Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
December 6, 2005
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
RESTORING THE URBAN VILLAGE: INTEGRATED PAPER
In as much as significant relationships, whether a teacher, mentor, hero, aunt, are often
the key to resilience in a childhood survivor of domestic violence, the writer recommends the
Utilizing current research and best practice models, recommendations are made for both
sides of the Troost Corridor area of Kansas City, Missouri, an area recognized for poverty and
violence, stemming from segregationist policies in Kansas City. However, for such an
intervention to be long-lasting, it must engage both sides of Troost, bridging the gap between
races and classes. The target area then is between Michigan Avenue on the east and Gillham
Road on the west; 23rd Street on the north, and 47th Street on the south. Intersecting this target
area, running north and south, is Troost Avenue, in the recent past referred to as Kansas City’s
“Berlin Wall,” in reference to it being a racial dividing line (Bodine, 1988, p. 137).
Research has indicated poverty as a consistent risk factor correlated with domestic
violence (Wiehe, 1996, p. 57; Karr-Morse & Wiley, 1997, p. 146; Miller, 1999; Barnett, Miller-
Perrin, & Perrin, 2005, pp. 77-78). Resilience in those that transcend this risk factor is often due
to several protective factors, not the least of which is social connection or participation in a sense
of community (Saleeby, 1996; Karr-Morse & Wiley, 1997, pp. 146, 258; Schriver, 2004; Barnett,
Kansas City, Missouri has been known as a city of “hyper-segregation” (Gotham, 2002,
p. 13). Gotham (2002) and Schirmer (2002) point out that, as a result of segregation emerging
from real estate transactions and school board policies, Troost Avenue became the racial dividing
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
line of the city. The result was disproportionate poverty and the ensuing breakdown of
community along the east side of the Troost Corridor (City Planning, 2004).
The state of Missouri saw 49 homicides in 2004 related to Domestic Violence. All of
these were known relationships (Missouri Government, 2004). In the Central Patrol Division of
Kansas City, Missouri, which includes the Troost Corridor, between 2004 and 2005, during the
2nd quarter of the year there was a 55% increase in homicides, a 4% increase in rape, an 8%
2005).
In the recent past, interventions have tended to be more punitive than preventive (Barnett,
et al., 2005, p.382). A desperate need then exists to develop integrated plans that engage at-risk
youths with relational support to break generational cycles of poverty and violence.
Demographic Analysis
From the census taken in the year 2000, significant data was collected. The results
directly shed light on the target area under consideration. The median age for both sides of Troost
is 33.3 years. On the east side of Troost, 42% are between the ages of 25 and 54; and on the west
side, 53.3% are in that age range. On the east side of Troost, school age children make up 22.9%
of the population, while only 14.3% comprise that on the west side. On the east side of Troost,
26.3% are households with someone elderly living with them; yet, on the west side, only 9.6%
The sizes of households also differ significantly. On the east side of Troost, 41.4% are
single households, contrasted with 50.7% on the west side. On the east side, 21.8% have
households of 4 or more, while on the west side, only 10.7% have larger households. The east
side then has a much wider range of ages dispersed throughout the households. In addition,
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
households with an extended family are more likely. 65.1% of the population on the west side of
Troost are considered non-family households, compared with 47.4% on the east side (City
Planning, 2004).
Analyzing gender reveals 48.1% are male, and 51.9% are female on the east side of
Troost; while 52.8% are male, and 47.2% are female on the west side. The west side is more
likely to have a single, middle-age male in the household (City Planning, 2004).
Considering the socio-economic factors in the area under consideration, we find that
28.6% are living in poverty on the east side of Troost, compared with 24.1% on the west.
$19,982 is the median income for those east of Troost (which is 43.1% of the Metropolitan area
median); whereas, $25,605 is the median income for those west of Troost (which is 55.3% of the
Metropolitan area median). For those living east of Troost, 36.1% have no High School diploma,
compared with 20.1% on the west side of Troost. In addition, 8.6% of those living on the east
side have a bachelors degree or higher, whereas 29.9% of those living on the west side have a
In the area under consideration the most visible effects of the segregationist legacy of
Troost Avenue are found in the disparity of income and education. Given the risk factors of
poverty and social isolation for domestic violence, creative interventions are needed to reverse
these trends.
recorded in the book Bowling Alone (Putnam, 2000); Robert Putnam (2003), and a team of
researchers set out to discover examples of social capital and community in the United States in
the later book, Better Together (Putnam, Feldstein, & Cohen, 2003). One example was found in
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the city of Philadelphia, where alienated youth were linked with elderly people for tutoring and
mentoring after school (Putnam, et al, 2003). Putnam and his research team (2003) discovered a
sense of community and connectedness, enriching the “old heads” (2003, p. 189), and
empowering the young people, many of whom had been discouraged with their opportunities. As
The authors distinguish between “bonding” social capital and “bridging” social capital
(Social Capital, 2005). By bonding social capital, the researchers refer to the creation of close
bonded relationships, with which one shares very similar interests or characteristics. As a result,
By bridging social capital, on the other hand, they refer to the creation of community and
connection in a diverse society. These tend to be heterogeneous. As a result, they are more
Other examples of building social capital in Better Together are the Dudley Street
gathered together at all levels rebuilding an “urban village” with the slogan “Development
without displacement” (Putnam, et al, 2003, p. 88). They were able to take the urban renewal
political tool of eminent domain and claim it for themselves as a neighborhood group. As a
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result, DSNI ended up owning the blighted land and controlling their future development.
Another example is the Do Something movement that emerged from Waupun, Wisconsin.
Sixth-graders gathered to set their own social actions. It resulted in a national movement of
young people learning community, commitment, and creativity (Putnam, et al, 2003).
Perhaps the key difference between programs that work and those that have been well-
intentioned, but failed in the past, is synergy. Lisbeth B. Schorr (1998) of Harvard found that
successful community building combines “action in the economic, service, education, physical
development, and community-building domains” (p. 360). She gives many examples of
programs across the country that are succeeding because they are multi-dimensional, combining
diverse interventions in a coordinated purpose. “No single strand of intervention can be counted
319).
Recommended Intervention
In May of 2005, a group of residents, business owners, artists, and musicians gathered on
the corner of 31st Street and Troost Avenue to celebrate the first Troost Avenue Festival (King,
2005). In the newsletter for KC Harmony, a local not-for-profit emphasizing diverse community,
they spoke of a “coffee house” with ten areas of concern (Harmony, 2005, p. 4). The ten areas
The writer, as one of the planners of the Troost Avenue Festival, proposes to use this
approach as a spring board for the community intervention. Given the need for creation of
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supportive relationships in shoring up resiliency in those at risk for violence, the following are
suggested:
• Arts: a full-scale arts development program, especially geared for at-risk youth. This
would include skilled sculptors, painters, fashion designers, musicians, actors and
actresses, film producers, and dancers providing their talents to ignite the talent in local
children and adolescents. This would be a collaborative effort between Chameleon Arts
Center at 24th and Tracy Avenue, Operation Breakthrough (a large day-care center), and
• Community Centers: this would involve linking the efforts of the Boys and Girls Club at
39th and Troost Avenue, De La Salle Alternative Education at 38th and Forest Avenue, and
the Creative Mind Community Center. Indoor sports are available at the Boys and Girls
Club; a printing company is part of the De La Salle Alternative School; a 160 seat theater
is located at 31st and Troost, which could be used for drama productions, films, and music
presentations.
• Entrepreneur Development: Based on the belief that each person has innate strengths,
capacities, and talents, encouragement of individual entrepreneurs will take place within
movement in Spain, efforts are currently underway to link local economic development to
a wider sense of collective good for the community (Lotz & MacIntyre, 2003).
• Mentoring: Where cultivating the arts or participating in sports could draw in many
young people, it would also provide an opportunity to get connected to mentors. As was
shown in the Experience Corps in Philadelphia (Putnam, et al, 2003), the relational
bonding does more than help at-risk youths. It also renews those participating.
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• Parenting classes: By collaborating with Operation Breakthrough, many additional
services can be provided for young parents, including parenting classes, pre-natal care,
• Tutoring: Whereas mentoring would focus on life-skills, tutoring would especially focus
on the educational needs of area youths. At the 31st and Troost Avenue location,
are currently underway to provide an extensive computer lab for area youths.
efforts, extra support will be provided in terms of individual, family and group therapy.
Special attention will be placed on stress related issues and solution focused treatment.
In a study conducted by Reed-Victor and Stronge (2002) with homeless youths, they
found that resilience was not only strengthened through the individual’s temperament, but also
through environmental protective buffers. In addition to strengthening families, they found that
enhancing children’s interests and talents were an aspect. Furthermore, they noted that children’s
interactions with “teachers, counselors, mentors, older children and youth, elders and other adults
to their development of resiliency (Reed-Victor & Stronge, 2002, pp. 161-162). This confirmed
earlier studies on resilience and environmental support by Werner (1984, 1986), Garmezy, et al.
(1984), Bolig and Weddle (1988), Beardslee and Podorefsky (1988), and Dugan and Coles
(1989) which supported role models as protective buffers for children at-risk (as cited in Rak and
Patterson, 1996). This of course directly applies to the recommended interventions for arts
Zamsky (1994) found that younger mothers benefit more from living with their mothers than
older mothers. The older the mother living with their mother or grandmother increased the level
of tension and incidents of conflict within the home (Chase-Lansdale, Brooks-Gunn, & Zamsky,
1994). Given the larger family size on the east side of Troost Avenue, this is a risk that also needs
to be addressed. Again, the buffer of community and outside relational connection is indicated.
However, Todd and Worell (2000) found in their exploratory study of ten low-income
African-American women that social interaction alone is not necessarily a protective buffer or an
encouragement to resilience. In reference to an earlier study by Rook (1984) they also found that
interactions” (as cited in Todd and Worell, 2000, p. 120). Their recommendation directly relates
The need then is to find each other. By enabling both sides of Troost Avenue all aspects
of the local community can engage with and support one another. Sources of support and
affirmation from both sides can experience collective wisdom and experience. The combining of
various kinds of economics, class, race, and paradigms, if brought together with a positive shared
purpose, can achieve far more than individuals, families, or isolated groups disconnected from
(1999) found that a positive, shared racial identity was another buffer that enabled resilience and
positive self-image to be strengthened. The current trend to gather in gangs can be seen as one
end of a continuum in this natural tendency. Providing safer and personally engaging activities,
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
like varied arts, sports, or educational programs, as designed in this program, would enable this
to happen.
that synergy is a key. In the field of Social Work, it has commonly been observed that the
dominance of a medical model has tended to see the individual client more in terms of a disease
than as a person. In evaluating health care at the time of death, Moller (2005) emphasized that
there must be appreciation for the cultural context of the person at the time of death, especially
for the “urban, dying poor” (p. 18). He further reminds the health care community that dying is
essentially a community event. “A pivotal place to summon up the once regular custom of
supporting individuals and families throughout dying, into death, and onto bereavement is in
faith communities” (Moller, 2005, p. 19). Not that he recommends exclusively faith
communities, but rather he calls health care workers to “hazard beyond the mainstream” and get
to know the individuals and families they serve (p.19). This of course reflects the very synergy
that is essential to the success of this program – the working together of the many parts for the
common good.
Evaluation Plan
Each aspect of the intervention will be provided with separate evaluations. This will be a
All of the interventions will be evaluated with client satisfaction surveys, with open-
ended questions for comments and suggestions. The results will be published in an accessible
Troost Community newsletter so that participants can be aware of common concerns and
successes.
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
In addition, an immediate community wide random-sample survey is needed to establish
a baseline of current demographics; belief systems; attitudes about violence, race, gender, sexual
orientation, and diverse cultures; points of common interest and value, and flash points of
conflict that need to be addressed. Every two years, for the next ten years, a similar survey needs
to be taken to evaluate the longitudinal impact of these programs and community development.
by self-reports and goal achievement scaling. While not a measure of the internal motivation of a
Initial recruitment of clients will be taking place through door to door communication by
means of brochures. These will invite potential participants to weekly community meetings
located at 31st and Troost Avenue, weekly films and discussions, weekly sports events at the Boys
and Girls Clubs, and quarterly community festivals, similar to the Troost Avenue Festival.
At each of these events, other opportunities to get involved and participate will be
explained. Sustained and consistent energy is essential to create the momentum necessary to
Funding Plans
Various grants are initially available for such an intervention. Due to the innovative
nature of the proposal, the Kauffman Foundation will be solicited, who are especially interested
This would also be an initial source worth pursuing. The Francis Family Foundation is interested
in life-long learning, with a special emphasis on the development of arts and culture. This would
be an ideal funder consistent with the purpose of this intervention. The State of Missouri and the
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city of Kansas City, Missouri would be invited to participate through a Community Block
During the initial period of igniting these community activities with these resources,
efforts would be directed toward building a significant pool of volunteers for all of the various
aspects of the systemic coordination of these efforts. Collaborators would be sought from all ten
of the areas listed in the Troost Avenue Festival “coffee house” on the street.
Mondragon Cooperatives were formed to empower the Basque people in opposition to fascism
under Franco. Such brilliance and power has emerged that after 50 years, 150 cooperatives have
been formed with few failures. The collective holdings cause this to be the tenth largest private
firm in Spain, with $14.6 Billion in total assets and over 66,000 worker/owners. 70% of their
profits go to individual capital accounts for salaries, dividends and retirement. 20% of their
profits are invested back into the companies for training and marketing. The remaining 10% is
invested in the local community for development, growth and meeting of needs. The average
The key concept behind this is that quality community development leads to quality
economic development (MacLeod, 1997; Lorenzo, 2000; Cheney, 2001; Clark, 2003). This of
course directly relates to the economic aspect of ongoing community development. The
Conclusion
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
The diversity of such an intervention is essential due to the complexity of the problems
that are being addressed. Due to the interconnectedness of the risk factors and vulnerable points
where violence can occur, a concerted, synergistic initiative is essential. Although therapy cannot
undo the traumatic events that have occurred in the history of an individual, family or
neighborhood, a sustained movement toward community can provide a buffer for resilience in
All that is necessary for this to happen is a shared ethic, a shared sense of valuing human
beings and life itself. Gandhi and King are gigantic 20th century examples of the contagious non-
In these times, rather than a giant, we need the example of collective effort drawn from
the ant and the bee. Martin Luther King (1968) put it well when he said, “True integration will be
achieved by true neighbors who are willingly obedient to unenforceable obligations” (as cited by
Haberman, 1972).
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Running Head: Restoring the Urban Village
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