Assignment of SOM I

Task 1 What do you mean by tensile, bulk and shear stress? Give examples. Ans: Stress: The internal resistance which the body offers to meet with the load is called stress. The unit of stress is N/m2. The various types of stress are: 1) Tensile stress: Tension is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction. The volume of the material stays constant. Therefore, in a uniaxial material the length increases in the tensile stress direction and the other two directions will decrease in size. In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces. Tensile stress is the opposite of compressive stress. Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Beams subjected to bending moments may include tensile stress as well as compressive stress and/or shear stress. Tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the limit state of stress.

2) Bulk stress: Three mutually perpendicular like direct stresses of same intensity produced in a body constitute a volumetric stress. For example consider a body in the shape of a cube subjected equal normal pushes on all its six faces. It is now subjected to equal compressive stresses p in all the three mutually perpendicular directions. The body is now said to be subjected to a volumetric compressive stress p. Volumetric stress is also called bulk stress.

Sachin Saini

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I

Volumetric stress produces a change in volume of the body without producing any distortion to the shape of the body.

3) Shear stress: When a section is subjected to two equal and opposite forces, acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tend to shear off across, this type of stress is called shear stress. Principle of shear stress: A shear across the plane is always accompanied by a shear stress across the plane and normal to it.

Sachin Saini

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I
What are the compound bars? What is the equation of equilibrium and compatibility equations? Ans: Compound Bar:-A bar which is consisting of two or more different material in parallel are called compound bar. Equilibrium and compatibility equation are those equations which is used to determine the load in compound bar. When a system is comprises of two or more than two members of different materials, the force in various members can be determined by the principal of statics. In such system additional equation are required to supplement the equation statics to know the unknown force. These equations are formed by deformation condition of the system. (1) Equilibrium equation:-Total load must be equal to the load taken by individual member P=P1 + P2 Compatibility equation:
p
hollow

solid

Let p1 and p2 be the pressure, A1 and A2 be the area, E1 and E2 be the modules of elasticity, L1 = L2 = L be the lengths of hollow and solid bar respectively. The deformation of the solid bar is equal to the deformation in the hollow bar. H = S Now, strain in the hollow bar (H) =
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- (1)

- (2)

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I
Stress in hollow bar (H) = - (3)

Therefore, modules of elasticity of hollow bar (E1) = By putting the values of H and H from (2) and (3), we get E1 = H = Strain in the solid bar (S) = Stress in solid bar (S) = - (6) - (5) - (4)

Modules of elasticity of solid bar (E2) = By putting the values of S and S from (5) and (6), we get E2 = S = Put the values of S and H in equation (1), we get H = S = This is the equation of compatibility.

Sachin Saini

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I
What is difference between pressure and stress? Ans: The difference between pressure and stress are stated below: Stress is encountered in solids. Its magnitude depends upon direction of load with respect to the plane passing through the point under consideration. This magnitude is different on different planes passing through the point considered. Pressure is associated with fluids (liquids and gases) and its represents the force exerted per unit area due to impact of fluid molecules on the walls of the container or on the body immersed in a fluid, and its value is same at a point in a fluid.

Sachin Saini

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I
Task 2 An axial load of 56KN is applied to a bar of 36mm diameter and 1m in length. The extension of bar is measured to be 0.265mm whereas reduction in diameter is 0.003mm. Calculate Poissons ratio and the value of three moduli. Ans: Axial load applied on the bar = 56 KN Diameter of the bar = 36mm = 36 10-2m Length of the bar = 1m Change in length of the bar = 0.265mm = 0.265 10-2m Decrease in the diameter of the bar = 0.003mm = 0.003 10-2m To find poisons ratio: Poissons ration () = Longitudinal strain = = = 0.00265 Lateral strain = = = 0.00083 - (3) Put these values from (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get = = 0.313 To find three modulie: Youngs modules (E) = Stress = = = = 550.168 KN/m2 -(6) - (5) -(4) - (2) - (1)

Put the value from (2) and (6) in equation (5), we get
Sachin Saini IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I
E= = 207610.75 KN/m2 (7) We know that, E = 3K (1 - 2) where K is the bulk modules of elasticity. Therefore, K= put the value of E and from (7) and (4),we get K= = 185036.31 KN/m2 Similarly, E = 2(1 + ) Where is the shear modules. Therefore, = put the value of E and from (7) and (4),we get = = 79059.69 KN/m2

Sachin Saini

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622

Assignment of SOM I
Explain the mechanical properties of the material in brief. Ans: The mechanical properties of material are: 1) Elasticity: It is the ability of the material of the matter to regain its original shape after the removal of the applied force. There is a certain limit for a material to resist the force. This is called elastic limit. It can be defined as the greatest stress upto which the material deforms elastically without any permanent deformation. 2) Plasticity: It is the opposite of the elasticity. It involves the permanent deformation of the material when the stress is removed without the fracture. 3) Ductility: Ductility is the measure of the amount of the plastic deformation. Ductility is quite useful property in the metal forming processes. 4) Brittleness: It is the property of the breaking of the material without preinformation. Cast iron and glass are the examples of the brittle materials. 5) Hardness: It is the resistance offered by the material to the indentation to measure the hardness of the material. 6) Toughness: Toughness is the amount of energy of a material can absorb before its fracture. 7) Malleability: It is the property of the material to permanently extent in all direction without its fracture by pressing, hammering and rolling. 8) Resilience: Area covered b stress and strain within the elastic limit is known as resilience.

Sachin Saini

IIU/BT-10/ME/1622