SALT ANALYSIS

1)ORGANIC 2)INORGANIC
Subpages (2): INORGANIC ORGANIC

INORGANIC

Aim: - To identify the given inorganic compound for its acidic and basic radical.

Apparatus: - Chemical Reagent, Test Tube, Test Tube holder, Spatula, Burner

Procedure:- ( Click On The Required Radical to see the procedure ) Acidic Radical:Group A:- CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-,CrO42Group B:- Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO-, C2O42Group C:- SO42-, PO43-

Basic Radical:Group 0:- NH4+

Group 1:- Pb2+ , Ag+ Group 2:- Pb2+, Cu2+, As+ Group 3:- Fe3+, Al3+ Group 4:- Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ Group 5:- Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ Group 6:- Mg2+

Result:- The given salt contains ________ as acidic radical and ________ as basic radical.

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CARBONATE Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt.

Observation Gas with brisk effervescence evolved.

Inference Carbonate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Pass the above evolved gas through lime water. Observation Lime water turns milky. Inference Carbonate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:CO32-(s) + 2H+(aq) -->H2O(l) + CO2(g) CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s)(milky) + H2O(l)

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SULPHIDE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation Gas with smell of rotten eggs evolved. Inference Sulphide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added a few drops lead(II) of ethanoate solution. Observation Inference Black precipitate of lead Sulphide confirmed. sulphide formed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:MS(s) + 2H+(aq) M2+(aq) + H2S(g

Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq)--> PbS(s)

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SULPHITE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation Gas with smell of burning sulphur evolved. Inference Sulphite may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Add barium chloride to the salt. Observation A white ppt. of barium sulphite formed which dissolved in excess hydrochloric acid to give a clear colourless solution. Inference Sulphite confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) --> BaSO3(s)

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NITRITE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation Reddish brown gas with pungent smell evolved. Inference Nitrite may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added potassium permanganate solution. Observation Pink colour of potassium permanganate discharged. Inference Nitrite confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:NO2- + H2SO4(aq)

NO(g) + SO42- + H2O(l)

2KMnO4(Pink) + 3H2SO4 + 5KNO2 --> K2SO4(Colourless) + 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + 3H2O

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CHROMATE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric Observation Solution turned yellow. Inference Chromate may be present.

acid to given salt.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added barium chloride solution. Observation Yellow precipitate formed. Inference Chromate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72-(aq)(yellow) Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) BaCrO4(s)(yellow)

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CHLORIDE
Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation No effect. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent.
Chloride may be present.

Added concentrated sulphuric Colourless gas with pungent acid to given salt. smell evolved.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added few potassium dichromate

crystals and concentrated sulphuric acid and heated. Passed the vapors through the test tube which

Observation Yellow coloured precipitate is formed.

Inference Chloride confirmed.

contains sodium hydroxide solution. To this yellow solution, added dilute CH3COOH and lead acetate solution.

Chemical Equations:K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4 2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO3 + 2CrO2Cl2

chromyl chloride

(orange-red vapours)

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BROMIDE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Added copper turnings. Observation No effect. Brown colour gas evolved. No effect. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Nitrate or Bromide may be present. Bromide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution Observation A pale yellow precipitate formed. Inference Bromide confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) AgBr(s)(yellow)

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ODIDE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation No effect. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Violet colour gas evolved. Iodide may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution Observation A pale yellow precipitate formed. Inference Iodide confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) AgI(s)(yellow)

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NITRATE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Added copper turnings. Observation No effect. Brown colour gas evolved. Brown colour intensifies. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Nitrate or Bromide may be present. Nitrate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added fresh ferrous sulphate, nitric acid to salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid alsong the walls of test tube. Observation Brown coloured ring is formed. Inference Nitrate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+

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ACETATE Preliminary Test:Experiment Observation Inference

Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt.

No effect. Vinegar like smell.

Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Acetate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added ethanol to the salt, then added drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. Observation Evolution of fruity smell. Inference Acetate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:CH3COOH- + H2SO4 --> HSO4- + CH3COOH

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OXALATE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation No effect. Colourless gas with brisk effervescence evolved. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Oxalate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:-

Experiment Passed the above evolved gas through lime water .

Observation Lime water turned milky.

Inference Oxalate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:C2O42- + H2SO4(aq) CO(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) + SO42CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s)(milky) + H2O(l)

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SULPHATE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation No effect. No effect. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Nitrate,Bromide, Chloride,Acetate, absent. Sulphate or phosphate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added barium chloride solution. Observation Inference White coloured precipitate Sulphate confirmed. is formed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) ==> BaSO4(s)(white)

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PHOSPHATE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added dilute sulphuric acid to given salt. Added concentrated sulphuric acid to given salt. Observation No effect. No effect. Inference Carbonate, sulphide , sulphite, nitrate absent. Nitrate,Bromide, Chloride,Acetate, absent. Sulphate or phosphate may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added soda extract1 and dilute nitric acid and then added Ammonium Molybdate solution. Observation A canary yellow precipitate formed. Inference Phosphate confirmed.

Chemical Equations:(NH4)2(NO3)+2Na2(PO4) --> 2(NH4)(PO4)+2Na2(NO3)

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AMMONIUM Preliminary Test:-

Experiment Smelled the salt.

Observation Ammonical smell.

Inference Ammonium may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added sodium hydroxide solution to the salt. Observation Ammonical smelling gas evolved. Inference Ammonium confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)

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LEAD1 Preliminary Test:Experiment Observation Inference Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Ammonium absent. Added dilute hydrochloric White coloured precipitate Lead(II) may be present. acid to original solution. is formed.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added potassium iodide. Observation Yellow coloured precipitate formed. Inference Lead(II) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Pb2+(aq) + HCl(aq) PbCl2(White) Pb2+(aq) +2I-(aq) PbI2(s)(Yellow)

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SILVER Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added precipitate in hot water. Observation No Ammonical smell. White coloured precipitate is formed. No effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II), Ag(I) may be present. Ag(I) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added potassium chromate to original solution. Observation Brick red coloured precipitate formed. Inference Ag(I) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Ag+ + HCl(aq) --> AgCl(s)(white) + H+ 2AgCl(s)(white) + K2CrO4 Ag2CrO4(s)(yellow) + 2KCl(aq)

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LEAD2 Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present.

Black coloured precipitate Lead(II)may be present. formed.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added potassium iodide to original solution. Observation Yellow coloured precipitate formed. Inference Lead(II) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Pb2+ + HCl(aq) --> PbCl2(l) + 2H+

Pb2+ + KI(aq) PbI2(s)(yellow) + 2K+

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COPPER Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Observation No Ammonical smell. Inference Ammonium absent.

Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added sodium hydroxide to original solution.

No Effect.

Lead(II)may be present.

Black coloured precipitate Cu(II) ,Pb(II),As(III) may formed. be present. Blue coloured precipitate formed. Cu(II) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added ammonium hydroxide to original solution. Observation Blue coloured precipitate formed. Inference Cu(II) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) --> Cu(OH)2(s)(blue) Cu(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) --> [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)(blue) + 2OH-(aq)

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ARSENIC Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. Yellow coloured precipitate formed. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. As(III) may be present.

acid to original solution.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Observation Added dilute Yellow coloured hydrochloric acid to above precipitate formed. solution. Inference As(III) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:2As3+ + 3H2S(g) As2S3(s)(yellow) + 6H+ 2As2S3(s)(yellow) + 12HCl(l) 4AsCl3(s)(yellow) + 6H2S

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IRON Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Fe(III) may be present.

Reddish Brown precipitate formed.

hydroxide.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Dissolved the precipitate formed with hydrochloric . Added potassium sulphocyanide. Observation Blood red colouration. Inference Fe (III) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s)( Reddish Brown) Fe3+(aq) + 3HCl(l) FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(aq) FeCl3(aq) + 6KCNS(aq) K3[Fe(CNS)6](Blood Red) + 3KCl(aq)
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ALUMINIUM Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) may be present.

Gelatinous white precipitate formed.

solid ammonium hydroxide.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Dissolved the precipitate formed with hydrochloric acid and added drops of blue litmus. Then added ammonium hydroxide till alkaline. Observation Blue coloured precipitate floated on surface . Inference Al(III) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Al(OH)3(s)(white)(adsorb blue colour)

Al3+(aq) + 3HCl(l) AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(aq)

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Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution.

Flesh(buff) coloured precipitate formed.

Mn (II) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added lead dioxide to above solution, then added concentrated nitric acid. Boiled it. Observation Pink Colouration formed. Inference Mn (II) Confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Mn 2+ + H2S(aq) MnS(s)(Flesh) + 2H+ MnS(aq) + 2HCl(aq) MnCl2 + 2H+ + S22Mn 2+ + 4H+ + 5PbO2(s) 2MnO4-(aq) + 5Pb2+(aq) + 2H2O(aq)

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ZINC Preliminary Test:Experiment Observation Smelled the salt. No Ammonical smell. Added dilute hydrochloric No Effect. acid to original solution. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present.

Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution.

No Effect.

Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

White coloured precipitate Zn (II) may be present. formed.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Observation Dissolved the precipitate Bluish white coloured in concentrated precipitate formed. hydrochloric acid and boiled it.Added potassium ferrocyanide to it Inference Zn (II) Confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Zn 2+ + H2S(aq) ZnS(s)(White) + 2H+ ZnS(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 + 2H+ + S22Zn 2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6](Bluish White) + 4K+

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NICKEL Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution. Dissolved the precipitate in aqua regia.Evaporated residue. Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

Black coloured precipitate Co(II) or Ni(II) may be formed. present. Yellow coloured residue remained. Ni(II) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Dissolved the yellow residue in water. Added ammonium hydroxide till alkaline then added dimethylglyxoglime solution. Observation Bright red precipitate formed. Inference Ni(II) confirmed.

Chemical Equations:-

Ionic equation:Ni 2+ + H2S(aq) NiS(s)(black) + 2H+ NiS(s)(black) + 2HCl(aq) + [O] NiCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + S

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COBALT Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution. Dissolved the precipitate in aqua regia.Evaporated residue. Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

Black coloured precipitate Co(II) or Ni(II) may be formed. present. Blue coloured residue remained. Co(II) may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Observation Dissolved the blue residue Blue coloured layer in water.Added floated on surface . Inference Co(II)confirmed.

ammonium sulphocyanide to it.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Co2+ + H2S(aq) CoS(s)(black) + 2H+ CoS(s)(black) + 2HCl(aq) + [O] CoCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + S Co2+ + 4KCNS K2[Co(CNS)4](blue colouration) + 2K+
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Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution. Added ammonium carbonate to above solution. Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

No Effect.

Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II) absent. Ba(II), Sr(II), Ca(II) may be present.

White precipitate is formed.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Dissolved precipitate in acetic acid and boiled it. Added few drops of ammonium oxalate to above solution and then added ammonium hydroxide. Observation White precipitate is formed. Inference Ca(II) Confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) CaCO3(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + (NH4)2C2O4(aq) CaC2O4(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)
Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Remove Access|Powered By Google Sites reliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution. Added ammonium carbonate Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent.

No Effect.

Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II) absent. Ba(II), Sr(II), Ca(II) may be

White precipitate is formed.

to above solution.

present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Dissolved precipitate in acetic acid and boiled it.Added few drops of potassium chromate to above solution. Observation Yellow precipitate is formed. Inference Ba (II) Confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:-

Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) BaCO3(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq) BaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Ba2+(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s)(yellow) + 2K+ Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Remove Access|Powered By Google Sites

STRONTIUM Preliminary Test:Experiment Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium Observation No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect. Inference Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent. Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution. Added ammonium carbonate to above solution.

No Effect.

Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II) absent. Ba(II), Sr(II), Ca(II) may be present.

White precipitate is formed.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Dissolved precipitate in acetic acid and boiled it. Added few drops of ammonium sulphate to above solution and then added ammonium hydroxide. Observation White precipitate is formed. Inference Sr(II) Confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:Sr2+ + (NH4)2CO3 (aq) SrCO3(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq) SrCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2(g) + H2O(l) Sr2+(aq) + (NH4)2SO4(aq) SrSO4(s)(white) + 2NH4+(aq)

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MAGNESIUM
Preliminary Test:Experiment Observation Inference

Smelled the salt. Added dilute hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added hydrogen disulphide, hydrochloric acid to original solution. Added dilute hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid and boiled solution. Then cooled it and added solid ammonium hydroxide. Passed Hydrogen disulphide gas through above formed solution. Added ammonium carbonate to above solution.

No Ammonical smell. No Effect. No Effect.

Ammonium absent. Lead(II)may be present. Pb(II), Cu(II) , As(III) absent.

No Effect.

Al(III) ,Fe(III) absent.

No Effect.

Zn (II) ,Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II) absent. Mg (II) may be present.

No Effect.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide and disodium hydrogen phosphate to original solution. Observation White precipitate is formed. Inference Mg(II) Confirmed.

Chemical Equations:Ionic equation:-

Mg2+ + HPO42-(aq) + NH4+(aq) Mg(NH4)PO4(white) + H+ Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Remove Access|Powered By Google Sites

ORGANIC

1) ALCOHOL

2) ALDEHYDE 3) AMINE 4) CARBOXYLIC ACID 5) KETONE 6) PHENOL

Subpages (6): ALCOHOL ALDEHYDE AMINE CARBOXYLIC ACID KETONE PHENOL Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Remove Access|Powered By Google Sites

ALCOHOL Preliminary Test:Experiment Added bromine water to solution Observation No Effect Or Pink colour of Bromine water changed to colourless. Inference Compound is saturated. Or Compound is unsaturated.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Warmed with acetic acid and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. Observation Fruity smell is formed. Inference Alcohol confirmed.

Chemical Equations:R3C-CR3 + Br2 No Effect OR R2C=CR2 + Br2 BrR2C-CR2Br

CH3COOH + ROH CH3COOR + H2O

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ALDEHYDE Preliminary Test:Experiment Added bromine water to solution Observation No Effect Or Pink colour of Bromine water changed to colourless. Added drop of blue Litmus No Effect. to solution. Added a few drops 2,4- Yellowish -orange dinitrophenylhydrazine precipitate formed. to the solution. Inference Compound is saturated. Or Compound is unsaturated.

Carboxylic Acid and Phenol absent. Aldehyde or ketone may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Observation Inference

Added a few drops of Fehling's solution A & B.

Formation Of red colour.

Aldehyde confirmed.

Chemical Equations:R3C-CR3 + Br2 No Effect OR R2C=CR2 + Br2 BrR2C-CR2Br

R-CHO + (NO2)2C6H3NHNH2 (NO2)2C6H3NHN=CRH(Yellowish Orange) + H2O

RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 2H2O RCOOH + Cu2O(Red) + 4H+

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AMINE AIM: To test the presence of amino group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No 1

EXPERIMENT LITMUS TEST Organic compound + few drops of red litmus solution.

OBSERVATION Red litmus turns blue

INFERENCE Amino group present.

SOLUBILITY TEST Organic compound + 1-2 ml of dil.HCl. Shake well. Organic compound dissolves. An obnoxious smell is obtained. Amino group present

CARBYLAMINE TEST Organic compound + CHCl3 + Alc.KOH. Heat AZO DYE TEST Primary amine present.

Dissolve organic compound in A red or orange dil.HCl and cool in ice. Add ice dye is obtained. cold NaNO2 solution to it. Mix well. Add ice cold solution of naphthol + NaOH.

Primary aromatic amino group present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. R-NH2 + HCl R- NH3+Cl-

amine

amine salt

1. R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH R- N C + 3KCl + 3H2O

Isocyanide or carbylamine
1. NaNO2 + HCl HNO2 + NaCl

ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl Ar- N+ N-Cl + 2H2O Aromatic 10amine Aryldiazonium chloride (stable between 0- 50C)

- naphthol (draw structure) + Ar- N+ N-Cl (draw structure of the azo dye obtained) + NaCl + H2O RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Amino present in the given organic compound.

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CARBOXYLIC ACID Preliminary Test:Experiment Added bromine water to solution Observation No Effect Or Pink colour of Bromine water changed to colourless. Solution turned Red. Inference Compound is saturated. Or Compound is unsaturated.

Added drop of blue Litmus to solution.

Carboxylic Acid may be present.

Confirmatory Test:Experiment Added sodium bicarbonate to solution. Observation Gas with brisk effervescence evolved. Inference Carboxylic acid confirmed.

Chemical Equations:R3C-CR3 + Br2 No Effect OR R2C=CR2 + Br2 BrR2C-CR2Br

RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + H2O + CO2

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