Martin Luther:

A Boar Loose in Gods Vineyard

Lesson 9 20 November 2011

Why did the Reformation Occur?

Political Conditions
The Rise of the Nation-State and the concept of National Churches The Rise of the towns and cities The Increased Threat by the Turks to Eastern and Central Europe

Economic Conditions
The Rise of the Entrepreneurial Middle Class and social mobility New Sources of wealth and commerce The Rise of the Banking Industry and the Use of Credit

Social Conditions
The Age of Exploration The Renaissance and the Recovery of Classical Learning The Rise of an Educated Middle Class and the recovery of the Bible

Religious Conditions
The Religious Humanists of Northern Europe The Failure of the Councils to create lasting reforms of the Papacy Corruption in the Church

The Early Martin Luther

Born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben Germany Father, Hans Luther, was a middle class businessman of peasant stock
By 1511 owned 6 copper mines in Central Germany

Mother, Margarethe Luther, was pious and superstitious Educated in the Latin Schools in Eisenach and Magdeburg among the Brethren for a Common Life At 19, entered the University of Erfurt in 1501
Studied the philosophy of William of Occam Earned BA in 1502 and MA in 1505 Father Desired him to become a Lawyer, but he drops out of the program

Saint Anne I will become a monk 2 July 1505

Luther the Monk

Entered the Augustinian Order at Erfurt much to his fathers dismay 1507 Ordained and celebrates first mass 1508 Teaches theology at University of Wittenberg
Founded by Frederick of Saxony (the Elector) in 1502 Meets Johann Von Staupitz (1469-1524) the vicar-general of the order

The Trip to Rome (1510 1511) Assigned to University of Wittenberg (1511)

Becomes Doctor of Theology, teaches at the University Lectures on the Psalms, Romans, Galatians and Hebrews Becomes a Parish Priest as well

Born Again (1516)

Preparing a lecture on Romans 1: 16-17

Luther the Revolutionary

The practice of and the theology behind selling indulgences Leo X and Albert, the Archbishop of Mainz Johann Tetzel and the selling of indulgences
When a coin in the coffer rings, another soul from purgatory springs

The Ninety-Five Theses 31 October 1517 Luther vs. Cardinal Cajetan The Diet of Augsburg (1518) The Leipzig Disputation July 1519
Luther vs. Johann Eck

The Publication of 3 Pamphlets in 1520

The Address to the German Nobility, The Babylonian Captivity and The Freedom of the Christian Man

Leo X and Exsurge Domine in June 1520 The Imperial Diet of Worms in April 1521
Here I Stand, I can do no other, God help me, Amen

Luther After Worms

The Kidnapping to Wartburg Castle (May 1521 March 1522)
The Translation of the Bible into German NT completed 1522, OT completed in 1534 Dispute with Erasmus of Rotterdam and publishing The Bondage of the Will

The Return to Wittenberg and the dispute with the Zwickau Prophets
Anabaptists led by Nicholas Storch, Markus Stubner and Thomas Munster

The Peasants War of 1525

Luther supports the German princes in Against the Plundering and Murderous Hordes of Peasants

Published On Monastic Vows in 1522 urging monks to marry

1525 : Marries Katherine Von Bora (My Kette) and fathers six children

Meets with Ulrich Zwingli of Zurich and fails to unify the movement in 1529 and the doctrine of consubstantiation

The Later Luther

The Diet of Speier in 1526
Cuisus regio esius regio the Religion of the Princes

The Protestation at the 2nd Diet of Speier in 1529

Repudiated the doctrine of the Princes and declared Catholic Church the only true church

The Augsburg Confession of 1530 and the rise of Lutheranism

Philip Melanchthon and Martin Bucer The Short Catechism and universal education movement

The Spread of Lutheranism in the North and the rise of Schmalkadic League to defend the movement Ordination by the Lutheran Church cements the break from Rome in 1535 The Controversy over Philip of Hesse in 1539 Against the Jews and Their Lies published 1543 Luther dies 18 February 1546

Lutheranism and Its Impact

The Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Prince determines the religion of his territory Dissenters given the right to emigrate If a Catholic leader became Protestant, he would resign his position Germany split into Protestant north and Catholic south

Lutheranism spreads into Scandinavia Impacts of the Movement

The Solas: Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Sola Christus, Sola Dei Gloria The focus of the movement on individual belief and freedom The need for universal education and the translation of the Bible into the language of the people The rise of national churches The emphasis on doctrinal correctness over unity which will lead to Protestant Scholasticism Religious Pluralism in Europe The Counter Reformation and the further decline of the power of papacy

References
Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Biography of Luther. Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church Heinze, Rudolph W. The Baker History of the Church vol. 4 Reform and Conflict Luther, Martin. The Bondage of the Will