14 UTRAN-RRM ws08

UTRAN Radio Resource Management
Introduction Handover Control Soft/Softer Handover Inter Frequency Handover Cell Selection/Re-selection Power Control Closed Loop Power Control Open Loop Power Control Load Control Call Admission Control Congestion Control Packet Data Transmission Packet Data Control Dynamic Scheduling
BTS 3
UE BTS 1
BTS 2
References
H. Holma, A. H Holma A Toskala (Ed ) WCDMA for UMTS , Wiley 4th edition, Wiley, 2007 (Ed.), WCDMA UMTS Wiley, edition Wiley Walke, Althoff, Seidenberg: UMTS Ein Kurs. J. Schlembach Fachverlag, 2001 H. Kaaranen, et.al., UMTS Networks: Architecture, Mobility and Services, Wiley, 2001. (see chapter 4) A. Viterbi: CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications, Addison Wesley, 1995. y, J. Laiho, A. Wacker, T. Novosad (ed.): Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS, Wiley, 2001 T. Ojanper R. Prasad, Wideband T Ojanper, R Prasad Wideband CDMA for Third Generation Mobile Communication, Artech House, 1998. R. Prasad, W. Mohr, W. Konhuser, Third Generation Mobile Communications Systems, A t h H S t Artech House, M h 2000 March 2000. 3GPP standards: TS 25.214: Physical Layer Procedures (esp. power control) TR 25.922: Radio Resource Management Strategies TR 25.942: RF System Scenarios
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Oct. 2008 2
UMTS Context of Radio Resource Management

System evaluation and standardisation activities on three levels:
UTRAN Interfaces Architecture
Access Network (Architecture) Mobility Management y g
Cellular Network
Protocols
Cellular Network Aspects (Layer 2&3) Radio Resource Management
R di Link (Physical Layer) Radio Li k (Ph i l L )
UMTS Networks
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim
Oct. 2008
RRM High-Level Requirements

Efficient use of limited radio resources (spectrum, power, code space) Minimizing interference Flexibility regarding services (Quality of Service, user behaviour) Simple algorithms requiring small signalling overhead only Stability and overload protection Self adaptive in varying environments Allow interoperability in multi-vendor environments
Radio Resource Management algorithms control the efficient use of resources with respect to interdependent objectives: -- cell coverage -- cell capacity q y -- quality of service
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
RRM Components
non-access stratum Radio Resource M R di R Management t
Handover Control C t l
Load Control C t l
Packet Data Control C t l
typically in RNC
Power Control C t l
Medium Access Control
typically in yp y NodeB
Physical layer
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
Example of Coverage and Best Server Map
Application: RF engineering (cell layout)

Legend: red indicates high signal level, yellow indicates low level
UMTS Networks
best se erver ma ap Application: HO decision

Legend: color indicates cell with best CPICH in area
Oct. 2008 6 Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim
cover rage map
Interference in CDMA Networks
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
Interference in CDMA - Uplink
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Oct. 2008
Interference in CDMA - Downlink
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Oct. 2008
Cell Breathing
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Oct. 2008
10
Cell Breathing
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Cell Breathing
Coverage depending on load: load causes interference which reduces the area where a SIR sufficient for communication can be provided
coverage low load coverage medium load coverage high load
yellow area: connection may drop or blocked

Coverage vs. Capacity Capacity depends on:

QoS of the users (data rate error performance (bit-error-rate)) rate, (bit error rate)) User behaviour (activity) Interference (intra- & inter-/noise) Number of carriers/ sectors
Coverage (service area) depends on:

Interference (intra- & inter-cell) + noise Pathloss (propagation conditions) QoS of the users (data rate error performance (bit error rate)) rate, (bit-error-rate))
Thus, trade-off between capacity and coverage
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
13
Coverage vs. Capacity

13kbps circuit switched service capacity versus maximum cell radius 3.5
M Maximum cell rad dius (km)
2.5
1.5
Downlink
0.5 Uplink 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Erlangs (2% GOS) 140 160 180 200
Downlink limits capacity while uplink limits coverage Downlink depends more on the load (user share total transmit BS power)
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
14
Handover Control: Basics

General: mechanism of changing a cell or base station during a call or session Handover in UMTS: UE may have active radio links to more than one Node B Mobile-assisted & network-based handover in UMTS: UE reports measurements to UTRAN if reporting criteria (which are set by the UTRAN) are met UTRAN then decides to dynamically add or delete radio links depending on the measurement results Types of Handover: Soft/Softer Handover (dedicated channels) Hard Handover ( h d channels) H dH d (shared h l ) Inter Frequency (Hard) Handover Inter System Handover (e.g. UMTS-GSM) Cell selection/re-selection (inactive or idle) All handover types require heavy support from the UMTS network infrastructure!
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
15
Macro Diversity & Soft Handover (Wrap-Up)
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
UE
Downlink: combining in the mobile station Uplink: combining in the base station and/or radio network controller
Soft/Softer Handover
In soft/softer handover the UE maintains active radio links to more than one Node B Combination of the signals from multiple active radio links is necessary Soft Handover The mobile is connected to (at least) two cells belonging to different NodeBs In li k th i I uplink, the signals are combined in the RNC, l bi d i th RNC e.g. by means of selection combining using CRC Softer Handover The mobile is connected to two sectors within one NodeB More efficient combining in the uplink is possible like maximum ratio combining (MRC) in the NodeB instead of RNC Note: In uplink no additional signal is transmitted, while in downlink each new link causes interference to other users, therefore: Uplink: HO general increase performance Downlink: Trade-off
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
17
Soft and Softer Handover in Practice
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
18
Soft Handover Control
soft handover area NodeB 1 UE NodeB 2
Measurement Quantity CPICH 1
add
CPICH 2
drop
Tlink
Measurement quantity, e.g. EC/I0 on CPICH R l ti th h ld add & Relative thresholds drop for adding & dropping Preservation time Tlink to avoid ping-pong a oid ping pong effects Event triggered measurement reporting to decrease signalling load
Link to 2 time
Link to 1
Link to 1 & 2
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
19
Soft Handover Simulation Results

25%
Outag Probability ge (Blocking and Dro opping)
20% 1 link max 2 SHO links max 4 SHO links max 6 SHO li k links
15%
10%
5%
0% 5 15 25 35 45 55 Offered Traffic [Erlang per site]
Soft handover significantly improves the performance, but

Soft Handover Simulation Results II

2 Me Numb er of Activ Links ean ve
1,5
0,5
0 1 2 4 6 Max. Active Set Size
the overhead due to simultaneous connections becomes higher!

Inter-Frequency Handover
Hierarchical cell structure ( CS) (HCS) Hot-spot H
Macro f1
Micro f2
Macro f1 f1
Hot spot f2 f1 f1
Handover f1 f2 always needed y between layers
Handover f1 f2 needed sometimes at hot spot
Hard handover Inter-frequency measurements of target cell needed in both scenarios q y g Mobile-assisted handover (MAHO) slotted (compressed) mode for inter-frequency measurements to find suitable target cell g also supports GSM system measurements Database assisted handover (DAHO) no measurements performed on other frequencies or systems use cell mapping information stored in data base to identify the target cell
Power Control: Basics

Controls th C t l the setting of the transmit power i order to: tti f th t it in d t Keep the QoS within the required limits, e.g. data rate, delay and BER Minimise interference, i.e. the overall power consumption Power control handles: Path Loss (Near-Far-Problem), Shadowing (Log-Normal-Fading) and Fast Fading (Rayleigh , Ricean-Fading) (Rayleigh- Ricean Fading) Environment (delay spread, UE speed, ) which implies different performance of the de-interleaver and decoder Uplink: per mobile Downlink: per physical channel Three types of power control: Inner loop power control Outer loop power control (SIR-target adjustment) Open loop power control (power allocation) O l t l( ll ti ) Downlink power overload control to protect amplifier Gain Clipping (GC) Aggregated Overload Control (AOC)
Near-Far Problem
UE 1
Near Far Near-Far Problem: Spreading sequences are not orthogonal (multi-user interference) Near mobile dominates Signal to interference ratio (SIR) is lower for far mobiles and performance degrades The problem can be resolved through dynamic power control to equalize all received power levels
UE 2
NodeB N d B
AND/OR: by means of joint multi-user detection ( (MUD) )
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Oct. 2008
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Impact of Power Control
Source: H. Holma, A. Toskala (Ed.), WCDMA for UMTS,

Closed Loop Power Control

Closed loop power control is used on channels which are established in both directions, such as DCH The receiver generates transmit power commands (TPC) based on the estimated received quality; the TPC are send back to the transmitter in the i d i d li h C db k h i i h opposite direction The transmit power is adjusted according to the received TPC
User data
PA
Receiver
Decoder
Outer loop
User data
BLERBLER-estimate
Adjust SIRtarget
TPC commands
Inner loop
SIRSIR-estimate
TPC commands
DeMUX
MUX
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26
Inner/Outer Loop Power Control

Inner Loop Power Control (1500 Hz) objective: adjust transmit power to keep the received SIR at a given SIR target realisation using the SIR-estimate after RAKE combining: if SIRest > SIRtarget, then generate TPC DOWN if SIRest SIRtarget, then generate TPC UP UP realisation in base station (nodeB) similar mechanisms for up- and downlink Outer Loop Power Control (100 Hz max) objective: meet the required reception quality, e.g. average BLER j q p q y, g g realisation using the CRC attachment if CRC ok, then decrease SIRtarget = SIRtarget down if CRC fails, then increase SIRtarget = SIRtarget + up fails down = up BLERtarget / (1BLERtarget) realisation in radio network controller (RNC)
UMTS Networks
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27
Power Control Results

7.5
7 Req quired UL SIR [dB]
6.5
5.5
PedA VehA
5 0 20 40 60 Velocity [km/h] 80 100 120
SIR requirement strongly depends on the environment (due to different fast fading conditions Jakes models) outer loop power control needed to adapt SIR
Open Loop Power Control

Open loop power control is used on channels that cannot apply closed loop power control, e.g. RACH, FACH The transmitter power is determined on the basis of a path loss estimate p p from the received power measure of the opposite direction To avoid excessive interference, probes with incremental power steps until a response is obtained: power ramping p p p g
Receiver R i
Measure Rx power
Adjust Tx power
PA
User data
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Oct. 2008
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Power Ramping during Random Access

RACH
Preamble #1 Preamble #N Message
AICH/FACH
Acquisition Indicator Message Acknowledgement
Random access on RACH used for Initial access S o t packets: user Short pac ets use data, signalling (e.g. measurement reports) s g a g (e g easu e e t epo ts) Power Ramping MS starts with relatively low transmit power Repeats with incremental power steps until acquisition indicator R t ith i t l t til i iti i di t received Message sent with constant power offset
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Load Control: Basics

General limitations in 3rd generation mobile systems: Limited Li it d resources: spectrum, power, (code space) t ( d ) Not all service requests can be granted Different types of services in the same cellular environment Service parameters (user behaviour and QoS) and environmental conditions (propagation) vary over time CDMA-specific impacts: Coverage in CDMA systems depends on the cell loading: cell breathing CDMA systems may become unstable in highly loaded situations due to fast inner-loop power control inner loop
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
31
Load Control
Main objective: Avoid overload situations by controlling system load Monitor and controls radio resources of users Call Admission Control (CAC) Admit or deny new users, new radio access bearers or new radio links li k Avoid overload situations, e.g. by means of blocking a new call Decisions are based on interference and resource measurements Congestion Control (ConC) Monitor, detect and handle overload situations with the already connected users Bring the system back to a stable state, e.g. by means of dropping an existing call
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
32
Basic Resource Equations (CDMA)

Rbi: data rate of user i Ppilot: Pilot power Ith: thermal noise hi: channel coefficient of user i Fi: Orthogonality factor of user i (multipath)
Downlink Quality (RAKE):
Ebi W Rbi hi Pi = N t Fi hi ( j Pj + Ppilot ) + I inter + I th
Resource of user i: Uplink U li k Quality (RAKE):
i =
Ebi = Nt
Pi Po
Po : Total Transmitted Power
W Rbi Pi j i Pj + I inter + I th
Resource of user i:
Pi Eb N t i = = I o W Rb + Eb N t
I o : Total Interference
Resource Consumption strongly depends on: data rate, quality (Eb/Nt), receiver structure (RAKE etc., channel estimation, path tracking, ) Non-linear relation b t N li l ti between resource, d t rate and required Eb/Nt data t d i d
Resource Consumption
10 9 8 E b /N t [d B ] 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 100 Data Rate Rb [kbps]
Service/BLER-dependent resource consumption Uplink example: Service I: Voice Rb = 12 2kb 12.2kbps, Eb/Nt = 5dB I = 0.99% Service II: Data Rb = 144kbps Eb/Nt = 3 1dB 144kbps, 3.1dB II = 7.11%
1000
Voice (12.2 kbps) BLER = 1% Data (144 kbps) BLER = 10%
with t
=
5% 50%
0,5% 10%
1% 20%
2% 35%
( Eb Nt ) W Rb + ( Eb Nt )
where W is the channel bandwidth and Rb is the data rate
UMTS Networks
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UL/DL Load Measures

UL Measurement
20 18 N Noise Rise/ Power Rise [dB] P 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % System Load thr_CAC = 75% thr_ConC = 90%
I 0 = icell Pi + I inter + I th
Load Estimate
current = I 0 I th 1 = 1 I0 NR
NR = I 0 I th
DL Measurement
P0 = icell Pi + PP
Load Estimate
current = P0 PP 1 = 1 P0 PR
PR = P0 Pp
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Oct. 2008
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Call Admission Control
20 18 N Noise Rise/ Power Rise [dB] P 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % System Load _ current t _current + _new thr_ CAC
Admitting new call always

increases the cell loading
CAC avoids overload by limiting

this increase
CAC load check:

current + new thrCAC ?
Threshold setting thrCAC

trade-off between
Maximize capacity: prevent excessive blocking Avoid overload: thrCAC < thrConC
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
36
Call Admission Control (CAC)

Admitting a new call always increases the cell load In order to avoid overload situations, the admission control will limit this load increase The principle is to check the current system load plus the expected resource consumption of the new call against the call admission threshold: load l d + consumption th CAC ? ti thr In case the admission check fails, the basic strategy is to protect ongoing calls by denying the new user access to the system since dropping is assumed to be more annoying than blocking Admission control is required for uplink and downlink q p Arrivals of high-data-rate users that require a large amount of resources (especially in the downlink) may demand global information
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
37
Congestion Control
20 18 N Noise Rise/ Power Rise [dB] P 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % System Load _ reduced thr_ConC NR/PR_max _ current
Even with efficient CAC overload

situations still occur due to
Mobility (esp. downlink) Activity y
During overload quality of all

users is deteriorated !
Triggered by measurement
current thrConC
Action: reduce offered traffic by

downgrading one user
Threshold setting thrConC to

p preserve the coverage: g
NRmax: limitation of MS single transmit power Pimax PRmax: limitation of BTS total transmit power P0max t it
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
38
Congestion Control (ConC)

Due to the mobility (especially of high data rate users) overload situations occur even if an efficient admission control algorithm is used! The congestion control is activated once the system load exceeds the congestion threshold: load thrConC In order to overcome the overload situation the load must be lowered until load < thrConC This is done by reducing the offered traffic Lowering the data rate of one or several services that are insensitive to increased delays this might be the most preferred method y g p Performing inter-frequency (inter-system) handover Removing one or several connections Global information may be required to minimize the number of altered connections
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
39
Call Admission Control: Simulation Results I

Tradeoff between T adeoff bet een blocking and dropping d opping
Example: 64k per user, urban
50% 45% thr_CA C = 50% thr_CA C = 75% thr_CA C = 90%
20% 18% 16% Dro opping Prob ability 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% % 0% 5 15 25 35 45 55 5 15 25 35 45 55 thr_CA C = 50% thr_CA C = 75% thr_CA C = 90%
40% Blo ocking Proba ability 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
Offe re d Traffic [Erlang pe r s ite ]
Offe re d Traffic [Erlang pe r s ite ]
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
40
Call Admission Control: Simulation Results II

Cell load depending on CAC threshold
Example: 64k per user, urban
90% 80% 70% Cell Loa ading 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 5 15 25 35 45 55 Offered Traffic [Erlang per site] thr_CAC = 50% thr_CAC = 75% thr_CAC = 90%
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
41
Packet Data Control: Channel Switching

Flexibility Asymmetrical data rates Very low to very high data rates Control information/user information Efficient transmission making good use of CDMA characteristics Dedicated channel (DCH) Minimise transmission power by closed-loop power control p y pp Independence between uplink and downlink capacity Common channel Random access in the uplink (RACH) Dynamic scheduling in the downlink (FACH) Adaptive channel usage depending on traffic characteristics Infrequent or short packets Common channel (Cell_FACH) Frequent or large packets Dedicated channel (Cell_DCH)
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
42
Channel Switching Example
CELL_DCH
CELL_FACH
CELL_DCH
DCH Active Time Chatty Applications Page Download Time Reading Time
Example: Web service Chatty apps.: keep alive message stock tickers etc apps : message, tickers, etc. (e.g. 100 bytes every 15 sec) Second stage: when no activity in CELL_FACH then switch to URA_PCH
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Packet Data Control
Burst Admission Control Decision on starting packet d k data transmission Similar principle like call admission control, i.e. check the system load against a threshold that is usually different from thrCAC Time horizon: 100msec 10sec Rate Adaptation Choose data rate according to transmit power UE nearby NodeB high data rate UE at cell edges low data rate Decrease data rate in case of overload, cf. congestion control
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44
Power Control vs. Rate Adaptation
Power Control:
Balances user received quality (BLER, SIR) Users at cell center get less share of BTS transmit power assigned than at cell edge Occurrence of power overload
UE 1
Rate Adaptation:
Transmit power ~ data rate Users at cell edge get lower data rate assigned than at cell center Reduces also power overload
NodeB high data rate area low data rate area UE 2
In UMTS combination of power control and rate adaptation on DCH
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Oct. 2008
45
Rate Adaptation Performance
UM TS_urban, 50 k Byte 40% 35% 30% Outage Probability P 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 200
Mean De elay [sec] 8
UM TS_urban, 50 k Byte
384k 64k adaptive
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 200 384k 64k adaptive
300
400
500
600
300
400
500
600
Ce ll Throughput [k Bit/s e c]
Ce ll Throughput [k Bit/s e c]
Rate adaptation significantly improves the RRM performance. p g y p p
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
46
Dynamic Scheduling
Sample Flow
Flow #1 UE 1
Flow #2 Fl NodeB Flow #3 UE 2
Statistical multiplexing of data packets from different data flows over one shared medium, e.g. on DSCH or HSDPA S h d li with ti Scheduling ith time-horizon of h i f 2msec 1sec Optimised usage of radio resources Exploitation of the short-term variations on the radio channels (opportunistic scheduling) Provides ce a deg ee o o des certain degree of QoS
UE 3
UMTS Networks
Oct. 2008
47
Conclusions
Basic RRM algorithms presented here: Handover Control Power Control Load Control Packet Data Control RRM procedures not discussed here: Spreading code management RRM for TDD mode: time-slot management f d ti l t t Related issue: RF engineering Enhanced RRM algorithms in order to: Support advanced packet data transmission techniques such as HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) Support intelligent transmitter/receiver structures like adaptive antenna or MIMO techniques

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UTRAN Radio Resource Management

UMTS Context of Radio Resource Management

UTRAN Interfaces Architecture

Access Network (Architecture) Mobility Management y g

Cellular Network Aspects (Layer 2&3) Radio Resource Management

R di Link (Physical Layer) Radio Li k (Ph i l L )

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

RRM High-Level Requirements

Packet Data Control C t l

Medium Access Control

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Example of Coverage and Best Server Map

Application: RF engineering (cell layout)

best se erver ma ap Application: HO decision

cover rage map

Interference in CDMA Networks

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Interference in CDMA - Uplink

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Interference in CDMA - Downlink

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

yellow area: connection may drop or blocked

Coverage vs. Capacity Capacity depends on:

Coverage (service area) depends on:

Thus, trade-off between capacity and coverage

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Coverage vs. Capacity

M Maximum cell rad dius (km)

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Handover Control: Basics

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Macro Diversity & Soft Handover (Wrap-Up)

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Soft and Softer Handover in Practice

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Soft Handover Control

soft handover area NodeB 1 UE NodeB 2

Measurement Quantity CPICH 1

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Soft Handover Simulation Results

Outag Probability ge (Blocking and Dro opping)

0% 5 15 25 35 45 55 Offered Traffic [Erlang per site]

Soft handover significantly improves the performance, but

Soft Handover Simulation Results II

0 1 2 4 6 Max. Active Set Size

the overhead due to simultaneous connections becomes higher!

Handover f1 f2 always needed y between layers

Handover f1 f2 needed sometimes at hot spot

Power Control: Basics

AND/OR: by means of joint multi-user detection ( (MUD) )

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Impact of Power Control

Source: H. Holma, A. Toskala (Ed.), WCDMA for UMTS,

Closed Loop Power Control

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Inner/Outer Loop Power Control

Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim

Power Control Results

7 Req quired UL SIR [dB]

5 0 20 40 60 Velocity [km/h] 80 100 120