Experiment No .

06
1.0 Title Study MSEB bills for HT and LT consumers and prepare a report. 2.0 Context 2.1 chapter :- 6. Economics of power generation. 2.2 Topic :- Tariffs : Types and problems. 3.0 Prior Information : 3.1 About MSEB: The Maharashtra state electricity board (MSEB) generates ,transmits and distributes electrical energy. It is main supplier for electricity in Maharashtra state. The MSEB has to follow the rules and regulations of Maharashtra electricity regulatory commission (MERC). 3.2 Types of consumers : The consumers of MSEB include consumers of low tension (LT) supply (domestic, railways, PWD, big residential complex, big commercial complex, agriculture, etc.) 3.3 MSEB tariff : The tariffs which are required to prepare the electricity bill for HT and LT consumers are given by MERC Tariff order for MSEB FY-2001-2002 and may refer from annexure 1 and 2. 3.4 Important terms in MSEB bill : Lighting demand charges / Fixed charges : In tariff those charges are defined for one month. If bill is to be prepared for two months, the sum of demand charges of two separate months is to be taken into account. Refer from annexure 1 and 2. T and D loss charge : These charges are given per unit. Refer from annexure 1 and 2. Lighting charges or energy charges : These charges are given per unit. Refer from annexure 1 and 2. FOCA (fuel and other charges adjustment): FOCA depends upon change in prices of fuel. Refer from annexure 1 and 2. Electricity duty : The government electricity duty charges as per G.R No.ELD.-2002 dated 01-042002 are as follows :-

Part A Part B Part C Part D Part E

Consumer category Domestic Non Domestic Motive power Industries D.G sets

Electricity duty 10% 12% 8% 6% 30 p.p.u

Electricity duty is charged o demand charges (i.e. Fixed charges), Energy Charges and T and D loss charges. Incentive : a) Power factor incentive for HT consumers : Whenever the average power factor is more than 0.95 an incentive shall be given at the rate of 1% (one percent) improvement in the lower factor above 0.99, the effective incentive will amount to 5% (five percent) reduction in the energy bill and for unity power factor of 0.99, the effective incentive will amount to 5% reduction in energy bill and for unity power factor, the effective incentive will amount to 7% reduction in energy bill. The power factor incentive is also applicable for LTP-G consumers who opt for LTMD tariff. Such incentive shall not be applicable for railways. Disincentives : Power factor penalty for HT consumers. Whenever the average power factor is less than 90% penal charges shall be levied at the rate of 1% of the amount of the monthly energy bill (excluding T and D loss charges, FOCA charge, demand charge, electricity duty) for each 1% fall in the power factor below 90%. Such Disincentive shall not be applicable for the railways. The power factor penalty are also applicable for LTP-G consumers who opt for LTMD tariff. Other charges : Reconnection charges, delayed payment charges, penalty for exceeding contract demand, penalty for exceeding sanctioned load and power factor penalty for LTP-G consumers not having instruments to measure the power factor shall remain unchanged. C. 1 Meter rent The commission in the previous tariff order has established the meter rent. The cost of the metering equipment shall be recovered for all the prospective consumers (except those agricultural consumers having land holding less than 1 hectare, in which case, only 50% cost of meter shall be recovered). In case of existing consumers, the cost of metering equipment shall be recovered at the time when existing meter is replaced, but only one in the lifetime of the consumer, except in the case of burnt meters. The recovered of cost of meters from existing consumers will be made in the next billing cycle after replacing

the defective meters. The MSEB should file the rate of meters cost being recovered, foe the information of commission. C .2 Security deposit The commission has reduced the amount of security deposit to be recovered by MSEB to an equivalent of average of three months of billing or a billlin g cycle period, whichever is lesser, from the existing levels of billing cycles plus one month of security deposit. Thus the security deposit for HT industrial consumers will be an equivalent of 1 months average billing, two months average billing for urban domestic consumers, three months average billing LT agriculture category and so on. C .3 Service line charges The MSEB should continue to charge service line charges as per the guide line prevailing as o 5th august , 1999, i.e. the date the commission came into existence, till such time at the SLC are modified by the commission. C .4 Interest on delayed payment of arrears The MESB ha repeatedly complained that the defaulting consumers have been using the due amount for their working capital purposes, due to the low rates of panel interest prescribed by the commission. Normally the MESB is expected to disconnect the consumers for non-payment within a certain period as e the provisions of the relevant act. The interest on arrears in currently chargeable at the rate of 12% per annum. The commission has, as show in the table below. Revised the rate of interest chargeable on arrears to all consumers to 15%, if payment is delayed beyond three months from the due date, and to 18%, if payment is delayed beyond 6 months. The revised interest rates will not be applicable in case of existing agreement or agreements entered into before March 31, 2002, for payment of arrears in instalments. C .5 the revised interest rates chargeable are : Sr.no Delayed in payment(span Interest rate p.a. (%) of months) 1 Payment made after due 12% up to three months(3-6) 2 Payment made after 15% three months and before six months(3-6) 3 Payment made after six 18% months(above)

4.0 Procedure Problem 1: Collect a sample of electricity bill for high tension supply. Fill up tables A.B.C from collected sample of bill. Calculate all the charges for electricity bill for the consumption of energy given by table B. Complete table D from the calculates charges calculated charges with the actual:Table A Electricity bill for high tension supply for the month of Alias: Bill date Due date: Last receipt No: Last payment Date: Last month Payment: Scale: Sector: Activity

Consumer No Consumer Name Address

Village Connected Load (KW) Contract Demand (KWA) Date of connection

Pin code: Sanctioned Load (KW) Sanctioned Demand (KW) Meter no: Tariff:

Table B Date Currenvat reading Previous reading Difference Multiplying factor Consumption Add 5%, 2% in LT metering Adjustment Accessing consumption Total consumption Billed demand (KVA) @ Rs KWh kVAh rkVAh (LAG) kW (MD) kVA (MD)

Table C Consumption type Industrial Residential Commercial Units Rate Charges Rs.

E.D.ON(Rs)

Rate %

Amount Rs

Table D Amount in Rs. Demand charges Energy charges (night consumption) rebate F.C.A @ Rs Electricity duty Other charges Meter rent P.F penal charges Penalty Shortfall SP/Ann Min Past bill adjustments Total currently bill Interest on arrears up to Arrears payable Total bill amount (rounded) Rs Delayed payment charges Rs Amount payable after Rounded Rs.

Problem 2: Collect a domestic electricity bill and verify the same by using annexure 1. 5.0 List of questions 1. Which type of supply (HT or LT) should a small-scale manufacturer of 3- induction motor prefer? Why? (give a case study) 2. What is tariff? State its importance. 3. List out the advantages of improved power factor. 6.0 Answers

Experiment no. 07
1.0 Title Visit and study difference line supports used in transmission and distribution system. 2.0 Context 2.1 chapter :- 8. Transmission line components 2.2 topic :- line supports 3.0 Prior concepts 3.1 basic of transmission 3.2 need of transmission 3.3 different materials used for line support 3.4 need of line supports 4.0 New concept Proposition 1:The line supports are transmission line components used in overhead line system to support the conductors. Proposition 2:While selecting the line support compromise is made between system operating voltages, mechanical strengths, cost life and cross-sectional area. Concept structure 2:

line support

compromise

system operating voltage

mechanical strenght

cost and life

x-sectional area

5.0 Learning objectives 5.1 intellectual skill :5.1.1 To identify the difference line supports and to understand their need. 5.1.2 To identify the material used, parts of different line supports. 5.1.3 To observe the span provided between the adjacent line supports. 5.2 Motor skill :5.2.1 To observe and understand the construction of line supports. 5.2.2 To sketch the different types of line supports. 5.2.3 To observe position of line conductor and its distance from ground.

6.0 Design of experiment 6.1 Physical layout:6.1.1 6.1.2 Equipment :- Models of different line supports. Sketch diagram :- (for reference).

6.2 Information input :6.2.1 a) New information :-

An adequate clearance of a conductor from the ground under all loading conditions is to be maintained for safety reasons. The clearance distance depends upon the transmission voltage. The approximate value of conductor clearance from ground is ground is given by, Ground clearance = 6m. +0.01m. per kV According to Indian electricity (supply) act a clearance of 5.18 m. (17 feet) is to be provided for 33kV, or part thereof, additional m.(1 foot) clearance is to beprovided.

b) Towers of HV A .C And HV D.C transmission lines are almost similar in appearance although HV D.C towers are comparatively simpler. 7.0 Procedure 7.1 Stepwise procedure. 1. Give visit to any overhead system in local area / substation. 2. Observe the models of different types of line supports available in lab. 3. Observe the material used for different line supports. 4. Write down the voltage level for which the different line supports are used. 5. Observe and note down distance between towers. 6. Sketch and label parts of different towers.

7.2 Observe table :7.2.1 R.C.C. Poles :-

Material used :Type :Suitable for :Span :Sketch :7.2.2 7.2.3 Steel poles :Material used :Type :Suitable :Distance :Sketch :Steel poles :Material used :Type :Suitable for __________ voltage Distance / span ____________ Sketch :-

8.0 List of questions 1) What should be the minimum height of any type of tower? 2) Why only steel towers are preferred for three phase double circuit line in tansmission system? 3) In which of the following case lighting will seriously affect the line conductor? I. II. When steel poles are used. When steel towers are used. And why? 4) State the difference between EHV and HV D.C line supports. 5) Calculate the value of ground clearance for conductors on a 132kV and 400kV towers. 9.0 Answers

Experiment no 08
1.0 Title To study types of insulators used in transmission / distribution systems. 2.0 Context 2.1 Chapter: - 8. Transmission line components 2.2 Topic: - line insulators 3.0 Prior concepts Line components. Types of insulation material. Electrical properties of insulation material. 4.0 New concepts Proposition 1 :An insulator comprises of insulation and is used to provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports. Concepts structure 1 :Insulation material line insulator

Provides insulation Proposition 2 :While selecting the insulators for transmission / distribution lines compromise is made between system operating voltage, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of insulator. Concept structure 2 :-

Insulator selection

compromise

Electrical properties

Thermal properties

Mechnical properties

Operating voltage

5.0 Learning objectives 5.1 Intellectual skills :5.1.1 To discriminate and label different parts of different insulators. 5.1.2 To indentify the material used and the position of conductor for an insulator. 5.1.3 To classify insulators according to the system voltage and strain / tension requirement. 5.2 Motor skill :5.2.1 To observe the construction of different types of insulators. 5.2.2 To sketch the different types of insulators. 5.2.3 To observe position of conductor. 6.0 Design of experiment 6.1 Physical layout :Equipment :- samples of different insulators. 6.2 Information input :New information :a) The flash over distance for dry insulation is more, than of wet insulator. When the insulator is more, than that of wet insulator. When insulator is wet their outer surface is almost conducting therefore flash over distance is lesser. b) In order to keep the inner side of insulator dry, the rain sheds are provided. c) Suspension insulators are used for lines above 33kV lines. In EHV substations polycon post insulator are used. d) A grading ring may be provided on large insulators to improve string efficiency. Sometimes arcing horns are also provided to shift the arc away from the insulator. During a high voltage surge arcing occurs only between the horns and grading ring. Thus insulator is saved from the heat of arc. 7.0 Procedure 7.1.1 Identity the type of insulators. 7.1.2 Observe the material used in given line insulators. 7.1.3 Observe the construction of insulators. 7.1.4 Draw a neat sketch / cross sectional view of different line insulators. 7.1.5 Observe the number of pieces / disc in given suspension type insulator and note down the working voltage.

Observation table :a) Pin type insulator : Material used : Specifications : No of pieces : Working voltages : Position of conductor :b) Suspension type insulator : Material used : Specification : No of discs : Working voltages : Position of conductor :c) Insulator : Material used : Specification : No of pieces : Working voltages :d) Insulator : Material used : Specification : No of pieces : Working voltage : Position of conductor :e) Stay insulator : Material used : Specification : No of pieces : Working voltages :8.0 List of questions 1. Why rain sheds are used in case of pin type of insulator? 2. In a string of five disc-suspension insulators, if one of the disc punctures, will the string work? If no give reasons. State necessary charges required. 3. If the stay insulator is not provided in the stay / guy wire will happen? 4. In which case lighting seriously affect the transmission line _____ i. When pin insulator is used. ii. When suspension insulator is used. Justify your answer. 5. How can we use suspension type insulator as a strain insulator? 6. Why cleaning of insulator is necessary after certain duration? 9.0 Answers

Electrical power system 1

INDEX Sr .no 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Title of the experiments Visit layout and line diagram of thermal power station. Visit layout and line diagram of hydro power station. Visit layout and line diagram of nuclear power station. Visit layout and line diagram of solar power station. Visit layout and line diagram of wind power station. Study MSEB bills for HT and LT consumers and prepare report. Visit different line supports used in transmission and distribution system. To study different types of insulators used in transmission / distribution systems. To study different types of conductors(stranded or bundled) used in transmission limes. Perform an experiment to calculate string effiency for a 3 disc and 4 disc string insulator. Page no Date of Marks performance Signature

08

09

10

Sr. no 11 12

Title of the experiment Study of different underground cables for transmission / distribution. To calculate regulation and efficiency of medium transmission line for various loads on simulated model (nominal T network) and to plot vector diagram. Simulation of transmission line plot vector diagram and calculate regulation and efficiency by method for long transmission line. To calculate voltage drop and to draw vector diagram for A.C distributor feed at one end. To calculate voltage drop for simulated A.C distributor fed at one end. Improvement of power for given inductive load by connecting any P.F improving device. To visit and study the indoor substation in the institute and to prepare the layout and to read the line diagram. To visit and study the outdoor substation and prepare layout and to read the line diagram.

Page no.

Date of marks experiment

Signature

13

14

15 16

17

18