A Report On

Effect of Back Pressure on Fluid Flow in an Isentropic Converging Nozzle (Question No. 20)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of: ME C211 Applied Thermodynamics

Prepared by:

Prankur Sharma

2009B3A4622P

6 April, 2012 Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No.

Topic

Page No.

1.

Introduction

2.

Abstract

3.

Problem Description

4.

Solution Methodology

5.

List of Figures

10

6.

Result and Discussion

12

7.

Appendix

13

8.

References

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INTRODUCTION

Velocity Of Pressure Pulse In A Fluid A pressure disturbance propagates through a compressible fluid with a velocity dependent upon the state of the fluid. The velocity with which this pressure wave moves through the fluid is called the velocity of sound, or the sonic velocity. Consider a small pressure wave caused by a small piston displacement in a tube filled with an ideal gas as shown below. Let the observer be assumed to travel with the wave front to the right with velocity c. Fluid flows steadily from right to left and as it passes through the wave front , the velocity is reduced from c to c-dV . At the same time , pressure rises from p to p+dp and density from to +d .

Ac = ( + d ) A (c dV) c = c dV + cd d .dV Neglecting the product d.dV , both being very small dV = cd And the momentum equation for the control volume gives , [P (P + dP)]A = w[(c-dV)-c] -dPA = Ac(c-dV-c) Dp = cdV

dP C2 d
Since the process is assumed to be isentropic, the above becomes

For an ideal gas,

Mach Number The Mach Number, M, is defined as the ratio of the actual velocity V to the sonic velocity C.

M=V/C When M > 1 , the flow is supersonic , when M < 1 , the flow is subsonic , and when M=1 , the flow is sonic .

Stagnation Properties The isentropic stagnation state is defined as the state a fluid in motion would reach if it were brought to rest isentropically in a steady-flow, adiabatic, zero work output devices. This is a reference state in a compressible fluid flow. For an ideal gas,

qnet

V2 Vo2 h wnet ho 2 2

Since the exit velocity, work, and heat transfer are zero,

ho h
To T

2 V 2

CP (To T )

V2 2

V2

2C P

Assuming an isentropic process for flow through the nozzle, we can write for the entrance and exit states

where k is the ratio of specific heats, k = CP/CV

The flow parameters To/T, Po/P, o/, etc. are related to the flow Mach number. Let's consider ideal gases, then

 V2 To T 2C P To V2 1 T 2C P T

To ( k 1) V 2 1 T 2 C2 ( k 1) 2 1 M 2
The pressure ratio is given by

We can show the density ratio to be

A nozzle is a device that increases fluid velocity while causing its pressure to drop; thus, d V > 0, dP < 0.

dA dP 2 (1 M 2 ) A V
Subsonic: M 1 dP(1 M 2 ) 0 Sonic: M 1 dP(1 M 2 ) 0 Supersonic: M 1 dP(1 M 2 ) 0 dA 0 dA 0 dA 0

To accelerate subsonic flow, the nozzle flow area must first decrease in the flow direction. The flow area reaches a minimum at the point where the Mach number is unity. To continue to accelerate the flow to supersonic conditions, the flow area must increase. The minimum flow area is called the throat of the nozzle.

ABSTRACT

The given problem statement deals with the concept of compressible fluid flow and its effects. A fluid is said to be compressible if its density changes with a change in pressure, temperature or velocity. The basic principles in compressible flow are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Conservation of mass (Continuity equation) Newton Second Law (momentum principle) Conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics) Second Law of Thermodynamics (entropy principle) Equation of state

The problem consists of a convergent nozzle through which air flow has been established in order to generate a functional relationship between the variables. As the air flows through the nozzle, its pressure decreases and kinetic energy increases under isentropic conditions.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The problem deals with the concepts of compressible fluid flow in nozzles. It requires us to investigate the effect of back pressure on the exit pressure, exit velocity and the mass flow rate of an isentropic convergent nozzle. The inlet pressure, area and temperature have been specified and using the principles of energy conservation in steady flow devices along with the isentropic relations, we can study the dependence of exit velocity and exit pressure as the back pressure is varied.

The problem consists of a convergent nozzle through which air flow has been established in order to generate a functional relationship between the variables; air is treated as an ideal gas. As the air flows through the nozzle, its pressure decreases and kinetic energy increases under isentropic conditions.

SOLUTION METHODOLOGY

The inlet conditions have been specified as

.writing the mass balance equation, we get Ho = h +

Therefore, since air can be treated as an ideal gas,

2(ho h)

2CP (T0 T )

2CP T0 (1

T ) To

And using the isentropic relations for pressure and temperature

Writing the mass flow rate as

m AV o

And

where is the density of air

P o RTo

Now to find the maximum mass flow rate, we equate

The result is

So the pressure ratio that makes the mass flow rate a maximum is the same pressure ratio at which the mach number is unity at the flow cross-sectional area. This value of the pressure ratio is called the critical pressure ratio for nozzle flow. For pressure ratios less than the critical value, the nozzle is said to be choked. When the nozzle is choked, the mass flow rate is the maximum possible for the flow area, stagnation pressure, and stagnation temperature. Reducing the pressure ratio below the critical value will not increase the mass flow rate. Substituting the values, we find that the critical value of the exit pressure till the point mass flow rate increases is 475.453kpa. Corresponding to this value, the maximum mass flow rate possible is 1.8188 kg/sec. The exit pressure value can be decreased only upto a value of 475.453kpa .after this point ,even if the back pressure is decreased, it will have no effect on the exit pressure and the mass flow will remain fixed at its maximum value.

This relation is given by the graph

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Variation of mass flow rate with the pressure ratio Pb/Po

Figure 2: Variation of Pressure ratios Pe/Po and Pb/Po

The above graphs are drawn in MATLAB. The codes for these graphs are attached along in Appendix.

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Figure 3: Variation of fluid flow velocity as it travels through the nozzle. The above figure is drawn in Solid Works.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

So the pressure ratio that makes the mass flow rate a maximum is the same pressure ratio at which the mach number is unity at the flow cross-sectional area. Hence, we can find out that the CRITICAL VALUE OF THE EXIT PRESSURE till the point mass flow rate increases is 475.453kpa. Corresponding to this value, the MAXIMUM MASS FLOW RATE possible is 1.8188 KG/SEC. The exit pressure value can be decreased only upto a value of 475.453KPA. After this point, even if the back pressure is decreased, it will have no effect on the exit pressure and the mass flow will remain fixed at its maximum value. The similar technique can be applied to solve problems related to fluid flow in a diffuser, diverging and converging-diverging nozzle.

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APPENDIX

MATLAB CODE I. Code for displaying the mass flow rate graph against Pb/P0 k=1.4; P0=(2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1));

A=1/10^3; P=9*10^5; R=287; T=400; m=A*P*((2*k)/((k-1)*R*T))^(1/2);

mmax=m*(((P0)^(2/k))-((P0)^((k+1)/k))).^(1/2)

x1=0:.01:P0; x2=(P0+.01):.01:1; x=[x1 x2];

y1=mmax*ones(size(x1)); y2=m*(((x2).^(2/k))-((x2).^((k+1)/k))).^(1/2); y=[y1 y2];

plot(x,y) axis([0 1 0 2.5])

title ('Mass Flow rate v/s Pb/Po'); xlabel('Pb/Po'); ylabel ('Mass flow rate');

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II. Code for displaying the Pe/P0 against Pb/P0

k=1.4; P0=(2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1))

x1=0:.01:P0; x2=(P0+.01):.01:1; x=[x1 x2];

y1=P0*ones(size(x1)); y2=x2; y=[y1 y2];

plot(x,y) axis([0 1 0 1]) title ('Pe v/s Pe'); xlabel('Pb/Po'); ylabel ('Pe/Po');

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REFRENCES

1. 2. 3.

Engineering Thermodynamics , by PK Nag Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, by Micheal A. Boles (Online Study Guide) Wikipedia

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