Analysis of Results: This experiment was conducted to determine the head loss and fanning friction factor within

a straight pipe. The experimental head loss was determined using the formula,

,u sing the density values of mercury and water (the temperature of mercury is assumed to be similar to the temperature of the water in the outlet. The experimental values calculated increased as the flow rate is increased. The same direct relation applies with the flow rate and the manometer reading. The Reynolds number is determined with the Reynolds number formula, based on given parameters of diameter and other parameters based on values given in the Chemical Engineers handbook. The experimental value of the fanning friction factor is calculated with the formula,

, while the theoretical value of the fanning friction factor may be calculated with the formula

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The experimental and theoretical fanning friction values calculated decreased as the flow rate is increased. There is a significant difference in some of the experimental values from the theoretical values, which may imply reading or procedural errors. Finally, the theoretical value of head loss is determined with the formula

Comparing the theoretical and experimental values, there are some significant differences with some of the values, which certifies that there are experimental errors in reading the needed values. As observed in the graph of flow rate versus friction, there is a smooth curve with regards to the increase in flow rate and friction, both in the experimental and theoretical values. As observed in the graph of the fanning friction factor versus the Reynolds Number, there is a decline of values of the fanning friction factor as the Reynolds number is increased. The decline curve is smoother with the theoretical values, which yet again certifies an error in the data gathering.

Conclusion: This experiment was conducted to determine the head loss and fanning friction factor within a straight pipe. Based on the results of the experiment, the head loss through a straight pipe is determined by reading the pressure differences on two different pressure taps and calculated with all the necessary values of the densities of the materials used as the reading instruments, or formulary expressed as

The fanning friction factor is inversely related to the Reynolds number, which means that as the flow of the material increases, the wall shear in the pipe decreases.

Recommendation: This experiment deals with reading the U-tube manometer across two pressures on the straight pipe on the fluid flow apparatus. A low flow rate bears a very minimal manometer reading. As one case, a flow rate of 100 gallons per hour has only a 1 millimeter reading, which is very hard to visualize. In addition, impurities that settled in the mercury border in the manometer may lead to a higher reading error. With this, the group recommends that there should be proper maintenance of apparatus used in the experiment, if digitalization of these analog apparatuses is not practical for the institution.