Jitter

Jitter
Jianmin Zhang, David J. Pommerenke
UMR EMC Laboratory

1
References
Agilent Technologies, numerous application notes, see

http://www.home.agilent.com/agilent/facet.jspx?to=80030.k.1&co=153297.i .1&cc=US&lc=eng&sm=g&k=jitter
LeCroy, Tektronix, Bertscope J. Hancock, Jitterunderstanding it, measuring it, eliminating it Part 1-3, From 2004 High Frequency Electronics A. Kuo etc. Jitter models and measurement methods for high-speed serial interconnects S. Tabatabaei etc, Jitter generation and measurement for test of multi-GBPS serial IO
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EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006
Outline
Introduction
Eye diagram What is jitter? Phase noise, spectrum vs. jitter Why is jitter important? What causes jitter?
Jitter fundamentals
Jitter components Jitter measurement views
Jitter measurement and analysis

Real-time jitter analysis Techniques to isolate jitter components
Questions and answers References

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006 Jianmin Zhang 3
Eye pattern
A very effective method of measuring time distortion thru a data transmission system is based on the eye pattern, displayed on an oscilloscope. The eye pattern is simply the superposition - over one unit interval of all the ZerotoOne and Oneto-Zero transitions, each preceded and followed by various combinations of One and Zero, and also constant One and Zero levels. The data sequence can be generated by a pseudo-random sequence generator (PRSG), which is a digital shift register with feedback connected to produce a max length sequence.
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Process of creating an Eye-diagram
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Ideal sampling position
Timing skew
Jitter
Voltage Noise and required comparator input
Voltage offset
Ideal reference point
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What Is Jitter?
Jitter: The deviation of the significant instances of a signal from their ideal location in time. Or simply, Jitter is how early or late a signal transition is with reference to when it should transition. The significant instances are the transition (crossover) points in a digital signal. Jitter is closely related to phase modulation.
S(t) = P 2 f t + (t) d
)
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P is a wave shape function, e.g., sin or square wave.

What Is Jitter?
Phase noise can be analyzed from many points of view: It can be understood as - phase variation (phase noise) - timing variation (time shift of edges)
[seconds] mostly used, intuitive system description, independent of data rate.
(t )
t = 1 2 f d
- fractions of the period (unit less)

[%] Good for directly seeing how many percent of the eye is open
t T
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Why Jitter Is Important?

Jitter causes transmission errors or in another wording: Jitter limits the transmission speed. Satisfy jitter budget BER (bit error rate) target Identify jitter components diminish/decrease deleterious effects on circuit performance from jitter Jitter limits the ability of A/D converters!
Note:
Bit errors can also be caused by voltage noise: If the momentary noise voltage exceeds the noise margin, a wrong value can be sampled even if the sampling takes place at the correct moment in time.
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Jitter Tolerance of ADCs at Nyquist frequency (ps rms)
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Jitter applications
Signal jitter: Timing of a signal (topic of this presentation)
Jitter transfer: How strong, as a function of the jitter frequency, a jitter at an input is transmitted to an output in e.g., by a clock recovery circuit
Jitter tolerance: How much jitter, as a function of the jitter frequency, can be tolerated by a system
Signal jitter: Why Jitter Is Used?

Jitter is not a main system property, but Bit Error Rate (BER) is. Why not measuring BER directly?

BER measurement might take hours or days. BER gives little information about the mechanism that cause errors, but jitter does.
Is this error caused by jitter?

Signal
Ideal clock
1101001
Degraded
Noisy clock
1101101
Bit errors can also be caused by voltage noise: If the momentary noise voltage exceeds the noise margin, a wrong value can be sampled even if the sampling takes place at the correct moment in time.
What Causes Jitter
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Types of Jitter
Data-Correlated
Data-Uncorrelated
Total Jitter (TJ) Deterministic Jitter (DJ) Data Dependent Jitter (DDJ) Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) Duty Cycle Distortion (DCD) Random Jitter (RJ)
Periodic Jitter PJ
Note shown: Sub rate Jitter (SRJ)
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Types of Jitter
Jitter can be random or deterministic. In most cases, both types occur. PJ: Periodic Jitter (deterministic). Is a periodic variation in the phase. Causes: External coupling into the circuit, power supply noise, PLL comparator frequency feed-through RJ: Random Jitter Random changes in the phase. It is often assumed to be of Gaussian distribution. Causes: Thermal Noise, Shot Noise
Lets look atJianmin Zhang 17 some examples
Types of Jitter
Jitter can be random or deterministic. In most cases, both types occur. DCD: Duty Cycle Distortion (deterministic). Is the difference in the mean pulse width between positive and negative pulses in a clock. Causes: Amplitude offset, turn-on delay, saturation. ISI: Inter-Symbol Interference (deterministic) Previous signals have not rang down, before new data arrives. Causes: Impulse response is longer than a data bit.
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Phase Modulation - Jitter: The same

Ideal clock
P[sin(2 ft )]
Phase modulated clock
P[sin(2 ft ) + 0.04 sin(0.2 ft ) / 3]
Sine Modulation term
P[0.04 sin(0.2 ft ) / 3]
f=1 GHz
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How does the Spectra look like?

90 80
Square wave
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8
F re q u e nc y (G H z)
8 0
6 0 4 0
Phase modulated
2 0
0 0 .6 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6
F re q u e n c y (G H z)
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How Does the Eye-Diagram Look Like?
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How about using a square wave as phase modulator?
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How about using a Gaussian noise as phase modulator?
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Gaussian noise as modulator
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What is the difference in the histograms?
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Jitter MeasurementBathtub Plot
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TJ Estimation TJp-p = N x rms + DJ
If the trigger point is 7 sigma away from the mean event, only 1 in 10e12 crossings will occur even beyond the trigger point.
Real Zero Crossings vs. Ideal Ones
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Time interval error and jitter trend (integral of time interval error)
What does it mean if the jitter trend is continuously increasing over time?
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Time interval error and jitter trend (integral of time Histogram in A Square Wave interval error)
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Channel Characteristics
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Channel Characteristics
Loss, reflections, S21 cross talk, added white noise, time variations
frequency Power
Frequency
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In
Out
Tx symbol 000010000000
Pulse response
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LTI property: Superposition of symbols In Out
Tx symbol 000010011100
Response to pattern 100111
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Channel loss effect: Eye closure and DCD (single ended)
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Eye of a loss dominated differential channel
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Effect of reflections: Duty cycle distortion
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Duty-Cycle Distortion (DCD)
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What Can You Tell?
Which jitter components do you see? What might cause them?
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Summarize Jitter Components
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Jitter Measurement and Analysis
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Sequence of Jitter analysis

Step 1: Measure - Real time scope - Equivalent time scope - Spectrum Analyzer Step 2: Separate jitter components - Average - Change data pattern (PRBS to 01010101) - TIE - etc.
Instruments to measure jitter

Real time oscilloscope
Sampling oscilloscope
Spectrum Analyzer
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Real Time Jitter Analysis
Timing Measurements:

Data: Time Interval Error (TIE), also called phase jitter. Clock: Period, Cycle-to-cycle. Eye diagrams (repetitive volts vs. time) Trend (time error vs. time) Histograms (hits vs. time error) Spectrum (time error vs. frequency) Bathtub curves (BER vs. eye opening) Phase noise
Views:

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A View of Real-Time Jitter Measurement
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Isolate Jitter Components for BER Estimation
TJp-p = N x rms + DJ
As mentioned on slide 11, RJ measurements must be decomposed from DJ components for total jitter estimation. Separating jitter components individually to diagnose root causes of jitters for further reducing TJ to meet jitter budget in systems. Probability density Function (PDF) of jittering edge timing
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Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI): Caused by loss
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Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI): Caused by reflection
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Spread Spectrum Clock Measurement
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Advanced Instruments for Jitter Analysis

Advanced instruments for jitter analysis such as DCA-J (Digital Communication Analyzer-Jitter ) and BERT (Bit Error Ratio Tester) support:
Decomposition of jitter into Total Jitter (TJ), Random Jitter (RJ), Deterministic Jitter (DJ), Periodic Jitter (PJ), Data Dependent Jitter (DDJ), Duty Cycle Distortion (DCD), and Jitter induced by Inter symbol Interference (ISI) Jitter frequency spectrum
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An entire picture from a Jitter Analyzer (Agilent)
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Uncorrelated Periodic Jitter Coupling
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How about A Gaussian Noise Modulating the Phase?
Bounded and non-bounded jitter?

Bounded Uncorrelated Jitter (BUJ)
Corrupter
Threshold
TIE trend
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Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
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Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
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Uncorrelated Periodic Jitter Coupling
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Overview of Jitter in Systems
Lossy media ISI Discontinuities ISI Crosstalk BUJ
Device noise (Shot noise, Thermal noise, and pink noise) RJ Power supply noise (RJ, PJ) Duty-Cycle Distortion DCD On-chip coupling BUJ
Device noise (Shot noise, Thermal noise, and pink noise) RJ Power supply noise (RJ, PJ) Duty-Cycle Distortion DCD On-chip coupling BUJ Mismatch terminations ISI
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Jitter

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Jitter

Jianmin Zhang, David J. Pommerenke

UMR EMC Laboratory

Agilent Technologies, numerous application notes, see

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Jitter measurement and analysis

Questions and answers References

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Process of creating an Eye-diagram

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Ideal sampling position

Voltage Noise and required comparator input

Ideal reference point

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

P is a wave shape function, e.g., sin or square wave.

- fractions of the period (unit less)

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Why Jitter Is Important?

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Jitter Tolerance of ADCs at Nyquist frequency (ps rms)

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Signal jitter: Why Jitter Is Used?

Is this error caused by jitter?

What Causes Jitter

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Note shown: Sub rate Jitter (SRJ)

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Lets look atJianmin Zhang 17 some examples

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Phase Modulation - Jitter: The same

Sine Modulation term

How does the Spectra look like?

How Does the Eye-Diagram Look Like?

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

How Does the Eye-Diagram Look Like?

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

How Does the Eye-Diagram Look Like?

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Gaussian noise as modulator

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

What is the difference in the histograms?

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Jitter MeasurementBathtub Plot

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

TJ Estimation TJp-p = N x rms + DJ

Real Zero Crossings vs. Ideal Ones

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

LTI property: Superposition of symbols In Out

Response to pattern 100111

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Channel loss effect: Eye closure and DCD (single ended)

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Eye of a loss dominated differential channel

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006

Effect of reflections: Duty cycle distortion

EMC symposium 2006, Portland Aug. 14-18, 2006