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BASIC ROUTER CONFIGURATION

NAT121 3 Jerico D. Macatangay

Layer 1: physical layer

The physical layer defines electrical and physical specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium, such as a copper or fiber optical cable. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, cable specifications, hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters (HBA used in storage area networks) and more. The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are:

Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium. Participation in the process whereby the communication resources are effectively shared among multiple users. For example, contention resolution and flow control.

Modulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications channel. These are signals operating over the physical cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) or over a radio link.

Parallel SCSI buses operate in this layer, although it must be remembered that the logical SCSI protocol is a transport layer protocol that runs over this bus. Various physical-layer Ethernet standards are also in this layer; Ethernet incorporates both this layer and the data link layer. The same applies to other local-area networks, such as token ring, FDDI, ITUT G.hn and IEEE 802.11, as well as personal area networks such as Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4.

Layer 2: data link layer

The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. Originally, this layer was intended for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media, characteristic of wide area media in the telephone system. Local area network architecture, which included broadcast-capable multiaccess media, was developed independently of the ISO work in IEEE Project 802. IEEE work assumed sublayering and management functions not required for WAN use. In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802.2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet, and on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used. Sliding window flow control and acknowledgment is used at the transport layer by protocols such as TCP, but is still used in niches where X.25 offers performance advantages.

The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete data link layerwhich provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective repeat Sliding Window Protocol. Both WAN and LAN service arrange bits, from the physical layer, into logical sequences called frames. Not all physical layer bits necessarily go into frames, as some of these bits are purely intended for physical layer functions. For example, every fifth bit of the FDDI bit stream is not used by the layer.

WAN protocol architecture

Connection-oriented WAN data link protocols, in addition to framing, detect and may correct errors. They are also capable of controlling the rate of transmission. A WAN data link layer might implement a sliding window flow control and acknowledgment mechanism to provide reliable delivery of frames; that is the case for Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) and HDLC, and derivatives of HDLC such as LAPB and LAPD.

IEEE 802 LAN architecture

Practical, connectionless LANs began with the pre-IEEE Ethernet specification, which is the ancestor of IEEE 802.3. This layer manages the interaction of devices with a shared medium, which is the function of a media access control (MAC) sublayer. Above this MAC sublayer is the media-independent IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer, which deals with addressing and multiplexing on multiaccess media. While IEEE 802.3 is the dominant wired LAN protocol and IEEE 802.11 the wireless LAN protocol, obsolescent MAC layers include Token Ring and FDDI. The MAC sublayer detects but does not correct errors.

Layer 3: network layer

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination host on a different network, while maintaining the quality of service requested by the transport layer (in contrast to the data link layer which connects hosts within the same network). The network layer performs network routing functions, and might also perform fragmentation and reassembly, and report delivery errors. Routers operate at this layer, sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible. This is a logical addressing scheme values are chosen by the network engineer. The addressing scheme is not hierarchical. The network layer may be divided into three sublayers:

1. Subnetwork access that considers protocols that deal with the interface to networks, such as X.25; 2. Subnetwork-dependent convergence when it is necessary to bring the level of a transit network up to the level of networks on either side 3. Subnetwork-independent convergence handles transfer across multiple networks. An example of this latter case is CLNP, or IPv6 ISO 8473. It manages the connectionless transfer of data one hop at a time, from end system to ingress router, router to router, and from egress router to destination end system. It is not responsible for reliable delivery to a next hop, but only for the detection of erroneous packets so they may be discarded. In this scheme, IPv4 and IPv6 would have to be classed with X.25 as subnet access protocols because they carry interface addresses rather than node addresses. A number of layer-management protocols, a function defined in the Management Annex, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.

Layer 4: transport layer

The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. OSI defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the least features) to class 4 (TP4, designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0-4 classes are shown in the following table:[4]

Feature Name

TP0 TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4

Connection oriented network

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Connectionless network

No No

No No Yes

Concatenation and separation

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Segmentation and reassembly

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Error Recovery

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Reinitiate connection (if an excessive number of PDUs are No Yes No Yes No unacknowledged)

Multiplexing and demultiplexing over a single virtual circuit

No No Yes Yes Yes

Explicit flow control

No No Yes Yes Yes

Retransmission on timeout

No No

No No Yes

Reliable Transport Service

No Yes No Yes Yes

Perhaps an easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a Post Office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. Do remember, however, that a post office manages the outer envelope of mail. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, tunneling protocols operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as IBM's SNA or Novell's IPX over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with IPsec. While Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) might seem to be a network-layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete frames or packets to deliver to an endpoint. L2TP carries PPP frames inside transport packet. Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User

Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI.

Layer 5: session layer

The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls. On this level, Inter-Process_(computing)communication happen (SIGHUP, SIGKILL, End Process, etc.).

PRESENTATION LAYER Provides code formatting & conversion services Code formatting ensures that application have meaningful information to process: Text, data, audio, video, graphics Text and Data Formatting and Conversion Deals w/ data structure used by programs. The Presentation Layer is responsible for syntax conversion bet. System that have differing text and data character representation, such as ASCII Another example is HTML w/ describe how multimedia used on the web should appear on Browser. Presentation Layer functions also includes data encryption. Data can be transmitted w/ its info content protected from unauthorized receiver. Compress text or convert graphics into bit steam

Graphic Formatting & Conversion - PICT- Picture front for MAC - TIFF Tagged Image File Format high resolution bitmap standard picture format.

- JPEG Join Photographic Experts Group

AUDIO /VIDEO FORMATING AND CONVERSION MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group QuickTime audio/video for Apple MAC bit rate up to 1.5 mbps

Session Layer Establishes, manages & terminates communication session between applications. Coordinate service request and responses that occurs when application communicate between Different host.

Request 01 Reply1

Request 02 Reply 02

The following are examples of session - layer protocols and interfaces: SQL (Structure Query Language) developed by IBM to give users an easier way to specify their information needs on local/ remote system. Remote Procedure Call (RPC) RPC procedures are built on client and then executed on servers. AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) established and maintain session between an AppleTalk client/server.

Transport Layer Defines end to end connectivity between host applications.

4 basic functions: Segment upper layer application segmentation and resemble of upper layer applications. Establish end-to-end operation constitute a logical connection between endpoint of the inter networks: sender and receiver Send segments from one end host to another end host Ensures data integrity Provide flow control mechanism Avoids buffer flow. Ensures data reliability stream of data delivered w/out duplication or data loss. Data receiver in the same order it was sent.

DATA LINK & PHYSICAL LAYER FUNCTIONS Data link layer provides data transport across a physical link. It handles the following operations: -Physical addressing -Network topology -Line discipline

-Error notification -Orderly access to the physical medium.

The physical layer specifies the electrical, mechanical, procedural & functional requirements for activating, maintaining, & deactivating the physical link between end systems. -Physical Layer Characteristics -voltage level -data rates -maximum transmission distances -physical connectors LAN Standards / Standards Organization IEEE- Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers Standardize the LAN Technology IEEE 802

formed on Feb. 1980

Subcommittee: 802.1, 802.2, 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, 802.11

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) was responsible for the FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface) TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association) responsible for equipments that connects to the US Network Aligned w/ EIN (Electronics Industry Association) founded in 1944. ITU (International Telecommunication Union) Geneva Switzerland International organization coordinating global telecom networks & services

MAC Address -Media Access Control- Unique Identifier assigned to network interface for communication on the physical network segment. 48 bits addresses expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits. The 1st six hexadecimal digits of a MAC address contains a manufacturer identification (vendor code) (aka: Organizational Unique Identifier or OUI) Example: Cisco assigned vendor code is 0x00000c Cisco: 00-00-0c-12-34-56

SUN: 08-00-20-12-34-56 Apple: 08-00-07-12-34-56 -often assigned by the manufacturer of NCI (network interface card) & are stored in its hardware (firmware) -it may also be known as EHA (Ethernet Hardware Address) -a network node may have many NICs, each with unique NIC.

Common LAN Technologies -Ethernet -Token Ring -FDDI

ETHERNET (IEEE 802.3) -runs the largest number of LAN -xerox developed ethernet.

802.3 Physical Layer -operates at baseband signaling rate of 10mbps or 100mbps (fast ethernet) or 1000mbps (gigabit ethernet)

Several Wiring Standards: -10 base 2- thin ethernet (185 coax max) -10 base 5- thick ethernet (500 coax max) -10 base T- uses twisted pair wiring -1000 base Fx- fiber optic cable

TCP/ IP Network Addressing -represent address as 32 bit entities divided into a network portions & a host portion.

Address Classses

5 different address. You can determine which class any IP is in by examining the first 4 of the IP.

Starting (binary) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 0xxx 10xx 110x 1110 1111

decimal 1 to 126 128 to 191 192 to 223 224 to 239 240 to 254

IP starting w/ 127= reserved for local host. IOS Command Line- fastre configuration than menu driven UI

Getting Started w/ Cisco Configure you router from terminal You need to plug the router into the serial port of PC & console port of the router.

Hit the Enter key to see the prompt from the router. If configured:

Router > If configured w/a hostname: Host name of router >

MODES CISCO IOS command- line interface is organized around the idea of modes. Each modes has own set commands available & some are available only to that mode. Type a ? to display the list of commnad available in the mode. Router >? UNPRIVILEGE & PRIVILEGE MODES -When you first connect to the router & provide a password, you enter EXEC mode ( the first mode in w/c you can issue command from the command line Unpriviledge- you can use the show command & obtain info about the system. Router > show ? show commands available in the mode.

You must enter the priviledge mode to configure the router.

Router > enable. Priviledge mode will usually be password protected unless configured. Router #

SUBMODES

Router (arguments) # Router # show interfaces Sample show Shows Command IP Protocols Ipv6 Protocols IP Route IP arp Ipv6 neighbors

Global Configuration: Type Router # config Router (config) # Router (config) # hostname Example name Name (config) # enable secret password here Type exit to reach parent mode.