FACT At the start 1. Heart rate 85 beats per minute 2. Breath 18 breaths per minute 3.

3. His mouth dry and took one last sip of water 4. He only concentrating on his coxswain. 5. The most stressful moment by all peserta. 6. He is sweating although air was

IDEA 1. Somatic system of nervous system involved

2. Sympathetic system provide

LEARNING ISSUES What is responsible for raising Jimmys heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweating just before the race?

ACTION 1. Search in internet http://www.answers.c om/topic/sympathetic -nervous-system 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment

responses and energy needed in stress situation

1. Stress response comprise the fight-or-flight responses 2. Sympathetic division is always active at a basal level 3. Stress condition stimulate the sympathetic nervous system hormones like adrenaline and

Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race?

1. Search in internet http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Fight-orflight_response 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from

cool.

noradrenaline
1. Sympathetic division inhibits

library What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? 1. Search in internet http://www.buzzle.co m/articles/sympatheti c-andparasympathetic.html 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

activity of the digestive system, like inhibition of peristalsis.

2. Sympathetic division relaxes

urinary bladder. Both systems are less important during stress condition.

1. Blood glucose level increase

What is happening to Jimmy's 1. Search in internet blood glucose levels just before the race? http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Blood_sugar_r egulation

during stress.

http://en.wikipedia.or

g/wiki/fight-orflight_response 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

1. Dehydration occur

Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?

1. Search in internet http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/fight-orflight_response 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

2. Sympathetic nervous system activated which increased in releasing of adrenaline hormone.

3. This stress condition leads to

inhibition of the lacrimal gland (responsible for tear production) and salivation. One minute in 1. Heart rate 201 1. New demands is ATP.

Rowing full speed is putting new 1. Search in internet demands on Jimmy's body.

beats per minute 2. 2 breaths per stroke 3. 34 strokes per minute 4. Body temperature 37.5C 5. Feel burning on muscles
1. Hemoglobin had to unload its

What are these new demands and how does the body respond to them?

http://www.sportfitnessadvisor.com/energys ystems.html 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

What

changes

in

Jimmy's 1. Search in internet 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment

oxygen so that the muscles could use this oxygen in the aerobic reaction within his cells to produce energy (ATP).
2. His body could maintain its

muscles promote unloading of O2 from hemoglobin for use by the muscle cells?

homeostasis.

1. Accumulation of lactic acid.

Why do Jimmy's muscles feel 1. Search in internet

2. Muscles do not get enough oxygen to convert food to energy.

like they are burning?

http://wiki.answers.co m/Q/What_causes_m uscle_burn_during_e xercise 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment

1. Hypothalamus stimulates sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat.

2. Nervous and hormonal

What

conflict

is

produced 1. Search in internet http://www.answers.c om/topic/hypothalam us 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from

between Jimmy's need to keep his body cool and his need to remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood? What did he do before the race to help alleviate this conflict?

pathways connect it with the pituitary 3. sweat evaporates from the skin

4. nitrogenous wastes away from At the halfway mark 1. Heart rate 208 beats per minute 2. Breath- 80 breaths per minute 3. Sweats more body via urinary system 1. Jimmy decreased the demands of his muscle. 2. Fight and Flight had slowed down.
3. Less production of adrenaline,

library Since the end of the first minute, 1. Search in internet Jimmy demands has his decreased muscles the are 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment 2. Ask lecturer

making. How has he done this? And why has he done this?

less energy from the muscles.

1. Causes muscle fatigue.

2. Body temporarily exhausts its

What are the changes in his 1. Search in internet conditions as a result? 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment

supply of energy.

At the finish 1. Heart rate 208 beats per minute 2. Breath- 80 breaths per minute 3. Sweats more

1. Due to the oxygen debt for the

Jimmy has stopped rowing and 1. Search in internet his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and breathing rates still so high? http://www.personalp owertraining.net/Articl es/oxygen_debt.htm 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

body. 2. More ATP required, more oxygen needed. 3. Breathing faster repaid the amount of oxygen needed.

1. Accumulated body heat. 2. Increases of body temperature.

Why is he sweating more now 1. Search in internet than during the race? 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment

3. Sweat glands increase secretary activity.

1. Reduction in the amount of

What changes have occurred to 1. Search in internet his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think about glucose levels, pH, lactate 3. References from library 4. Conduct an experiment 2. Ask lecturer

blood glucose.
2. Carbon dioxide level increases. 3. PH of the blood is acidic due to

formation of carbonic acid.

4. Temperature increases as more

levels, and temperature.

lactic acid are accumulated.

Back at the dock 1. Heart rate and respiratory back to normal 2. Body temperature 37.5C 3. Take small amount of water 4. Weight - 76kg

1. Jimmys condition back normal and not in stress state 2. Sympathetic nervous system does not active
3. Blood vessels dilate, there is

What changes have occurred in 1. Search in internet the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmy's heart and respiratory rates to come down? http://answers.yahoo. com/question/index? qid=2008090408284 6AAGgLJG http://mysticbanana.c om/why-does-restingbreathing-ratedecrease-afterexercise.html 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

more blood flow.

1. Cause of dehydration. 2. More sweating process happens

Why

is

Jimmy

four

pounds 1. Search in internet http://www.suite101.c om/content/difference s-between-aerobicand-anaerobicexercise-and-training-a251694

lighter than at the start of the race?

during rowing.
3. Cause of burning calories.

4. Anaerobic exercise use large amount of energy.

http://wapedia.mobi/e n/Dehydration 2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library 4. Conduct an

experiment

1. Dehydration synthesis or loss of

What effect has this water loss 1. Search in internet had on his endocrine system? http://kidshealth.org/p arent/general/body_b asics/endocrine.html http://biology.clc.uc.e du/courses/bio105/en docrin.htm

water from the body.

2. Water loss would increase anti-

dieretic hormone (ADH), which is produced by the hypothalamus.

3. Kidneys tubules absorb more

water.
http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Endocrine_sys tem

2. Ask lecturer 3. References from library

1. If he drank as much as he wanted to, he has the probability to get muscle cramp. This is because, his muscle would have contracted.
2. Drinking too much water can

Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank as much as he wanted to?

1. Search in internet http://news.bbc.co.uk/ 2/hi/6263029.stm

http://www.drmirkin.c om/fitness/hyponatre mia.html

eventually cause your brain to swell, stopping it regulating vital functions such as breathing, and causing death.
3. Combination of excessive fluid

http://www.scientifica merican.com/article.c fm?id=strange-buttrue-drinking-toomuch-water-can-kill 2. Ask lecturer

intake and increased secretion of vasopression.

4. Vasopressin instructs the

kidneys to conserve water.

3. References from library

SOLUTION: At the start 1. What is responsible for raising Jimmy's heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweating just before the race? The system that involves in this is action is somatic system of nervous system. The sympathetic division is responsible for raising Jimmy's heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweating. Indeed the sympathetic system is responsible for providing responses and energy needed to cope with stressful situations such as fear or extremes of physical activity like rowing. In response to such stress, the sympathetic system: raises blood pressure, heart rate, and the blood supply to the skeletal muscles kidneys, and skin.

2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race? The sympathetic division is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight responses.

Before the race, jimmy under stress condition which stimulated the hormones of sympathetic nervous system like adrenaline and noradrenaline . These hormones increase the heart rate and blood pressure. So, the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system is activated.

3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? If the stimulus perceived stress, this will activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. This activation is associated with specific physiological actions in the system, both directly and indirectly through the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and to a lesser extent norepinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal glands. The release is triggered by acetylcholine released from preganglionic sympathetic nerves. The other major factor in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This situation stimulates inhibition of stomach and upper-intestinal action (digestion slows down or stops) and relaxation of bladder.

4. What is happening to Jimmy's blood glucose levels just before the race?

Under stress condition, Jimmy blood glucose level increase because of the hormone adrenaline which is released. This hormone cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for physical activity (fight-or-flight response). Some typical effects are increases blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and a general reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. Release of insulin is strongly inhibited by the stress hormone norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which leads to increased blood glucose levels during stress.

5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry? During stress condition, sympathetic nervous system activated which increased in releasing of adrenaline hormone. This stress condition leads to inhibition of the lacrimal gland (responsible for tear production) and salivation. Thus make Jimmys mouth dry.

One minute in 1. Rowing full speed is putting new demands on Jimmy's body. What are these new demands and how does the body respond to them? The new demands is ATP. At peak levels of rowing, the ATP demands are enormous and mitochondrial ATP production rises to a maximum. This maximum rate is determined by the availability of oxygen, and oxygen cannot diffuse into the muscle fiber fast enough to enable the mitochondria to produce the required ATP. At peak levels of exertion, mitochondrial activity can provide only about one-third of the ATP needed. The remainder is produced through glycolysis. At this level, Jimmy breathing and heart rate increases in order to take a lot of oxygen to produce more ATP. When glycolysis produces pyruvic acid faster than it can be utilized by the mitochondria, pyruvic acid levels rise in body. Under these conditions, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid.
2. What changes in Jimmy's muscles promote unloading of O2 from hemoglobin for use by the muscle cells?

Hemoglobin had to unload its oxygen so that the muscles could use this oxygen in the aerobic reaction within his cells to produce energy(ATP).Therefore, his body could maintain its homeostasis.

3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel like they are burning? Burning during intense exercise is caused by the acidity from accumulation of lactic acid. When the muscles cannot get all the oxygen they need to convert food to energy via glycolysis process during intense exercise. The lactic acid accumulates in muscles, makes them more acidic, and the acidity causes a burning feeling which the temperature also increases. 4. What conflict is produced between Jimmy's need to keep his body cool and his need to remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood? What did he do before the race to help alleviate this conflict? In fact, receptors carry the message of excess heat to our body's thermostat, the hypothalamus in the brain. To keep Jimmys body cool, nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat. The fluid for the sweat also comes from the increased skin blood flow. In process to cool the body, the hair effector muscle relaxed and flat which the layer of air become thin. The blood capillaries dilate causing more heat loss and sweat gland is activated to produce more sweat through evaporation.The sweat evaporates from the skin, removing heat and cooling the body. Evaporation of sweat removes fluid from the body, so it is important to maintain fluids for blood flow and sweat production by drinking water and/or sport drinks.

As we know, the body produces the nitrogenous wastes during the exercise. All the extra blood that is flowing to the muscles can take the nitrogenous wastes away from the body via urinary system.

At the halfway mark

1. Since the end of the first minute, Jimmy has decreased the demands his muscles are making. How has he done

this? And why has he done this? By the end of the first minute, Jim had decreased the demands his muscles were making as this can be explained by the fact that the "fight and flight" message from the brain had slowed down with less production of adrenaline, hence less energy demand from the muscles. The changes in his condition include his heart rate decreasing from 201 to 180 beats per minute. His respiratory rate has also decreased slightly.

2. What are the changes in his conditions as a result?

The changes in his condition will causes the muscle fatigue. The muscle fatigue occur when the body temporarily exhausts its supply of energy.

At the finish 1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and breathing rates still so high? When Jimmy has stopped rowing, his muscles relaxed, but his breathing was still high due to the fact that this is the recovery period( oxygen debt) for the body system. During the recovery period, oxygen is readily available and the body's oxygen demand remains elevated above normal resting levels. The recovery period is powered by the ATP that aerobic metabolism generates. The more ATP required, the more oxygen will be needed. The oxygen debt created during exercise is the amount of oxygen needed to restore normal. While the oxygen debt is being repaid, the breathing rate and depth are increased. As a result, you continue to breathe heavily long after you stop exercising. When the heart rate increases, the blood pressure also increases before get to the normal. 2. Why is he sweating more now than during the race?

Jim is sweating more now at the finish line as a result of accumulated body heat which the body temperature increases. Therefore, the sweat glands increase their secretory activity until normal body temperature is restored.

3. What changes have occurred to his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think about glucose levels, pH, lactate levels, and temperature.

The work of the muscles cause an increase in blood flow to the muscles. As a result of increase in activity in the muscles, there is a reduction in the amount of blood glucose as it is converted to energy. Carbon dioxide level in the blood will increase as it is produced with the use of glucose.

The PH of the blood will drop (acidic) due to the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. When the more lactic acid are accumulated in the body, the more heat produces which causes the temperature increases. The lactic acid level of the blood will also increase as the end product of glucose and glycogen metabolism.

Back at the dock 4. down? In the last 10 minute, the Jimmys condition back normal and not in stress state. Thus, the sympathetic nervous system does not active. Therefore, his heart and respiratory rates back to normal. After exercising for a while, the increased blood flow brings vasodilatory metabolites to the blood vessels around the working muscles. The blood vessels dilate, there is more blood flow, and this decreases the blood pressure and What changes have occurred in the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmy's heart and respiratory rates to come

initial heart rate. So now the heart is working less and the respiratory rate decreases.

After just stopping exercise, our respiratory rate should be the same because our body has compensated for the increased heart rate changes by dilating the blood vessels to increase flow.

If the person's respiration rate stayed very high during exercise, they could be obese, diabetic, asthmatic, or have lung or heart problems. If the respiration rate stayed low after exercise, this could be normal (marathon runners & athletes) or low blood pressure. Normally, after exercise it is normal for breathing to be slightly faster or normal depending on how long or how intensely we've have been exercising. Besides, it is probably cause of the intercostals muscles and the diaphragm become stronger. As our lungs get stronger, they get more oxygen from each breath, so we need fewer breaths over a given period of time. 5. Why is Jimmy four pounds lighter than at the start of the race?

Jimmy is four pounds lighter at the end of the race because of dehydration. The dehydration occurs during the rowing as well as more sweating process happens. Jims body is starting to have multiple chemical reactions within his nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, respiratory and intergumentary systems during the race.

Besides, anaerobic exercise is one of the main reason why Jimmys body became lighter after the race. Anaerobic does not need or use oxygen to restore energy levels. It is focus attention on one specific muscle at a time. The large amount of energy that the body needs to complete anaerobic exercises cannot be provided by oxygen. Energy, instead, is replenished by the natural chemistry of the body. Anaerobic exercises do not usually cause the heart to beat particularly fast and do not leave people gasping for air. The benefits of anaerobic exercise include increased muscle mass and decreased body fat. 6. What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system?

Exocrine gland is a part of endocrine system. Examples of exocrine glands are salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. During the period of the rowing, Jimmy already loss a lot amount of sweat. As Jimmys breath, heart rate and blood flow are back to normal, the blood vessels relaxed and less amount of heat loss. Thus, the producing of sweat decreased. 7. to? Since Jim was dehydrated after the race, that is he had a loss of fluid and electrolytes. The small sips also allowed his body to adjust to his state of dehydration. Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank as much as he wanted

If he drank as much as he wanted to, he has the probability to get muscle cramp. This is because, his muscle would have contracted. Drinking too much water can eventually cause your brain to swell, stopping it regulating vital functions such as breathing, and causing death. It is usually a combination of excessive fluid intake and increased secretion of vasopression (also called antidiuretic hormone). Produced by the hypothalamus and secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland, vasopressin instructs the kidneys to conserve water. Its secretion increases in periods of physical stressduring a marathon, for exampleand may cause the body to conserve water even if a person is drinking excessive quantities.

FAKULTI SAINS & MATEMATIK UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

PHYSIOLOGY
(FILA CHART , QUESTION AND SOLUTION)

NAZIRATUL ASYIKIN MOHD SAM D20091035116