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Logarithms appear in all sorts of calculations in engineering and science, business and economics. Before the days of calculators they were used to assist in the process of multiplication by replacing the operation of multiplication by addition. Similarly, th ey enabled the operation of division to be replaced by subtraction. They remain important in other w ays, one of which is that they provide the underlying theory of the logarithm function. Th is has applications in many elds, for example, the decibel scale in acoustics. In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you do plenty of practice exercises so that they become second nature. After reading this text and / or viewing the video tutorial on this topic you should be able to: explain what is meant by a logarithm state and use the laws of logarithms solve simple equations requiring the use of logarithms. Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Introduction Why do we study logarithms ? What is a logarithm ? Exercises The rst law of logarithms The second law of logarithms The third law of logarithms The logarithm of 1 Examples Exercises Standard bases 10 and e Using logarithms to solve equations Inverse operations Exercises log and ln log a xy = log a x + log a y loga x m = m loga x log a
x y
2 2 if x = an then log a x = n 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 9 10 11
= log a x loga y
loga 1 = 0
1. Introduction
In this unit we are going to be looking at logarithms. However, before we can deal with logarithms we need to revise indices. This is because logarithms and indices are closely related, and in order to understand logarithms a good knowledge of indices is required. We know that 16 = 24 Here, the number 4 is the power. Sometimes we call it an exponent. Sometimes we call it an index. In the expression 24 , the number 2 is called the base. Example We know that 64 = 82 . In this example 2 is the power, or exponent, or index. The number 8 is the base.
3. What is a logarithm ?
Consider the expression 16 = 24 . Remember that 2 is the base, and 4 is the power. An alternative, yet equivalent, way of writing this expression is log2 16 = 4. This is stated as log to base 2 of 16 equals 4. We see that the logarithm is the same as the power or index in the original expression. It is the base in the original expression which becomes the base of the logarithm. The two statements 16 = 24 log2 16 = 4 are equivalent statements. If we write either of them, we are automatically implying the other. Example If we write down that 64 = 82 then the equivalent statement using logarithms is log8 64 = 2. Example If we write down that log3 27 = 3 then the equivalent statement using powers is 33 = 27. So the two sets of statements, one involving powers and one involving logarithms are equivalent. In the general case we have:
Key Point
if x = an then equivalently loga x = n
Let us develop this a little more. Because 10 = 101 we can write the equivalent logarithmic form log10 10 = 1. Similarly, the logarithmic form of the statement 21 = 2 is log2 2 = 1. In general, for any base a, a = a1 and so loga a = 1.
Key Point
loga a = 1
We can see from the Examples above that indices and logarithms are very closely related. In the same way that we have rules or laws of indices, we have laws of logarithms. These are developed in the following sections.
4. Exercises
1. Write the following using logarithms instead of powers a) 82 = 64 e) i) a) e) i) m) 106 = 1000000 51 = log3 9 log4 64 log3 loga a
1 27 5 1 5
b)
35 = 243
c)
210 = 1024 d) h)
53 = 125 60 = 1
1 4
f) 103 = 0.001 g) 32 = 1 9 2/3 j) 49 = 7 k) 27 = 9 log2 32 log25 5 log7 1 logc c c) g) k) o) log5 125 d) log8 2 log8 logs s
1 8
l) 322/5 =
2. Determine the value of the following logarithms b) f) j) n) log10 10000 log81 3 log4 8 loge
1 e3
h) l) p)
Key Point
loga xy = loga x + loga y
Key Point
loga xm = m loga x
and
y = am
and
loga y = m
(2)
x =nm y
x = loga x loga y y
Key Point
loga x = loga x loga y y
8. The logarithm of 1
Recall that any number raised to the power zero is 1: a0 = 1. The logarithmic form of this is loga 1 = 0
Key Point
loga 1 = 0
9. Examples
Example Suppose we wish to nd log2 512. This is the same as being asked what is 512 expressed as a power of 2 ? Now 512 is in fact 29 and so log2 512 = 9. Example Suppose we wish to nd log8 1 . 64
1 expressed as a power of 8 ? This is the same as being asked what is 64 1 can be written 641 . Noting also that 82 = 64 it follows that Now 64 1 = 641 = (82 )1 = 82 64 using the rules of indices. So log8
mathtutor project: June 6, 2005
1 = 2. 64 6
Example Suppose we wish to nd log5 25. This is the same as being asked what is 25 expressed as a power of 5 ? Now 52 = 25 and so log5 25 = 2. Example Suppose we wish to nd log25 5. This is the same as being asked what is 5 expressed as a power of 25 ? 1 1 We know that 5 is a square root of 25, that is 5 = 25. So 25 2 = 5 and so log25 5 = 2 . Notice from the last two examples that by interchanging the base and the number log25 5 = This is true more generally: 1 log5 25
Key Point
logb a = 1 loga b
To illustrate this again, consider the following example. Example Consider log2 8. We are asking what is 8 expressed as a power of 2 ? We know that 8 = 23 and so log2 8 = 3. What about log8 2 ? Now we are asking what is 2 expressed as a power of 8 ? Now 23 = 8 1 and so 2 = 3 8 or 81/3 . So log8 2 = . 3 We see again 1 log8 2 = log2 8
10. Exercises
3 Each of the following expressions can be simplied to log N. Determine the value of N in each case. We have not explicitly written down the base. You can assume the base is 10, but the results are identical whichever base is used. a) log 3 + log 5 d) 2 log 3 3 log 2 g) 5 log 2 + 2 log 5 j) log 12 2 log 2 + log 3 b) e) h) k) log 236 + log 1 5 log 2 + 4 log 3 3 log 4 log 128 7 log 2 log 16 log 2 c) f) i) l) 3 log 4 log 2 + log 3 + log 4 log 10 + 2 log 3 log 2 log 236 log 1
Key Point
Common bases: log means log10 where e is the exponential constant. Useful results: log 10 = 1, ln means loge
ln e = 1
If we wanted, this value can be found from a calculator. Example Solve 3x = 5x2 . Again, notice that the unknown appears in the power. Take logs of both sides. log 3x = log 5x2 Now use the laws of logarithms. x log 3 = (x 2) log 5 Notice now that the x we are trying to nd is no longer in a power. Multiplying out the brackets x log 3 = x log 5 2 log 5 Rearrange this equation to get the two terms involving x on one side and the remaining term on the other side. 2 log 5 = x log 5 x log 3 Factorise the right-hand side by extracting the common factor of x. 2 log 5 = x(log 5 log 3) 5 = x log 3 using the laws of logarithms. And nally x= 2 log 5 log 5 3
10
Key Point
ln ex = x, Similarly, log 10x = x, 10log x = x eln x = x
These results will be useful in doing calculus, especially in solving dierential equations.
14. Exercises
4 Use logarithms to solve the following equations a) 10x = 5 e) i) 4x = 12 x = 10 b) ex = 8 c) k) 10x =
1 x 3 1 2
d) h) l)
ex = 0.1 10 = e
1 x 2 x
f) 3x = 2 j) ex =
g) 7x = 1 =2
1 100 2x1
b) e) h) k) c) g) k) 3
1 3
c)
log2 1024 = 10
1 5 log32 1 4
j) log49 7 = b) f) n) b) f) j)
= 2
1 2
5
1 2
j) 0
1 2
o) 1 c) g) k)
1 64
3 d) h)
9 8
3. a) 15 e) i) 236 24
8 236 9
800
2592 64
1 45
81 2
l)
4. All answers are correct to 3 decimal places a) 0.699 b) e) i) 1.792 2.011 f) j) 2.079 0.631 c) 0.301 0.631 d) h) l) 2.303 6.644 3.305
mathtutor project: June 6, 2005
g) 0
1.145 k)
11