Responsibilities
as Trust)
(C ons t it ut iona l St a t us of
Trustee for every Citizen)
(Conditional Superordination
of State)
(Adult Franchise)
(No Gender Disc rimina tion in
Adult Franchise)
(D iffer enc e of O pinion a s
Fundamental Right)
(Respect of Majority Opinion)
(Elec t e d a nd
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Representative Govt)
(Structure of Govt System)
(Govt - a Bilateral Contract)
(Pur pos e of Gov t :
Maintenance of Justice & Welfare System)
(Duties & Rights of Govt
& People)
(Vice regency of Holy
Prophet in Exercise of Govt Powers)
(Guarentee of Religious Freedom)
(Guarentee of Political Freedom)
(Guarentee of Equal Human
Rights)
(Accountability in Exercise of
Govt Powers)
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(Constitutional Aspect of Seerah )
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(Analysis of Constitution of Madina)
(Fundamental Principles of Constitution of M adina)
(Real & ultimate Soveresiguty of Almighty Allah )
(State Authority of the Holy Prophet )
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Written Constitution
Establishment
of State
Spirit of Democracy
Moral Foundation of State
(Establishment of Multi Cultural Society)
NationalUnity
(Recognition of Different Nations of State)
System
of State
Devolution of Authority
Balance of Powers
Regional Autonomy
Rule of Law
(Recognition of Local Customs & Laws)
Economics Self Reliance
Defence Pacts & Alliances
Contemporary Distinctions
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(Guarantee of Fundamental Human Rights)
(Protection of Religious Freedom)
(Protection of Minority Rights)
(Gaurantee of Constitution's Enforcement)
(Eradication of Conspiracies)
(Madina was Declared Sanctuary)
Watt
M. Watt
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medina'. (1)
(1) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p . 4.
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document
Thus the t er m 'M essenger of G od' in cont r ast t o
'Pr ophet' may indicate that the pr actical and political
ac t i v i t y in whi c h M u hamm ad e ngag ed w as
commissioned by God. If we look mor e gener ally at
the r elat ion between r eli gi on and p oli ti c s, i t is
helpful to consider fir st the place of r eligion in the
life of an individual. In the case of a per son to whom
r eligion means something and is not a mer ely nominal
adher ence, two points may be emphasized. Fir st, the
ideas of his r eligion constitute the intellectual fr ame
- wor k wit hin whic h he sees all hi s act iv ity t aki ng
place. It is fr om this r elationship to a wider context
that his act i vi ti es gai n t heir signif ic ance, and a
consi der at ion of thi s r elationship may influence hi s
gener al plan for his life in par ticular ways. Secondly,
because r eli gion br i ngs an awar eness of this wid er
context in which the possible aims for a man's life ar e
set , it may of t en gener ate t he mot iv es f or hi s
ac t iv i ty ; i ndeed, wi t hout t he mot i ves gi ven b y
r eligion some activities cannot be car r ied out. Fr om
these two points it is seen that r eligion has a centr al
posi tion in a man's life, not because it d eter mines
many of the details (though in some cases it may),
but because it giv es him gener al ai ms i n life and
help s t o c onc ent r ate his ener gies i n t he pur sui t of
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these aims.(1)
(1) Watt Mont gome r y W att, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 28.
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Preliminaries
(Supreme Authority of State)
Fundamental Principles
FundamentalRights
Legislation
(Judiciary)
(Executive Matters)
(State defence)
(Foriegn Affairs)
Minorities
Continuty of System
Constitution of
Madina & World Constitutions: Development &
Execution
Preliminaries
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(Concept of Constitutional Nation)
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(1) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 4.
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confederation
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(Supreme Authority & Sovereignty of State)
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Allah & Prophet Muhammad are the Sovereign
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(Law Giving Authority
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Vicegerency
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(State Matters would be under Constitution)
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(2) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 6.
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(Prohibition of Violating Law)
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(Distinguished Status of Muslim Ummah)
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(Observance of International Treaties)
(Protection of Fundamental Human Rights)
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Right
of Constitutional Identity
(Right of Constitutional Equality)
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Right of Equality in Obedience of Law
(Right to Continue Just Laws)
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(Right of State Security on Abiding State Law)
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(Freedom from the Penalty of Undone Crimes)
(Right of Protection from Unjust Favouritism)
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(Right of Religious Freedom )
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(Right of Cousultation in State Matters)
(Legislation)
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(Recognition of Local Laws and Conventions)
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(Judiciary)
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Double Way Traffic
(Secretaries)
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Financial Management Budgeting
(Resistance against Aggression & Terrorism)
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(Resistance against Human Killings)
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(Equal Enforcement of Retaliation Law)
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(State Defence)
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(Eradication of State Enemies)
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(Prohibition of Conspiracy Against Islamic State)
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(Responsibility of State Defence)
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(Right to Retaliate the Bloodshed)
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(Right of Protection from Mutual Warfare)
Right of Life
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peace covenant/pact treaty pledge
alliance treaty
A tr eaty i s a wr itt en agr eement by whi ch two or
mor e States or inter national or ganizations cr eate or
intend t o c r eat e a r elati on between t hemselves
oper ating within the spher e of inter national law.(3)
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1. For m
2. Pr eamble
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Principles of
Foreign Policy
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(Guarantee of Promotion of Peace & Security)
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(Principle of Peaceful Coexistence )
(Reconciliation & Peace is Subject to Constitution)
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(Constitutional Doc uments of Madina's Foreign Polic y)
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(Minorit ies)
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(Right of Life for Minorities)
ii
(Guarantee of c onstitutional & legal equality )
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(Protec tion of the Rights of Minorities)
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(Minorities' rights in constitutional documents of Seerah
)
in letter and spirit
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(Continuity of system is collective responsibility)
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Constitution
Sovereignty
Legislation
G ov ernment
as S ocial C ontract
Government as Trust
Constitution
constit utio constitution
Cons titution of A thens Politics Arist ot le
Nicomachean Ethics
(1) i. M erriam Webs ter's Diction ary of Law, 1996.
ii. The American Heritage, Stedman 's M edical Diction ary,
1995.
(2) i. Ar istotle, The Politics an d the Con s titution of Athen
,s
pp. x v, x vii.
ii. Ar istotle, Nicomachean Ethics, p. 151.
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A Consti tuti on may be said t o b e a c ollect ion of
pr inci ples ac cor d i ng to whi ch the power s of t he
gover nment , t he r i ght s of t he gover ned and the
r elations between the two ar e adjusted. (1 )
The Const itution may b e a deliber ate c r eati on on
paper , it may be found in one document which itself
is alter ed or amended as time and gr owth demand,
or it may be a bundle of separ ate laws given special
author ity as the laws of the constitution. (2 )
It may be that the bases of the constitution ar e fixed
in one or two fundamental laws while the r est of it
dep end s f or i t s aut hor i t y up on t he f or c e of
customs. (3 )
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A state said to have a constitution when its or gans
and their funtions ar e definitly ar r anged and ar e not
subject to the whim of some despot.(1 )
Sovereignty
(1) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(2) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 47 .
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The ter m sover eignty means above or super ior to all
other s, the gr eatest & supr eme i n power , r ank or
author ity. ( )
Sover eignty is the most absolute & per petual power
over citizens and subjects in a state and itself and
was not subject to the law but above all laws. He
who r ecei ved or der s or laws fr om other s was not
sover eign, for sov er ei gnty was indi v isib le by i ts
natur e. (3)
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Legislation
(1) Ber nar d Cr ick, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, pp. 80, 81.
(2) Har old J. Laski, Authority in the M odern State
, p. 167.
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wher eas Wester n thought r egar ds legislation as
the hi ghest ac tiv ity of the state, Islamic polit ic al
philosophy admitted legislation only as a par t of the
judicial pr ocedur e.(1)
Laws ar e divinely made. The or dinances may var y in
scope but not in str ingency. Ever y or der issuing fr om
Him car r ies t he same for ce. T he only indif fer ent
ar eas ar e those wher e lack of infor mation bar s man
fr om t he knowled ge of Allah's d etailed r egulat ions,
and by var ious methods the community makes effor ts
to supply the unkonwn instr uctions. Law is intended
as the complement of faith r egulating man's actions
inasmuch as faith r egulates his beliefs.(2)
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Islam is in essence an equilibr ium and union, it does
not p r i mar ily sub li mat e the will by sacr if ice, but
neutr alizes it by the law.(1)
Hamilton A. R. Gibb
B ut ap ar t al t oge t her f r om i t s i nt e llec t ual
pr e- eminenc e and scholastic f unct ion, Islamic Law
was the most f ar - r eaching and eff ec ti ve agent in
moulding the social or der and the community life of
the Muslim peoples. By its ver y compr ehensiveness it
exer ted a steady pr essur e upon all pr ivate and social
ac t i v i t i es, set t i ng a st and ar d t o whi c h t hey
confor med mor e and mor e closely as time went on,
in sp i te of t he r esi st anc e of anc ient hab it s and
time-honour ed customs, especially amongst the mor e
independent nomadic and mountain tr ibes. Mor eover ,
Islami c Law gave p r ac ti c al exp r essi on t o t he
char acter istic Muslim quest for unity. In all essentials
it was unifor m, although the var ious schools differ ed
in p oi nt s of detai l. To i ts op er ati on was due t he
str iking, conver gence of social ideals and ways of life
thr oughout the medi eval Muslim wor ld. It went far
(1) Pr ith Joseph Schacht, Under standing Islam, p. 29.
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T hi s f unc t i on of l aw ac q ui r ed st i l l gr eat e r
signi fi canc e as poli tic al li fe i n the Muslim wor ld
swung ever fur ther away fr om the theocr atic ideal of
Mohammed and his succ essor s. The decli ne of the
Ab b asi d C ali p hat e i n t he t ent h and elev ent h
centur ies opened the door to political disintegr ation,
the usur pation of r oyal author ity by local pr inces and
militar y gover nor s, the r ise and fall of ephemer al
dynasties, and r epeated outbr eaks of civil war . But
however ser iously the political and militar y str ength
of the vast Empir e mi ght b e weakened , the mor al
author ity of the Law was but the mor e enhanced and
held the social fabr ic of Islam compact and secur e
thr ough all the fluctuations of political for tune. (1)
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Rousseau did not give legislative power to the Govt.
Thi nking that i t might b e an eff ec ti ve met hod to
pr event it fr om b ec oming mast er of t he st at e by
usur ping that sover eignty or legislation power , which
could belong only to the people. (1)
(1) Rober t Der athe, Rous s eau, J.J., In t'l En cyclopaedia of the
Social Scien ces, v ol. 13, p. 568 .
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(Government as Social Contract )
Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
The state of natur e was a state of war . For pur poses
of secur it y & gr eater p r otect ion, eac h ind iv id ual
agr eed with other to give up par ts of his individual &
natur al r ights to a man or a gr oup of men who would
gover n & pr otect them & ther e inter ests.(1)
The r uler was not a par t of t he cont r ac t ; the
ind ivi duals mer ely sur r end er ed themselves to the
r uler . (2)
(1) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 14.
(2) Ber nar d Cr i ck, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, p. 79.
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John Locke 16 32 -1 70 4
Indi viduals ent er ed a c ontr act in or der to p r eser ve
thei r nat ur al r i ght s. A c ont r ac t was b et ween
individuals & society, with individuals sur r ender ing a
par t of their r ights to society in or der to secur e and
pr otect their r ights.(1)
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Government as Trust
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John
Civil Government Locke 1632-1704
'Gov er nment was c r eated in or der to car r y out t he
administr at iv e wor k as a "tr ust" or an "agent " on
behalf of the community. (2)
Jean Jacques
Rousseau 1712-1778
Limitation of Government
Powers
He made a di sti ncti on between sover eign p ower &
gov er nment wi t h gov er nment to hi m b ei ng an
"executive agent" of the sover eign power . (3)
(2) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 17.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 18.
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The elite not masses, gover n Amer ica.(2)
King John I
Magna Carta 12 15
Habeas Corpus
16 47 4
Constitutional Monarchy
17 00 (Bill of Rights) 16 89
The Parliament Act 19 11 The Act of Settlement
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17 89
18 65
18 68 80
No State shall make or enfor ce any law which shall
abr idge the pr ivileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State depr ive any per son
of life, liber ty, or pr oper ty, without due pr ocess of
law; nor deny to any per son within its jur isdiction the
equal pr otection of the laws.
(1) Ra lp h Ke tcha m, Th e An ti -F ed er al is t P ap er s an d t he
Con s titution al Con ven tion Debates
, p p . 10, 31.
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92 19 72 22
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Charles Austin Beard - 18 74 –1 94 8
The older wr it t en menti oned c onsti tuti on i s t he
Constitution of United States. Only four nations
Nor way, Ar gentina, Luxembour g & Colembia have
consti tutions that wer e wr it ten p r ior t o 1900 and
only 15 contempor ar y national constitutions existed
befor e Wor ld War -II.(2 )
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Commonwea lt h of Aus tr a ilia
Constitution Act, 19 00
Commonwealth of Australia
Statute of shared monarchy
Australia Act Westminster
Declaration of Rights of Man
Secular
Democratic Republic
Basic Law for the Federal
Republic of Germany
Federal
Republic
Refer end um
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(Ombudsma n)
(Charter of
Madina)
(Watt
Islamic Political Thought M. Watt)
Muhammad's Hijr a or migr ation to Medina in 622 (AD)
mar ks the beginning of his political activity. It was
not that he suddenly acquir ed gr eat political power ,
for in f act hi s power gr ew ver y gr ad ually; b ut the
agr eements into which he enter ed with the clans of
Medi na meant t he establishment of a new bod y
polit ic, and wi thin t hi s body ther e was sc op e for
(1) Ma r t en O o s ti n g, I n t he I n t e r n at i o n a l Om b u ds m a n
An t h o lo g y: Se l e ct ed W r i ti n g s f ro m I n te r n a ti o n a l
Ombuds man In s titute, Kluwer Law In tern ation ,alp. 1.
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(Watt M. Watt)
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medi na. Some of the ar ticles in the constitution deal
with minor matter s, while other s ar e r epetitive. The
essential points defining the natur e of the state (a
par t fr om the functions and pr ivileges of the head of
state) ar e the following :
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v. T he J e ws of v a r i ou s gr ou p s b el ong t h e
community, and ar e to r etain their own r eligion;
they and t he M usli ms ar e t o r end er ' help '
(including militar y aid) to one another when it is
needed. (1)
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The Constituion of Madina
An (G e r h a r d Endres s )
Introduction to Islam
Whether we r ecognise Muhammad as the Pr ophet of
God , or whet her we r egar d the K or an as the
exp r essi on of hi s p er sonali ty , the cr eation of the
Islami c stat e and the unif ici at ion of Ar abi a under
Islam ar e his handiwor k. The fir st impor tant sign of
thi s ac hievement is a document hand ed down by
histor ians i n an ap par ent ly aut henti c for m t he
r egulat ions or 'C onst it uti on' of the c ommunit y of
Medina. This document, pr omulgated soon after the
Hij r a, r egulated te r elati onshi p of t he t r ib es, the
Mec can ' Emigr ants' and the Medinan 'Helper s' and
bound t hem t oget her i n a new lar ger c ommunit y
whic h was not b ased on blood r elationshi ps but on
r eligion. Fr om now onwar ds, ther e stood above the
tr ibes the umma, the community of believer s under
the author ity and pr otection of God and under the
leader ship of Muhammad.(1)
(1) Gar har d Endr ess: An In troduction to Is lam
, p. 31 .
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A History of (Albert Hourani)
the A rab
Peoples
A new political or der was cr eated which included the
whole of the Ar abia peninsula. (1)
(1) Alber t Hour ani, A His tory of t he Arab People, p. 14 .
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52. Alber t Hour ani, A History of the Arab People, Faber
& Faber Limited, 3 Queen Squar e, London, 1991.
53. Ar i st otle, Th e Politic s an d th e C ons titu tion of
Athens, CUP, The Ed inb ur gh B ui ldi ng, Cambr idge,
UK, 1996.
54. Ber nar d C r i ck, "Sovereignty" In t' l Enc yclop edia of
Social Sciences, V ol, 5, NY, Macmillan Co, 1968.
55. Char les Austin Bear d, Whither M ankind: A Panorama
of M odern Civiliz ation , Longmans, G r een & Co.,
1923.
56. Er i c Foner , John A r thur G ar r aty , Th e R ead er' s
Com pan ion to Americ an His tory, Houghton Mif fli n
Co., NY, 1991.
57. Eugene W Hic kok, Th e B ill of R igh ts : O rigin al
M eaning and Current Understanding, The Univer sity
Pr ess of V ir ginia, 1991.
58. Gar har d Endr ess, An Introduction to Islam, Edinbur gh
Univer sity Pr ess & Car ale Hillenbr and, 1994.
59. Gr unebaum, G.E. V on, Is lam (Essays on the natur e
and gr owth of a cultur al tr adition). London, 1955.
60. Hamilton A. R. Gibb, M ohammedanism: An Historical
Survey , Oxfor d Univer sity Pr ess, 1970 .
61. Har old J. Laski, Authority in the M odern State , New
Haven, 1919.
62. Har t, H.L.A., "Austin, John" "Int'l Encyclopedia of the
Social Sciences, vol. 1, NY, Macmillan Co., 1968.
63. Hugh Bowden, Clas sical Athens an d th e Delp hic
Oracle, Divination and Democr acy, CUP, 2005.
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64. James C. Holt, M agna Carta, CUP, T he Edi nbur gh
Building, UK, 1992 .
65. John Patter son, Bill of Rights: Politics, Religion and
the Quest for Justice
66. Julian Hoppit, A Land of liberty?, England 1689-1727,
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