[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.

com)

Type of chemical signaling (this tell how to send the hormone to the target cell)

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

Impulse from brain Neuroendocrine cells neurohormone Stimulate posterior pituitary gland to produce its hormone Secretion of the hormones into blood

[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com)

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Impulse from brain Neuroendocrine cells neurohormone Stimulate anteriorr pituitary gland to produce its hormone Secretion of the hormones into blood & to the target cells

[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com)

Chemical Group of Hormones 1. Protein/ Peptide 3. Steroid 2. Amino acid derivatives

[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com)

Mechanism of steroid hormone action via gene activation The activation of transcription and translation

The steps 1. Steroid hormone is lipid soluble 2. Hormone directly diffuse into the cytoplasm of target cells

3. Hormone bind to the receptor

4. Hormone-receptor complex enter the nucleus through nuclear pore 5. It binds to specific site of DNA 6. Initiate the transcription to produce mRNA 7. mRNA leaves nucleus to cytoplasm 8. Translation occurs using ribosome and tRNA 9. Newly synthesized protein folded into 3D for the activity 10. Example: Oestrogen stimulates repair and thickening of endometrium wall of uterus

[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com)

Mechanism of non-steroid hormone action via activation of cyclic AMP system It need second messenger Because peptide hormone unable to diffuse through phospholipid of plasma membrane. SO, it needs the help from receptor

Step 1 Binding of hormone to the receptor & changes the conformation of the receptor. Thus, receptor can binds to Gprotein.

Step 2 Activation of G-protein stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to convert the ATP to cAMP cAMP acts as second messenger cAMP activates the cascade effects

[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com)

Activation of cyclic AMP system, the cascade effects

1. Binding of hormone (epinephrine, an adrenaline) to receptor 2. Binding of receptor to G-protein 3. Activation of inactive adenylyl cyclase 4. Conversion of ATP to cAMP 5. Activation of inactive protein kinase 6. Activation of phosphorylase kinase 7. Activation of glycogen phosphorylase 8. Conversion of glycogen to glucose-phosphote 9. Cell activity 10. Glucose-phosphate enter glycolysis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain 11. To produce ATP

[F6 BIOLOGY: CHEMICAL COORDINATION] Tee Bio-Science (bio2u@yahoo.com)

Role of hormones in Menstrual Cycle (the sequence)

Pre-ovulatory phase
1. Hypothalamus secretes Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) 2. GnRH stimulates pituitary gland to secrete FSH 3. FSH stimulates development of follicles 4. Developing follicles secretes oestrogen 5. Oestrogen stimulates repair of endometrium wall 6. Oestrogen also stimulate pituitary gland to produce LH just before 14 days as shown at diagram (a)

Post-ovulatory phase 7. Surge of LH stimulates ovulation 8. The empty follicle develops into corpus luteum 9. The corpus lutuem produces mainly progesterone and also oestrogen 10. Progesteron and oestrogen stimulate further thickening of endometrium wall for implantation 11. In the same time, these progesterone and oestrogen inhibit the hypothalamus and pituitary glands as shown at diagram (b) (postovulatory phase)