CH4. Is-95 System

CH 4.
Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System
Korea Aerospace University
Mobile Communications Lab.
Contents Contents
Summary of IS-95A Physical Layer Parameters Forward Link Structure
Pilot, Sync, Paging, and Traffic Channels Channel Coding, Interleaving, Data Scrambling, and Modulation Power Control Sub-channel, Spreading, and Pulse-Shaping
Reverse Link Structure

Access and Traffic Channels Channel Coding, Interleaving, and Modulation Burst Transmission, Direct and Quadrature Spreading
Summary of IS-95A Physical Layer Parameters Summary of IS-95A Physical Layer Parameters
Chip Rate BW / Carrier Spacing 1.2288 Mcps 1.23 MHz / 1.25 MHz Forward : I/Q short PN codes(215 = 32768 chips : 26.666 ms) Spreading Codes Reverse : I/Q short PN codes(215 = 32768 chips : 26.666 ms) and Long PN code(242-1) 20 ms, 26.666ms (Sync Ch.)
Frame Length
Forward Orthogonal Code Walsh code Modulation / Spreading Channel Coding Voice Coding Power Control Diversity Forward : BPSK / QPSK Reverse : 64-ary orthogonal / OQPSK Forward : Convolutional code (r=1/2, k=9) Reverse : Convolutional code (r=1/3, k=9) Variable rate QCELP (8.6 / 4.0 / 2.0 / 0.8 kbps for rate set 1 and 13.35 / 6.25 / 2.75 / 1.05 kbps for rate set 2) and EVRC Forward : Power Allocation Reverse : Closed loop ( Rate : 800 Hz ) + Open loop + Outer loop Forward : Path + Time + Space (Handover) diversity Reverse : Path + Time + Space (Antenna, Handover) diversity
Forward Link Structure [1],[2] Forward Link Structure [1],[2]

The IS-95 forward link (base station-to-mobile station direction) consists of pilot, sync, paging, and traffic channels. Among these, pilot and sync channels are called the broadcasting channel. IS-95 base stations may support up to 64 forward link channels per each sector for 1.23MHz band, as shown in Fig. 4.1,
1 pilot channel 1 sync channel up to 7 paging channels up to 55 traffic channels
In IS-95 forward link, 64 Walsh codes are used to isolate each channel, along with I/Q short PN codes to reduce the multipath interference and other-cell interference. In IS-95 forward link, BPSK data modulation is employed. In IS-95 forward link, a convolutional coding with rate and constraint length 9 is employed. All forward link channels are summed at base band prior to transmission. All forward link channels should be aligned within 1/8 PN chip errors.
4
Forward Link Structure (cont.) Forward Link Structure (cont.)
Fig. 4.1 An example of IS-95 forward link channel assignments.

5
Forward Link Structure: Pilot Channel Forward Link Structure: Pilot Channel
No information data (all zero data): only I/Q short PN codes Used for code and carrier synchronization Used for multi-path searching for rake combining Used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation Used for power measurements for handover, etc. 10% ~ 20% of total transmit power is assigned to the pilot channel.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.
symbol mapping
pilot gain
Fig. 4.2 Pilot channel modulation.

6
Forward Link Structure: Sync Channel Forward Link Structure: Sync Channel
Used to transmit the system time obtained from GPS satellites A sync channel frame is 26.666 ms in length equivalent to the period of I/Q short PN codes and is aligned with the PN codes. A sync channel super frame is 80 ms in length consisting of three sync channel frame. Messages to be transmitted on the sync channel shall begin only at the start of a sync channel super frame. The sync channel message is transmitted at a rate of 1200 bps. The sync channel message contains
System time System and network identification Pilot PN offset of the base station State of the long code shift register Paging channel data rate, etc.
Forward Link Structure: Sync Channel (cont.) Forward Link Structure: Sync Channel (cont.)
96 bits Sync Frame #1 Sync Frame #2 80 ms Sync Frame #3
Fig. 4.3 Sync channel super frame.

Walsh 32
Sync Channel Data
1.2 kbps
Convolutional Encoding (r=1/2, k=9)
2.4 ksps
Symbol Repetition
4.8 ksps
Block Interleaver
A
4.8 ksps
Fig. 4.4 Sync channel modulation.

8
Forward Link Structure: Paging Channel Forward Link Structure: Paging Channel
The paging channel is used to transmit control information from the base station to the mobile station for call setup. Up to 7 paging channels can be associated with a single FA (frequency assignment, 1.23MHz). The mobile station always monitors a paging channel and responds to pages through one of access channels associated with that particular paging channel. The paging channel data is transmitted at 4800 or 9600 bps. The paging channel is normally operated in slot mode, where control messages for a particular mobile is sent in a pre-defined time slot. During registration, the mobile is assigned a time slot in which it will receive control messages.
Forward Link Structure: Paging Channel (cont.) Forward Link Structure: Paging Channel (cont.)
The paging channel message contains
Page messages System parameters: PN offset, system ID, network ID, base station ID, search windows, handoff parameters, etc. Access parameters: Number of access channels, number of access probes, authentication data, etc. Neighbor cell list, etc.
Fig. 4.5 Paging channel modulation.

10
scrambling
Forward Link Structure: Traffic Channel Forward Link Structure: Traffic Channel
The forward traffic channel is mainly used to transfer voice and data from the base station to the mobile station. The forward traffic channel is also used for transmission of signaling data. Traffic Channel Data Rates (Variable Data Rates)
Rate Set 1: 9600, 4800, 2400, and 1200 bps Rate Set 2: 14400, 7200, 3600, and 1800 bps
When signaling data is to be transmitted, data rate is always changed to the full rate (9600 or 14400). There are two options to transmit signaling data: Blank and burst, Dim and burst.
Blank and burst: The entire traffic channel frame is used to send only signaling data. Dim and burst: The traffic channel frame is used to send both primary traffic and signaling data.
11
Forward Link Structure: Traffic Channel (cont.) Forward Link Structure: Traffic Channel (cont.)
Traffic Channel Information Data
8.6 kbps 4.0 kbps 2.0 kbps 0.8 kbps
ADD CRC
ADD Tail 8 Bits


19.2 ksps 9.6 ksps 4.8 ksps 2.4 ksps
Symbol Repetition
19.2 ksps
Block Interleaver
19.2 ksps
Long Code mask for user m
Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mcps
Decimator
Decimator
Short PN_I Generator
cosct
FIR
W64,n
19.2 Ksps 1.2288 Mcps 800 Hz
1.2288 Mcps
B
MUX Power control bit
800 bps
FIR
1.2288 Mcps
s(t)
Short PN_Q Generator
symbol mapping
-sinct
traffic Ch. gain
Fig. 4.6 Forward traffic channel modulation for RS1.

12
Forward Link Structure: Traffic Channel (cont.) Forward Link Structure: Traffic Channel (cont.)
Traffic Channel Information Data
ADD CRC
ADD Tail 8 Bits


28.8 ksps 14.4 ksps 7.2 ksps 3.6 ksps
Symbol Repetition
28.8 ksps
Puncturing
19.2 ksps
Block Interleaver
19.2 ksps
Long Code mask for user m
Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mcps
Decimator
Decimator
cosct
FIR
W64,n
19.2 Ksps 1.2288 Mcps 800 Hz
1.2288 Mcps
B
MUX Power control bit
800 bps
FIR
1.2288 Mcps
s(t)
Short PN_Q Generator
symbol mapping
-sinct
traffic Ch. gain
Fig. 4.7 Forward traffic channel modulation for RS2.

13
Forward Link Channel Coding [2] Forward Link Channel Coding [2]
The sync, paging, and forward traffic channels shall be convolutionally encoded prior to transmission. The convolutional code used in the forward link shall be of rate 1/2 with a constraint length of 9. The generator functions of the code shall be g0 and g1 that equal 753(octal) and 561(octal), respectively.
Fig. 4.8 Convolutional encoder.

14
Forward Link Block Interleaving [2] Forward Link Block Interleaving [2]
All symbols after repetition are block interleaved by using a bit reversal method or modified bit reversal method. For example, the sync channel shall use a block interleaver spanning 26.6666 ms which involves 128 modulation symbols.
The 128 input symbols are written into a linear array with addresses viewed by 7-bit binary number a6 a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0. For reading, the mapping of addresses shall be performed as c0=>a6, c1=>a5, c2=>a4, c3=>a3, c4=>a2, c5=>a1, c6=>a0.
15
Forward Link Block Interleaving (cont.) Forward Link Block Interleaving (cont.)
Table. 4.1 Write operation for 128 symbols with two time repetition.
Address 0
Address 127
16
Forward Link Block Interleaving (cont.) Forward Link Block Interleaving (cont.)
Table. 4.2 Read operation for 128 symbols.
17
Forward Link Data Scrambling [2] Forward Link Data Scrambling [2]
Fig. 4.9 Data scrambling.

18
Forward Link Power Control Sub-channel [2] Forward Link Power Control Sub-channel [2]
0 1
1011
Fig. 4.10 Position of power control bits.

19
Forward Link Quadrature Spreading [1],[2] Forward Link Quadrature Spreading [1],[2]
Following Walsh orthogonal spreading, each channel is spread in quadrature. The I and Q channel spreading sequences (also called short PN codes) have a length of 215 chips (i.e., 32768 chips = 26.666ms) due to zero insertion. The I and Q channel spreading is used to mitigate multipath interference and other-cell interference. The characteristic polynomials of the PN sequences are
PI ( x ) = x15 + x13 + x 9 + x8 + x 7 + x5 + 1 PQ ( x ) = x15 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x3 + 1
20
Forward Link Quadrature Spreading (cont.) Forward Link Quadrature Spreading (cont.)
Fig. 4.11 Forward channel signal constellation and phase transition.
21
Forward Link Pulse-Shaping Filter [2] Forward Link Pulse-Shaping Filter [2]
Following the I/Q spreading operation, I and Q impulses are applied to pulse-shaping filters to limit the spectrum of a transmitted signal. The pulse-shaping filter should satisfy the condition that 1=1.5 dB (pass band ripple), 2=40 dB, fp=590 kHz, fs=740 kHz.
Fig. 4.12 Frequency response specifications of a pulse-shaping filter.

22
Forward Link Pulse-Shaping Filter (cont.) Forward Link Pulse-Shaping Filter (cont.)
Table 4.3 48 tap coefficients of the sample pulse-shaping filter with four times over-sampling.
23
Fig. 4.13 Comparison with a truncated ideal low-pass filter.

24
Fig. 4.14 Frequency response of the sample pulse-shaping filter.

25
Fig. 4.15 Signal waveform after pulse-shaping.

26
Reverse Link Structure [1],[2] Reverse Link Structure [1],[2]

The IS-95 reverse link is composed of access channels and reverse traffic channels. Each channel in the reverse link is identified by the long PN code with the period of 242-1 Tc.
Each traffic channel is identified by a private user long code. Each access channel is identified by a public long code.
In IS-95 reverse link, the quadrature spreading by I/Q short PN codes is employed, along with the direct spreading by long PN code. The I/Q short PN codes are the same as those used in the forward link. The Q channel PN sequence is delayed by half a PN chip to reduce the signal fluctuation due to zero crossing (OQPSK). In IS-95 reverse link, noncoherent 64-ary orthogonal modulation scheme is employed. In IS-95 reverse link, a convolutional coding with rate 1/3 and constraint length 9 is employed.
27
Reverse Link Structure (cont.) [1],[2] Reverse Link Structure (cont.) [1],[2]
Fig. 4.16 An example of IS-95 reverse link channels.
28
Reverse Link Structure: Access Channel Reverse Link Structure: Access Channel
Used for call origination by a mobile, response to paging, and registration. Up to 32 access channels are associated with a single paging channel. The data rate on the access channel is 4800 bps. Each access probe (or access slot ) consists of an access preamble and message capsule as shown in Fig. 4.17. The access preamble is used for a base station to obtain a synchronization to a mobile. The maximum sizes of access preamble and message capsule are all 16 frames and the minimum sizes are 1 and 3 frames, respectively. After transmitting an access probe, the mobile waits a specified period for an acknowledgement from the base station. If an acknowledgement is received, the access attempt is completed. Otherwise, the next access probe is transmitted at a power level higher than the previous one after a pseudo-randomly generated delay. The entire process to send an access probe and receive an acknowledgement is called an access attempt, which is depicted in Fig. 4.18.
29
Reverse Link Structure: Access Channel (cont.) Reverse Link Structure: Access Channel (cont.)
Fig. 4.17. Access probe structure.

30
Fig. 4.18. Access probe sequence (ALOHA).

31

Public Long Code Mask
cos ct
FIR
Long Code Generator
1.2288 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps
A
D
1.2288 Mcps 1/2 T c
FIR
s(t)
Short PN_Q symbol Generator
-sin ct
Ch. gain
mapping
Fig. 4.19 Access channel modulation.

32
Reverse Link Structure: Traffic Channel Reverse Link Structure: Traffic Channel
Transmits user information such as voice and data. Transmits also signaling data. Each traffic channel is identified by a private user long code. Reverse Traffic Channel Data Rate
Rate Set 1: 9600, 4800, 2400, and 1200 bps Rate Set 2: 14400, 7200, 3600, and 1800 bps
The reverse traffic channel data is transmitted in burst mode for variable rate transmission, which is due to closed-loop power control in reverse link. When a signaling data is to be transmitted, the data rate is changed to the full rate.
33
Reverse Link Structure: Traffic Channel Reverse Link Structure: Traffic Channel

User Long Code Mask
cos ct
FIR
Long Code Generator
1.2288 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps
Data Burst Randomizer D

Frame Data Rate 1.2288 Mcps 1/2 T c
FIR
s(t)
Short PN_Q Generator symbol
-sin ct
Ch. gain
mapping
Fig. 4.20 Reverse traffic channel modulation for RS1.

34
Reverse Link Channel Coding [1],[2] Reverse Link Channel Coding [1],[2]
The access channel and reverse traffic channel shall be convolutionally encoded prior to transmission. The convolutional encoder shall be of rate 1/3 with a constraint length of 9. The generator functions of the code shall be g0 equals 557(octal) and g1 equals 663(octal), and g2 equals 711(octal).
Fig. 4.21 k=9, rate 1/3 convolutional encoder.

35
Reverse Link Block Interleaving [2] Reverse Link Block Interleaving [2]
The mobile station shall interleave all coded symbols on the reverse traffic channel and access channel prior to modulation and transmission. The interleaver shall be an array with 32 rows and 18 columns (576 cells), spanning 20 ms. Coded symbols shall be written into the interleaver by columns filling the complete 32 x 18 matrix. Reverse Traffic channel coded symbols shall be output from the interleaver by rows in the following order.
At 9600 bps : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 At 4800 bps : 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 9 11 10 12 13 15 14 16 17 19 18 20 21 23 22 24 25 27 26 28 29 31 30 32 At 2400 bps : 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 9 13 10 14 11 15 12 16 17 21 18 22 19 23 20 24 25 29 26 30 27 31 28 32 At 1200 bps : 1 9 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8 16 17 25 18 26 19 27 20 28 21 29 22 30 23 31 24 32
36
Reverse Link Modulation [1],[2] Reverse Link Modulation [1],[2]

Modulation for the reverse link channel shall be 64-ary orthogonal modulation. After interleaving, every six consecutive symbols are grouped to form a Walsh symbol, which is then mapped to one of Walsh functions. The modulation symbols shall be selected according to the following rule:
Modulation Symbol Index = c0 + 2c1 + 4c2 + 8c3 + 16c4 + 32c5

where c5 represents the latest (or most recent) and c0 the first (or oldest) binary valued code symbol of each Walsh symbol. The 64 by 64 Walsh matrix is used to generate Walsh functions by means of the following recursive procedure:
H H2 N = N HN
HN H32 H H64 = 32 HN H32 H32
The period of a Walsh symbol shall be 64 Walsh chips, which correspond to 256 PN chips (208.333 s).
37
Reverse Link Burst Transmission [2] Reverse Link Burst Transmission [2]
Prior to transmission, the Walsh symbol stream is gated with an ON-OFF filter that allows transmission of certain power control groups and deletion of others, as shown in Fig. 4.22. The gated-on and gated-off groups are determined by the data rate of the frame and by a block of 14 bits taken from the long PN code in the data burst randomizer. For 4800 bps, transmission shall occur on power control groups numbered:
b0 , 2 + b1 , 4 + b2 , 6 + b3 , 8 + b4 , 10 + b5 , 12 + b6 , 14 + b7
For 2400 bps, transmission shall occur on power control groups numbered:
b0
if b8 = 0,
or or or or
38
2+ b1 6+ b3
if b8 = 1, if b9 = 1,
4 + b2 if b9 = 0, 8 + b4 if b10 = 0, 12 + b6 if b11 = 0,
10+ b5 if b10 = 1, 14+ b7 if b11 = 1.

Reverse Link Burst Transmission (cont.) Reverse Link Burst Transmission (cont.)
Fig. 4.22 Reverse Traffic Channel variable rate transmission.

39
Reverse Link Direct Sequence Spreading [1],[2] Reverse Link Direct Sequence Spreading [1],[2]
Prior to transmission, the reverse traffic channel and the access channel shall be spread by either a private user long code or a public long code. The long code shall be periodic with period 242-1.
40
Reverse Link Quadrature Spreading [1],[2] Reverse Link Quadrature Spreading [1],[2]
Following the direct sequence spreading, the reverse traffic channel and access channel are spread in quadrature. The sequences used for this spreading shall be the same as those used on the forward link channel. The characteristic polynomials of the PN sequences are
PI ( x ) = x15 + x13 + x 9 + x8 + x 7 + x5 + 1 PQ ( x ) = x15 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1

The data spread by the Q channel PN sequence shall be delayed by half a PN chip and a resulting signal constellation is that of OQPSK, as shown in Fig. 4.23.
41
Reverse Link Quadrature Spreading (cont.) Reverse Link Quadrature Spreading (cont.)
Fig. 4.23 Reverse CDMA channel signal constellation.

42
References References
1. Samuel C. Yang, CDMA RF System Engineering, Artech House, 1998. 2. Qualcomm, CDMA System Training Handbook-vol. 1, 1993.
43

CH4. Is-95 System

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CH4. Is-95 System

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CH 4.

Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Reverse Link Structure

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Forward Link Structure [1],[2] Forward Link Structure [1],[2]

Mobile Communications Lab.

Forward Link Structure (cont.) Forward Link Structure (cont.)

Fig. 4.1 An example of IS-95 forward link channel assignments.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Fig. 4.2 Pilot channel modulation.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

96 bits Sync Frame #1 Sync Frame #2 80 ms Sync Frame #3

Fig. 4.3 Sync channel super frame.

Sync Channel Data

Convolutional Encoding (r=1/2, k=9)

Fig. 4.4 Sync channel modulation.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Fig. 4.5 Paging channel modulation.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

ADD Tail 8 Bits

Convolutional Encoding (r=1/2, k=9)

Long Code mask for user m

Long Code Generator

Short PN_I Generator

Short PN_Q Generator

Fig. 4.6 Forward traffic channel modulation for RS1.

Mobile Communications Lab.

ADD Tail 8 Bits

Convolutional Encoding (r=1/2, k=9)

Long Code mask for user m

Long Code Generator

Short PN_I Generator

Short PN_Q Generator

Fig. 4.7 Forward traffic channel modulation for RS2.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Fig. 4.8 Convolutional encoder.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Fig. 4.9 Data scrambling.

Mobile Communications Lab.

Fig. 4.10 Position of power control bits.

Mobile Communications Lab.

PI ( x ) = x15 + x13 + x 9 + x8 + x 7 + x5 + 1 PQ ( x ) = x15 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x3 + 1

Korea Aerospace University

Mobile Communications Lab.

Fig. 4.11 Forward channel signal constellation and phase transition.

Korea Aerospace University