THE HELP OF VERNIER CALIPER.

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL -1

DATE:-

(A)
OBJECTIVES : After compliting this expriment, you will able to:
(A) Mesuare the dimention of a given pipe with the help of a Vernier Caliper.
(B) Determine the dimensions of a given rectengular block with the help of a given Vernier caliper.
RATIONALE:
Verniar caliper is a simple arrangement using a fixed scale and sliding scale to obtain measurement of
accuracy higher then that of ordinary scale. Vernier caliper is used to measure external and internal
diameter,width,thickness and length of jobs.
Where two jaws of vernier caliper are brought togher and if zero of vernier scale does not coincide with zero
of main scale,the instruments has error. this error is due to wear and tear
of the instrument.
If zero division of V.S is on right hand side ofmain scale zero (when two jaws are brought in contact with
each other ) the error is positive and if zero division is on left side of main scale zwro the error is nagative.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIAL:
(1) Vernier caliper
Range
mm
LC=
(2) surface plate 15001500 mm. grade.

mm

PROCEDURE :
1. Study the given Vernier Caliper and recognise its various parts.
2. Understand the Vernier principal and calculate its least count.
3. Check errors,if any. (zero adjustment)
4. Read the instrument for at least three random vernier positions.
5. Measure the samples at the indicated places and record dimension as per standard performa given.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBSERVATIONS:
(A) Measure the dimensions of a given cylinder with the help of a Vernier Caliper.
L.C =

Value of smallest division on main scale

mm

Total no of division on Vernier scale

Error of vernier =

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBSERVATION TABLE:
.
Object
feature

Sr.
No.

Outer
dia.of
pipe D1
Inner dia.
of pipe
D2
Height
h

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

Main scale
reading.
(A)

Division of V.S
mathing with
M.s div n

Vernier
scale
reading.
(Div. of
V.S.
mating
with M.S.
div n x
0.02 mm)
(B)

Total
C=A+B

Average C

Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)

D1=

R1=
D1/2

D2=

R2=
D2/2

H=

(b) Find the dimension of a given rectangular block.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Object
Sr.
Main
feature
No.
scale
reading

L
B
T

Division of
V.S
mathing
with M.s
div n

Vernier
scale
reading.
(Div. of
V.S.
mating
with
M.S. div
n x
0.02
mm)
(B)

Total
C=A+B

Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Gives the Answer of following Questions:
1. State the meaning of term least Count.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. State, in what the least Count of Vernier caliper can be increased or how accuracy of
Vernier can be
increased?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. List the likely sources of error in using Vernier caliper ?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. With the line sketch show the following readings on Vernier caliper(L.C=0.02 mm)
(1) 12.16 mm (2) 31.18 mm (3) 25.45 mm

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=

MICROMETER.
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL -2

DATE:-

(A)
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment,you will be able to
- Measure Diameter of given Round bar.
EXUIPMENTS / MATERIALS
- Out side micrometer.
Range
- Round bar

mm

L C=

mm

PARTS OF MICROMETER:
- C-frame
- Anvil
- Barrel
- Thimble
- Ratchet screw
- Lock nut
- Spindle
RATIONAL:
The limits of accuracy specified on certaincomponenets involves measurment up to 0.001mm or
even to finer valus, which can not be carried out by ordinary steel rule under such situation, the use of
micrometer hlps find the required dimensions. The zero adjistment error +ve or ve can be found in the
same way as that of vernier callipers.
PROCEDURE:
- (1) Study the given Out side micrometer critically and recognise their various parts.
- (2) Calculate theL.C. and note the range of mesurment of the instrument.
- (3) read any three position of the main and circular scale.
- (4) Measure the given piece and tabulate the dimension in the standard
performa, given below.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBJECT:
ROUND BAR

PIPE

Figure
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBSERVATIONS:
(A) For diametre of the round bar l(Out side diameter and height of the pipe )
L.C =

Value of small division on main scale(barrel)

Total no of division on Circular scale

Object
feature

No
Outer
dia.of
pipe
Outer
dia. of
Round
bar

L.C of micrometer

mm

Micrometer error

mm

Sr.
No

Main scale
reading
mm A

Division of V.S
mathing with M.s
div n

mm

Vernier
scale
reading.
B=nL.C

Total
C=A+B
mm

Average C
mm

Corrected
reading
C+error

1
2

(B) measure pipe by using Inside micrometer.

Least Count of micrometer.=
Micrometer error
=
Sr.

Cylinder

Diameter

Original
Wornout
Original
Wornout

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

mm
mm
D1
Mm

D2
mm

D3
mm

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS:
1. Find the list count of external mocrometer having 50 division on the circular scale and
spindle pitch 0.5 m.m
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. State uses of Micrometer.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. State minimum dia for which the inside micrometer can be used?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. With the line sketch showthe following reading on outside micrometer(L.C=0.01mm)
(1) 7.09 mm (2) 27.36 mm (3) 10.49 MM

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

SHOW THE FOLLOWING MEASUREMENT BY LINE DIAGRAM ON OUTSIDE MICROMETER.

(1) 21.49 mm

(2). 34.21 mm

(3) 11.11 mm

(4) 9.92 mm

(5) 11.54 mm

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL -3

DATE:-

MEASURE INTERNAL DIMENTION WITH THE HELP OF INSIDE MICROMETER.

OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this experiment,you will be able to
-

Measure hole diametre of the job by inside micrometer.

EXUIPMENTS / MATERIALS
- Inside micrometer
Range
- Cylinder

mm

L C=

mm

PARTS OF MICROMETER:
- Micrometre unit
- Extention rod
- Spacing collar
- Handle
RATIONAL:
The limits of accuracy specified on certaincomponenets involves measurment up to 0.001mm or even to
finer valus, which can not be carried out by ordinary steel rule under such situation, the use of micrometer
hlps find the required dimensions. The zero adjistment error +ve or ve can be found in the same way as
that of vernier callipers.
PROCEDURE:
- (1) Study the given Inside micrometer critically and recognise their various parts.
- (2) Calculate theL.C. and note the range of mesurment of the instrument.
- (3) read any three position of the main and circular scale.
- (4) Measure the given piece and tabulate the dimension in the standard
performa, given below.

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

QUESTIONS:
1.Explain Inside Micrometre.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=

11

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL - 4

DATE:-

MEASURE INTERNAL DIMENTIONS WITH THE HELP OF TELESCOPIC GAUGE

OBJECTIVES:
- After complite this practical Measure internal dimensions with the help of telescopic gauge.

PARTS OF TELECSOPIC GAUGE :

-

Locking screw
Rods carrying Spherecal contacts

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Object
feature

Sr.
No.

Iner
dia.of
Slot
Iner dia
of slot

Main scale
reading.
(A)

Division of V.S
mathing with
M.s div n

Vernier
scale
reading.
(Div. of
V.S.
mating
with M.S.
div n x
0.02 mm)
(B)

Total
C=A+B

Average C

Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)

5 Explain Teliscopic Gauge in Detail.

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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12

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

FIGURE

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=

13

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL 5

DATE:-

COMPARE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MEASUREMENT DONE BY VERNIER

CALIPER, VERNIER DIAL CALIPER AND OUTSIDE/ INSIDE MICROMETER.
OBJECTIVES:
- After compliting this expriment, you will able to:
(A) Mesuare the dimention of a given Round bar and Pipe with the help of a Vernier Caliper, vernier
dial caliper and out side / inside micrometer.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIAL:
Vernier caliper
Range __________ mm
Round bar/Pipe

LC= __________mm

vernier dial caliper

Range __________mm
Round bar/Pipe

LC= __________mm

Out side micrometer

Range __________mm
Round bar/Pipe

LC= __________mm

Inside micrometer
Range __________ mm
Round bar/Pipe

LC= __________mm

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Object
feature

Sr.
No.

Main scale
reading.

Division of V.S
mathing with
M.s div n

Vernier
scale
reading.

Total
C=A+B

Average C

Corrected
reading
C+error(if
any)

Outer
dia.of
Round
bar D1
Inner dia
D2

1
2
3

D1=

R1=
D1/2

1
2
3

D2=

R2=
D2/2

OBSERVATIONS:
(A) For radius of the Pipe(Out side diametr of the pipe )
L.C =

Value of small division on main scale(barrel)

Total no of division on Circular scale
L.C of micrometer
Micrometer error

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

mm

mm
mm

14

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

Sr.
No

Main
scale
reading
mm A

Division of V.S
mathing with M.s
div n

Vernier
scale
reading.
B=nL.C

Total
C=A+B
Mm

Avera-ge
C
mm

Corrected
reading
C+error

1
2
3
4
(B) measure pipe dimension by using Inside micrometer.
Least Count of micrometer.=
mm
Micrometer error
=
mm
Sr.

Pipe

Diameter

Original
Wornout
Original
Wornout

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

D1
Mm

D2
mm

D3
mm

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=

15

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL - 6

DATE:-

MEASURE ANGLE BETWEEN DIFFERENT PLANES BY USING BEVEL

PROTECTOR

OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to:
- To Know measuring the angle of given work piece.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS :
- Bevel protectors.
- Work piece
- Surface plate
- Holding devices to suit perticular job
RATIONALE :
Angular measurment it generally concerned with the measurment of individual angles on gauges tools as
well as small angular changes and deflections etc.
Bevel protectors are the simplest instruments for measuring the angle between two faces of a component.
They are of two types,(1) Mechanical Bevel protractors and (2) Optical Bevel protractors
They consists of a base plate attached to the main body and an adjustable blade which is attached to a
circular plate containing vernier. The adjustable blade is capable of rotating freely about the centre of the
main scale engraved on the body of the instrument and can be locked in any position. In Mechanical Bevel
protector the vernier scale has 24 divisions,coinciding with 23 main scale divisions. Thus the least
count(L.C) of the instrument is 5. In the Optical Bevel protector, a glass circle is divided at 10 intervals
throughout the whole 360 is fitted inside the main body. A small microscope is fitted through which the
circle graduations can be viewed and to read by estimation to about 2.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

16

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

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17

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRECUATIONS:
(1) Take all the precautions which are required to be taken in the use of vernier calipers,
Micrometer etc.
(2) Rotate the blade of the Bevel proractors uniformly.
(3) Handle the protector with care such that the accuracy is not affected.
(4) Test the protectors for flatness,squareness,parallelism,straightness etc.at regular intervals after
frequent use.
(5) While readings are taken, keep your eyes,infront of the matching lines.
PROCDURE :
Study the Bevel protractor and identify its main parts.
Introduce the adjustable blade in the slot of body and clamp it with the help of knob in the
convenient position.
Place, the working edge of the stock on one surface of the job and rotate the turret holding the
blade so that the working edge of the blade coincide with another surface of the job. Fix the turret
and read the angle.
Measure the angles of the sample pieces with the bevel protractor and record the reading in the
proforma suggested.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION :
Least count of Bevel protector = (Measurement of smallest division on main scale)
___________________________________________________________________

(Total number of division on vernier scale)

(1) Main scale reading = _________ .

Vernier scale reading = L.C no. of vernier division = __________ minutes.
Total reading = main scale reading + vernier scale reading.
= _______+________
= _____________

JOB NO or
ANGLE

A
B

CONCLUSION :
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
QUESTIONS :
1. What is the L.C of Bevel protractor ? State the value for different protractor .
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

18

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Why protractors are tested at regular intervals ?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3.Indicate the given reading on bevel protector by figure.
(1) 7515'
(2) 8945'

4. How to use Bevel ptotractors(only fig).

figure

figure

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19

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF:

PRACTICAL - 7

DATE:-

MEASURE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANE WITH THE HELP OF SINE

BAR AND SLIP GAUGE
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this experiment, you will able to
- Find out approximate angle of the given workpiece.
- Find out the correct angle of the given workpiece.
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS :
(1) Sine bar
(2) Bevel protactor
(3) Slip gauges
(4) Workpiece
(5) Surface plate
(6) Dial indicator
(7) Clamps and angle plates
RATIONALE :
Sine bar is an indirect precision angular measuring instrument. It is used in connection with slip
gauges. Sine bars are used either to measure angle very accurately or for locating any workpiece to given
angle within very close limits.
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Before using a given sine bar, ensure its accuracy requirement and tolerences as per I.S.
(2) Take all precautions require for handling & using slip gauges.
(3) Place the light job on the upper surface of the sine bar or place the upper surface of the sine baron
the heavy job.
(4) As far as possible use, longer sine bar.
(5) Do not use sine bar for angle greater then 60.
(6) Correctly place the workpiece on sine bar (i.e. clamp work and sine bar).

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

20

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

21

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

22

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PROCEDURE:
(1) First find the angle approximate with the help of bevel protractor. Let it be =
(2) Then set the sine bar at this angle by using slip gauges and clamp to the angle plate.
(3) Place the work (i.e. lathe centre) on the sine bar as shown in fig and clamp to the angle plate.
(4) Set the dial indicator at one end of the work and move to another end.
(5) Note the division.
(6) Again adjust slip gauges according to this division, so that the dial indicator reads zero across the
work surface.
OBJERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
The value of can be found by
Sin = h / L
h = Lsin
Where = approximate angle = ___________.
L = Length of Sinebar = ___________ mm.
H = Height to be set of slip gauges = ____________mm.
Let deviation noted down by dial gauge = h over a length l of work, then height of slip
by which it should be adjusted = h L/l
Then sin 1= h L/l
Thus correct angle = + 1
= ____________ .

gauges

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS :
1. What is sine bar? Write working principle of sine bar.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
FIG

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

23

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Why sine bar should not be used for angle greater then 60?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why longer sine bar should be used?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. The accuracy of sine bar depend on its constructional features and on maintaining these features . these
features are
(1)
(2)
(3)
5.Write uses of sine bar with example.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

24

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Fig.

SLIP GAUGE
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to
(1) Know the various uses of slip gagues.
(2) Acqire skill in wringing of gauge block.
(3) Know the care and precaution while using slip gauges.
(4) Know the procedure of selection of slip gauges for a perticular dimension.
INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS REQUIRED
Set of slip gauges
(1) Surface plate
(2) Magnetic base holder
(3) Steel foot rule.
RATIONALE:
A set of slip gauges consits of a number of rectangular steel block suitably hardned with ground and
lapped working faces. They are used conveniently for building up lengths by combination of number of
blocks. The measuring faces of the two combined gauges adhere together which is known as Wringing.
Gauge blocks are meant to be used as reference standard and direct linear dimensions of industrial
components. They are classified according to their accuracy viz. C,B,A,AA grades. The different sets are
available for use.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

25

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Protect slip gauges from dust and dirt.
(2) Keep slip gauges always in case when not in use and case closed.
(3) Remove protective coating with petrol and wipe with a clean chamois leather or soft linen cloth
before use.
(4) Do not touch lapped faces of gauge blocks.
(5) Avoid unnecassary handling of slip gauges.
(6) Keep tempreture of room to 20 C for correct results. If tempreture isnot maintaned at this
tempreture,add corrections.
(7) Immediately after use each gauge block should be wiped clean and replaced in proper place with
coating of petroleum jelly.
(8) Use slip gauge accessories for marking out tools, measuring plug and ring gauges inspection of
gauges and precision instrument.
(9) Never drop slip gauges.
(10) Never strike slip gauges with other matallic objects.
SLIP GAUGE(FIG)

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PROCEDURE:
1. Take all precaution for gauge blocks before, during and after use.
2. For building up required height, wring the smaller no of slip gauges.
3. For wrinding the two gauge blocks,first bring them into contact at right angles to one anthor and then
turn them through 90 .
4. For the required dimension (height/length),use the largest possible block in each step to reduce the
number of blocks used to a minimum.
EXAMPLE AND CALCULATIONS :
Date: Bluid up dimension 58.843 mm.from standard set of slip gauges & show them by fig.

Details of slip gauges

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27

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

RANGE IN MM
1.0005
1.001-1.009
1.01-1.049
0.5-24.5
25-100

STEP IN MM
0.001
0.01
0.5
25

NO.OF PIECES
1
9
49
49
4
TOTAL = 112

Solution:
- Desired dimension in mm
- Select the block to eliminate the digit 0.003 mm.
- Select the block to eliminate the digit 0.04 mm.
- Select the block to eliminate the digit 0.5 mm.
- Eliminate the digit 50.00 mm.
- Show selected slip gauge by a fig.

Figure
CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS :
1.Explain wringing process of slip gauge.?

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28

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

Fig
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2.Why smaller number of gagues should be combined?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

5.Select a proper slip gauge for following measurement as per set of M 112/1.
(1) 34.5455 mm (2) 55.3755 mm (3) 71.9235 mm (4) 83.8255 mm

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29

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF:

PRACTICAL - 8

DATE:-

MEASURE STRAIGHTNESS.

OBJECTIVES : After compliting this expriment, you will able to:

(C) Mesuare the Straightness of a given job by wedge method.
(D) Develop the skill of wrringing process.
EQUIPMENT:
- Straight edge.
slip gauge set
surface plate

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

30

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

job

RATIONALE:
Guide way of a lathe,spindle of a machine,surface of a measuring table and many others similer
situations where if referance surace is not straight or uniformally linier if produce defective marking or
products hence a straightness is reqired to be check. Naturally the straightness of a straight edge and
surface plate should be very high ,beacause they are consider as standard compare to other instruments in
laboratory and workshop .

fig

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31

MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PROCEDURE :
1. clean the surface plate.
2. Put the job on the surface plate.
3. Marks two point A & B at 0.554 L distance on the straight edge and devide them in to two equal part
as shown in fig 1remaining length of the straight edge should be kept approximately equal on both
the side.
4. Put the straight edge on the slip gauge ,keep 10 mm slip gauge below (A) and 20 mm slip gauge
below (B).
5. Insert the reqired slip gauge below point no 1 of a straight edge and note the reading in table 1.
6. Repeat the step 5 for point no 2 to 9.
7. Make the necessary calculatin
8. Write the conclusion.

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Point marking on
straight edge
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B

Slip gauge inserted

mm
10

20

Theoritical slip
gauge required mm
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Error mm

SAMPLE CLCULATION:

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Gives the Answer of following Questions:
1. Define straightness.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Least the different methods to measure straightness.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the possible source of error during this expriment.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=___________________

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PRACTICAL 9

DATE:-

MEASURE FLATNESS.

OBJECTIVES : After compliting this experiment, you will able to:

(A) Mesuare the Flatness of a given job
EQUIPMENT:
- sine bar (job)
- surface plate
- dial indicator with magnetic stand
RATIONALE:
The bed or table of a machine should be perfactly flat surface. It is reqired in machine tool that one part
subassembly is moving or sliding on another referance surfaces. Now if this referance surfaces not flat ,the
product produced will be defective. This will lead to wastage of man power power and material. therefore it
is necessary to check the flatness of such a surfaces. In this practical we shell check the flatness of top
surfaces of a sine bar.

FIGURE
PROCEDURE :
1. clean the surface plate.
2. Place the sine bar on the surface plate.
3. Divide the surface of the sine bar in to 6 equal blocks by drawing vertical and horizontal line on the
sine bar by a soft pencil as shown in fig.
4. Put the stand on the surface plate.
5. Fix the dial indicator on the stand.
6. Adjust the plunger on point-1 with little pressure.
7. Adjust the pointer to zero.
8. Now move the stand and keep the plunger on point -2,3,4----------12 and note the reading
each
time . It may be positive or negative.
9. Fiill up the objervation table.
10. Draw the graph.

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FIG 3
Mark in fig 3 positive reading on the upper side and negative reading on lower side. Of the vertical line
corrosponding to each point.join all the points.
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Point no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Reading (+ or -)

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Gives the Answer of following Questions:

1. Define flatness.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Least the different methods to measure flatness.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the possible source of error during this expriment.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=____________

PRACTICAL - 10

DATE:-

MEASURE ROUNDNESS OF CIRCULAR BAR WITH DIAL GAUGE AND

DRAW A POLAR DIAGRAM.

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OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to:
- Use DialIndicator
- Measure roundness error of circular bar with Dial Gauge
- Draw polar diagram
EQUIPMENT / INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS
- Sensitive
- Dial gauge
- Dial gauge accesseries
- V-block and clamps
- Surface plate
- Job:- Machined rod,pluge gauge
RATIONALE:
Roundness may be detained as the radial uniformity of the surface of the circular part from its centreline.
There are three main irregularities in the roundness i.e ovality, lobbingand no specific formeffor in roundness
is due to faults in machine tool,cutting tool deflection,spring in work,vibration etc.
Error of roundness can be eliminated / reduced by Grinding.
PROCDURE :
Clean the surface plate, V-block and given job.
Divide the circular job into 12 or 8 equal parts with pencil point.
Place the V-block, job on it and dial gauge on the surface plate as shown in the Fig.
Adjust Dial gauge planger on marketing / with pressure and then set the gauge to zero.
Now rotate the job and take reading of the dial gauge at point 2 and tabulate the reading.
Report the procedure for all remaing points.
Tabulate the reading.
Costruct the polargraph.(plot devision on larger scale)

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Diameter of the job / plugguage:
Sr.
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Angular position

mm
Deviation / error (mm) at different position

POLAR CHART

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QUESTIONS :
1. Difine roundness.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you understand by Roundness error?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Define ovality.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain Dial Indicator & Give its uses.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=

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PRACTICAL - 11

DATE:-

MEASURE AND/OR DRIVE FROM BASIC MEASUREMENT VARIOUS

ELIMENT OF EXTERNAL SCREW THREAD. USE
TWO AND THREE WIRE METHODS.
THREAD MICROMETER METHOD.
OPTICAL PROJECTION METHOD.
SCREW THREAD RING GAUGE
OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to
(1) Measure the outside diameter of the screw thread.
(2) Measure the effective diameter of screw thread by using special micrometer and set of anvils.
(3) Measure the effective diameter of screw thread by using three wire method.
(4) External thread are checked with the help of the screw thread ring gauge.

INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS REQUIRED

(1) Slip gauge box,Micrometer, Micrometer stand.
(2) Special Micrometer , Anvil sets ( Metric ) , Micrometer stand.
(3) Micrometer , three wire set box , Micrometer stand.
RATIONALE:
We know that there are five important elements of screw thread as shown in fig.1. If any one of this
elements is not as per the required size,It reasults in improper functioning,reduced life and accidents.
In this exercise you will get practice to measure some of the elements as mension in objectives.
PROCEDURE:
(1) Measure the pitch of the given screw thread with the help of screw pitch gauge,as shown in fig.
Note the readings in Observation table-1
(2) (a) Fix the micrometer in the Micrometer stand.
(b) Take any two slip gauges.
(c) Hold the screwand the two slip gauges(one slip gauge on each side of the screw) by one hand
and then keep it between the anvils of the Micrometer.
(d) Rotate the mIcrometer thimble by another hand so that its anvil touches the slip
gauges.
(e) Note the reading in Observation table-2.
(f) Take three readings in same way.
(3) (a) For, the given pitch,select a pair of anvils(metric box)
(b) Insert these anvils in the special micrometer.
(c) Hold mocrometer tightly the micrometer stand.
(d) Hold the screw between the anvils and rotate the thimble so that just touches
threads.
(e) Note the reading and fill up the Observation table-3.

(4) (a) For a given pitch, select a pair of best size wires from the box.
(b) Note the diameter of wires(c)
(c) Insert the fixture of two wires on one anvil and fixure of one wire on the another

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anvil of the micrometer.

(d) Hold mocrometer firmly in micrometer stand.
(e) Hold the screw between the two anvils and rotate the thimble so that wires just
touches threads.
(f) Note the micrometer reading(M)
(g) Use the formula E=M-3d +0.866 p
Where E=effective diameter of screw thread,mm
D= Diameter of best size wire
P=pitch(given),mm
M= Micrometer reading mm
(h)Calculate E (effective diameter) and fill up the table-4.

ELEMENTS OF SCREW THREAD

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SCREW PITCH GAUGE(fig)

OBSERVATION TABLE 1 (pitch)
Pitch measured

Average measure
pitch

Actual pitch

Error

OBSERVATION TABLE 2 (Major diameter)

Micrometer
reading
Over the slip(1)

Total height of
the slip (2)

Major dia.
=(1)-(2)

Actual major
Dia.

Error

OBSERVATION TABLE 3 (Effective diameter)

Effective dia.
(Micrometer reading)

Average effective
dia. mm

Actual effective
dia. mm

Error

OBSERVATION TABLE 4 (Effective diameter-Three wire method)

Value of
M

Average M
mm

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

Effective
dia. mm

Actual effective
dia. mm

Error

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

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Figure of optical projection

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS:
1. Write elements of screw thread.
figure

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______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2.Name the methods to measure effective diameter of the screw thread.

______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3. List the possible sources of errors while solving the exercise.

______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the best size wire?

______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=___________

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PRACTICAL 12

DATE:-

MEASURE AND /OR DERIVE FROM BASIC MEASUREMENT VARIOUS

ELIMENTS OF INTERNAL SCREW THREADS. USE SCREW THREAD
PLUG GAUGE ALSO.

OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to:
- Know about various type of plug gauges.
RATIONALE:
Gauges are tools which are used for quick checking and deciding shape and location of relative surfaces of
the component. Limit gauges are manufactured by considering upper limit and lower limit of the dimension
to be checked. They consist of GO member and NO GO member. To accept any component, the GO
member should pass through the component and NO GO should not pass.
Limit gauges are mainly used for quick checking of the identical component in mass production.
Limit gauges only conform the perticular dimension within specified limit or not. Limit gauges do not have the
calibrated scale & hence exact numerical value of measured dimension is not obtained.
Advantages of this gauge is that less skilled operator can also be utilised to check the components by limit
gauges. Such type of inspection is known as gauging.
(1) PLUG GAUGES
Such types of limit gauges are used to check internal feature like a hole diameter. In single ended pulg
gauge of GO member and NO GO member are made seperate one. In double
ended pulg gauge of GO member and NO GO member are placed on both side of handle.
In case of progressive type plug gauge GO member and NO GO member are on the same side of
handle.

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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=___________

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PRACTICAL 13

DATE:-

MEASURE DIFFERENT ELIMENTS OF GEAR BY USING GEAR TOOTH

VERNIER CALIPER.

OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to
- Find the tooth thickness of (spur) gear.
INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS :
(1) Gear tooth vernier caliper
(2) Workpiece
RATIONALE :
Dimenshional errors present in gaers affect the performance of smooth running of gears. To
find out there errors it is necessary to measure the important dimensions (elements) of gears such as pitch
of tooth,tooth thickness,base pitch,circular pitch etc. The gear tooth thickness is generally measured at pitch
circle. To measure gear tooth thickness, two methods are available.
(1) Chordal thickness method and
(2) Constant chord methods.
Both methods are important for any type of gear. First method takes lot of work and time while second
method is simple is simple and quick.

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PRECAUTIONS
(1) Take all precautions you have taken while using vernier caliper.
(2) Hold gear tooth vernier caliper firmly on workpiece.
PROCEDURE

(a) For Chordal thickness method:

(b)
(1) Calculate the value h = Nm/2[1+(2/n)-cos(90/N)]=____________mm
(2) Set the gear tooth vernier caliper at a position from the top of the tooth of vernier depth gauge
reading =h,as calculated in (1)
(3) Keep the jaws of horizontal vernier caliper at pitch points A and B of the gear as shown in fig .
(4) Read the horizontal vernier reading S.
(5) Compare this actual value of (4) with the theiretical value,calculated by the formula S theoretical =
Nm sin(90/N) = ___________mm.
(6) Repeat the procedure from (1) to (4) for different teeth of gear.

(c) For Constant chord method

(d)
(1) Calculate the value d = m[1-/8 sin 2)]=____________mm
(2) Set the gear tooth vernier caliper at a position from the top of the tooth of vernier depth gauge
reading =d ,as calculated in (1)
(3) Keep the jaws of horizontal vernier caliper at flanks of the gear.
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(4) Read the horizontal vernier reading C.

Compare this actual value of (4) with the theiretical value,calculated by the formula C theoretical = m
/2cos ___________mm.
Where N = No. of teeth of gear
M = module of gear
= pressure angle of gear.
(5) repeat the procedure from (1) to (4) for different teeth of gear.
OBSERVATION AND /OR CALCULATIONS
(a) Chordal thickness method
Chordal thickness-S
Tooth
Thickness

1.
2.
3.

Actual
mm
mm
mm

Calculated
mm

(b) Constant chord method

Chordal chord -S
Tooth
Thickness

1.
2.
3.

Actual
mm
mm
mm

Calculated
mm

CONCLUSION:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS :

1. State which two verniers are combined in a gear tooth vernier caliper?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between the tooth thickness masured by this two methods?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which method is quick? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Which method takes lot of time and work? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain Gear Terminology with fig.

figure

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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

SIGNATURE OF STAFF. _____________________TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=__________________

PRACTICAL 14
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

DATE:-

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

MEASURE FLOW WITH VENTURI METER

Object :
(A) To calibrate the venturimetre i.e. to prepare a graph to findout discharge when difference
in different limbs of manometre is known.
(B) To determine the co efficient to discharge for a given venturimetre.
Significance in practice :
The practical application of Bernoullis theorem is fond in this appratus. It is also used for actual
flow measurement of fluids.
Theoritical Background :
A venturemetre is an appratus for finding out the discharge of a liquid flowing in a pipe. A
venturimeter is consists of the following three parts.
1. Convergent cone.
2. Throat
3. Divergent cone.
1. Convergent cone :
It is a short pipe which converges from a large diameter D1 to small diameter D2. It is also
known as inlet of venturimeter. The slope of converging sides is in between 1 in 4 in 5.
2. Throat :
It is a small portion of circular pipe, in which diameter D2 is kept constant.
3. Divergent cone :
It is a pipe, which diverges from a small diameter D2 to a large diameter D1. Divergent cone
is also known as outlet of venturimeter. The length of divergent cone is about 3 to 4 times
more than that of the convergent cone.
The liquid is accelerated between the convergent cone,when flowing through the
venturimeter. As a result of the acceleration , the velocity at throat increases and pressure
decreases. If the pressure head at the throat falls below 2.5 m of water then there will be a
tendency of separation of the liquid flow. To avoid this, there is always fixed ratio of the
diameter of throat to the pipe, i.e d2/d1. The most suitable value of this ratio is 1/3 to 1/2 .
The liquid while flowing through the venturimeter is retarded in divergent cone, so velocity
decreases and presssure increases. Hence there is possibility for the stream of liquid to
break away from the walls of the venturimeter due to boundary layer effects. To avoid this
and to reduce frictional losses, the divergent cone is kept 3 to 4 times longer then
convergent cone.
Q = Cd A1 A2 2gH / (A12 - A22 )
Q = Actual discharge
A1 = Area at inlet
A2 = Area at throat
H = Differnt of pressure head of water between inlet and throat.
Cd = Co efficient of discharge

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PRECAUTIONS
1. There should not be air bubbles in U tube mercury manometer.
2. When taking the reading h, U tube mercury column should be stable.
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Find out the cross sectional area of the measuring tank.

Open the valve at up stream end of the pipeline until the pipe flows at the exist.
Wait till the mercury columns of manometer becomes stable.
Record the manometer readings.
Collect the discharge in the collecting tank for a selected record the depth of the water
collected.
6. Check the manometer reading, repeat steps 4 & 5.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 opening the valve to an increase record the observation in the following
format.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

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Sr. Depth of
No. water
collected Cm

Volume of
water
collected
Cm3

Manometer reading, h (Cm)

h1

h2

Manometer
Time
Reading H meter T sec
of water H = h/100
x (13.6 1)

Sample calculation :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

H meter of water = h/100 x (13.6 1) = ____________ meter.

Actual discharge = Volume / time
Theoritical dicharge Q = Cd A1 A2 2gH / (A12 A22)
Co efficient of discharge Cd = Qact / Qth
Volume of water = area of tank x depth
= 0.025 x _______
=
6. Dia. of pipe D1 = 0.025 m
A1 =

7. Dia of throat D2 = 0.016 m

A2 =

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr.
Actual discharge
No.
Qact = V / t (m3 / s)

Theoritical discharge
Qth (m3 / s)

Co efficient
of discharge
Cd = Qact / Qth

Average co efficient of
discharge, Cd

GRAPH : On the basis of data obtained from result, prepare the calibration graph.

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1. h v/s Qact
2. h v/s Qth

CONCLUSION :

PRACTICAL 15
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

DATE:-

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MEASURE TEMPERATURE OF HOT BODY WITH THE HELP OF

THERMOCOUPLE

OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment, you will able to
1. Know the names of various tempreture measuring instruments.
2. Know the tempreture measuring instrument used in industries.Know the working of thermocouple.
EQUIPMENT / MATERIAL:
Use chart,models and actual devices which are available in your laboratery. Thermo-couple is widely used
for tempreture measurmentin furnace in industries, so it is important to know the working, its use and range
of this instrument.
RATIONALE:
(1) The principal on which tempreture measuring devices works is shown below.
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5

Principal
Principal of expansion
Principal of Electrical resistance
Change in physical state
Change in chemical state
Change in Radiation

Devices
thermometer
resistance thermometer
Biometallic thermometer
thermistor
Pyrometer

(2) The principal on which tempreture measuring devices and range of tempreture.
Sr. no
1

2
3
4
5
6

Devices
Thermometer
(1) Alcohole type
(2) Mercury type
(3) Perfact gas type
Resistance type
Thermocouple(Base metal type)
Bimetal type
Thermistor
Radiation Pyrometer

Range C
35 C to 132 C
-39 C to 404 C
-129 C to 538 C
-240 C to 982 C
-184 C to 1093 C
-73 C to 538 C
-101 C to 260 C
-18 C to 5760 C

ACTIVITY FOR THE STUDENT/ PARTICIPATION OF STUDENT

(1) Name the instrument you have use for measurement of your body.
(2) What is the range of thermometer used for tempreture measurement of your body.
(3)On which principal it works?
(4) List the available in your Laboratory.

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THERMOCOUPLE
Thermocouple is an instrument to measure tempreture which works on thermo electric effects
In its constuction as shown in the fig. Two dissimilar conductors electrically insulated except at
hot Junction where the conductors may either be solderd or welded together. A refrectory and
metal prtective cover is provided to protect the thermocouple from injurious furnace gases and
to prevent it from mechanical damages. The leads allow the measurning instrument to be
placed at considerable distance from thermo couple. The cold or the referance junction
provided by the instrument is used for measuring e.m.f.

FIG
The hot junction point is placed in to a hot well (i.e system to be measured) due to differance of
temperatures at hot & cold junction points an e.m.f is generated & electric current flows through the circuit.
The value of this generated current can be read on the calibrated meter in terms of temperature.
The metal wire combinations used to prepare the hot junction in thermo couples.
Wire combination
(1) Copper-constantan___________
(2) Iron--constantan___________
(3) Chromel- Alumel__________
(4) Platinum-Rhodium____________

Temp range
-200 C to 400 C
-200 C to 800 C
-200 C to 1200 C
0 C to 1400 C

QUESTIONS:
1.State the principle on which thermo couple works.
Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. State the metal combinatiom used for thermo couple with its range.

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Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. State the application where the thermocouple is used in industries.
Ans.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________

PRACTICAL 16
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

DATE:-

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INSPECT SIMILAR FIFTY PIECES BY PLUGE GAUGE / SNAP GAUGE

(1) PLUG GAUGES

Such types of limit gauges are used to check internal feature like a hole diameter. In single ended pulg
gauge of GO member and NO GO member are made seperate one. In double
ended pulg gauge of GO member and NO GO member are placed on both side of handle.
In case of progressive type plug gauge GO member and NO GO member are on the same side of
handle.

(2) SNAP GAUGES:

A snap gauge is a fixed gauge
diameters,lengths,thickness or widths.

with

inside

measuring

surfaces

for

checking

outside

A plain adjustable snap gauge is complete external caliper gauge employed for size control of plain external
dimensions. It has an open frame , in both jaws of which gauging members are provided. One or more pairs
of gauging members can be set and locked to any predetermind size within the range of adjustment.

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METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

PRACTICAL 17

DATE:-

CALIBRATE VERNIER CALIPER AND OUTSIDE MICROMETER

OBJECTIVES:
After compliting this expriment this expriments, you will able to
- calibrate a given outside micrometer as per IS 2467-1964.
- calibrate a given vernier caliper.
- Access error in instrument being calibrated.
- Draw calibration curve and its use.
EQUIPMENT / INSTRUMENTS/ MATERIALS :
(1) Vernier caliper 0-150 mm.
(2) Out side micrometer(0-25 mm).
(3) A set of slip gauges (M-112).
(4) Micrometer stand.
(5) Magnifying lens.
THEORITICAL BACK GROUND :
- Calibration of any measuring system is very important to get meaningful reasults.
Calibration means checking accuracy of measuring instruments using suitable standards
or checking a standard by or against a higher grade standard. The accuracy of the.
standard should be at least ten times the accuracy of the Instument.
- after long and continuoue use , the measuring instrument are subjected to wear. Hence,in order to
get accurate,reliable and valid reasults out of measuring instruments,calibration of the instrument is
necessary after a specified time interval. The error may be zero ,periodic or cummulative.
- Calibration curve is a graph standard value v/s error .It is useful to get the accurate and reliable
value of measurement. It is to be kept along with the measuring instrument.
PROCEDURE:
- Check the micrometer for smoth running over its whole range.
- Clean its anvil carefully.
- Set the micrometer on its stand horizontaly with anvils upward.
- Allow the micrometer to cool to the ambient tempreture for 10 minitus.
- Closed the micrometer anvils and the zero reading 0 error reading.
- Clean the slip gauge which are to be useful for measurement.
- Take reading with various slip starting from minimum to maximum at equal interval.
- Tabulate the readings and plot graph of normal reading v/s error.
- Interpreate the graph
- Report the same procedure for the varnier caliper.

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBJERVATION :
OUTSIDE MICROMETER:
Range: _______mm
Least count:_________mm
Zero error:_________mm
Correction:__________mm
Sr no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Standard Micrometer Error in Sr no

height in reading in mm
mm
mm
0.0
27
0.5
28
1.0
29
1.5
30
2.0
31
2.5
32
3.0
33
3.5
34
4.0
35
4.5
36
5.0
37
5.5
38
6.0
39
6.5
40
7.0
41
7.5
42
8.0
43
8.5
44
9.0
45
9.5
46
10.0
47
10.5
48
11.0
49
11.5
50
12.0
51
12.5
52

Standard Micrometer Error in

height in reading in mm
mm
mm
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0

Result table:
Sr no

Slip gauge
value mm

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

Micrometer
reading mm

Correct
micrometer
reading mm

Eroor in mm

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

OBJERVATION :
VERNIER CALIPER :
Range: _______mm
Least count:_________mm
Zero error:_________mm
Correction:__________mm
Sr no

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Slip
Vernier
Error in Sr no
gauge
caliper
mm
value in reading in
mm
mm
0.0
27
0.5
28
1.0
29
1.5
30
2.0
31
2.5
32
3.0
33
3.5
34
4.0
35
4.5
36
5.0
37
5.5
38
6.0
39
6.5
40
7.0
41
7.5
42
8.0
43
8.5
44
9.0
45
9.5
46
10.0
47
10.5
48
11.0
49
11.5
50
12.0
51
12.5
52

Slip
Vernier
Error in
gauge
caliper
mm
value in reading in
mm
mm
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0

Result table:
Sr no

Slip gauge
value mm

METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

Vernier caliper
reading mm

Correct vernier
caliper reading
mm

Eroor in mm

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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC,BASNA

CONCLUSION:
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QUESTIONS :
1. What do you understand by calibration?
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2. Why calibration is necessary?
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3. Define (a). Prograssive error. (b) . Periodic error
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SIGNATURE OF STAFF.
METROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

TOTAL MARKS OUT OF 10=__________________

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