Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
This factor is beyond the control of individual business unit. a business manager will have to adjust his business unit in accordance to this changes in social cultural environment. Business itself is social economic institution and business operates in this social economic environment. This environment is complex in nature. It is difficult to understand the exact changes taking place in this environment.
Meaning of culture
In the narrow sense, Culture refers to activities such as dance, drama, festivals, music etc. But in true sense, culture includes: traditions, customs, preferences, habits, attitude, values, lifestyle, status of women, etc.
According to E.B.Taylor,
Culture is a part of civilization which includes knowledge, belief, art, morale, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society,
According to Kluckhohn
Culture is the total lifestyle of people.
COMPONENT 1) RELIGION: - religion plays an important role in social system. it has considerable influence on business and work culture. it affect beliefs, sentiments , customs , rituals and festival in social system. Religion also influence attitude towards work and wealth. It has its role in deciding nature of business, holidays, working hours, time when people purchase new clothes/domestic appliance etc. Religion has considerable influence on business. Some religions restrict their followers from doing a particular type of business. e.g.:- Jain religion does not allow its follower to engage in leather industry, cigarette manufacturing, wine making, sea food business. Islamic religion prohibits money lending and payment or acceptance of interest . Even Islamic banks do not pay interest to depositors rather these bank distribute a part of their profits to the depositors. 2) SOCIAL VALUES &ATTITUDE Social values refer to beliefs regarding what is right and what is wrong. Different societies have different value system. a particular activity may be promoted by one value system, while the same activity may be condemned by other value system. Value system also affects business activities. One value system may allow the use of corruption / wrong practices to flourish in the business , while the other value system may be against such practices. Business ethics shape the value system of business by setting moral principles and rule of conduct applied to business. Code of ethics determines what is good, what is bad, what should be done and what should not be done etc. Attitude refers to how a person works at a particulars thing, how he perceives the things in a given situation, motivation, moral and other related aspects of human resources management are based on workers attitude to work. Attitude of people towards business largely depends on their culture. How a person looks at his work, depends upon his culture. People of different culture have different attitude towards work. Attitude to work varies from country to country. For example: Japanese are very hard working and they have high positive attitude towards work. So, they have great success in the business.
Education If level of education in a society is high i.e. most of the people are educated then it affects their social values and attitudes in a positive manner. Educated persons can easily distinguish between good and bad, right & wrong. Moreover, education persons have better attitude toward work. Educated even benefit business. Now business houses appoint MBAS as their managers. With the spread of education, our society is becoming a knowledge oriented society and the role of social customer and traditional is reducing. With the spread of education among women, their attitude towards work has changed. Now, they too supplement their family income.
BUSINESS ETHICS Ethics refer to code of conduct and moral principles applicable to business. Ethics shape social values, ethics help the business manager to know what is right and what should be done and what should be done and what should not be done. CONSUMERS PREFERENCES,HABIT&BELIEFS:- people of different culture have different likings, habit, beliefs etc. The companies, who are selling their product among different cultural groups, will have to modify their product according to customer, liking and habit. Different promotional strategies are framed for different cultural groups, who have different preferences, habits and beliefs. for example:- bicycle is promoted as means of transportation in undeveloped countries bicycle manufacturing companies ; while the same product is advertised as exerciser & as sports equipment in developed countries. Similarly promotional strategy for selling motor cycle in underdeveloped countries is to emphasis a low fuel consumption while in developing countries, it is promoted as a means for leisure and sporting.