1

OPEN SYSTEMS AND

OPEN SYSTEMS AND
CONSERVATION OF MASS
CONSERVATION OF MASS
2
CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS
Open systems are also called control volumes.
3
EXAMPLES OF OPEN SYSTEMS
human body
an automobile engine
a heat exchanger, such as the radiator of
an automobile and the condenser of an air-
conditioner or a refrigerator
a steam generator or a boiler
a gas turbine --- airplane engine
a steam turbine --- for power generation
the compressor of an air-conditioner or a
refrigerator
4
SCHEMATIC OF A HEAT EXCHANGER
i
m
1
&
e
m
1
&
i
m
2
&
0 = W
&
Q
&
e
m
2
&
5
SCHEMATIC OF
A STEAM POWER PLANT
Boiler
Condenser
Turbine
q
41
2
q
23
w
34
w
12
Pump
4
1
3
6
SCHEMATIC OF A REFRIGERATOR
OR AN AIR-CONDITIONER
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
q
41
4
q
23
w
34
Expansion
valve
3
2
1
7
SCHEMATIC OF
A GAS TURBINE ENGINE
Combustor
Turbine
q
23
w
12
w
34
Compressor
2
3
1
4
8
CONSERVATION OF MASS
ASSUMPTIONS
No generation of mass in system.
No destruction of mass in system.
9
CONSERVATION OF MASS
t tan cons m ,
dt
dm
= = 0
For a closed system:
For an open system (or a control volume):
C. V. (Control volume)
i
m&
e
m&
C. S.
(Control surface)
m
cv

=
e i
cv
m m
dt
dm
& &
10
CONSERVATION OF MASS
FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM

=
e i
cv
m m
t d
dm
& &
Rate of change
of mass in C.V.
Net rate of mass influx through C.S.
= Net rate of inflow of mass through all inlets
Net rate of outflow of mass through all exits
11
EXAMPLE FOR CONSERVATION
OF MASS FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
m
cv
i
m&
Water
tank
C. S.
e
m&
If steady state is
assumed,

=
=
e i
cv
m m
dt
dm
& &
0
12
MASS FLOW RATE
If velocity is not constant at a flow cross section:

= =
A
dA m d m V
& &
Example: Flow of a fluid through a pipe.
Velocity is a function of a radial coordinate, V(r)
Pipe
r
13
MASS FLOW RATE AND
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE

=
A
dA m V
&

=
A
dA V
v
A V
A V m = =
&
V m
&
&
= v / V
&
=
Volumetric flow rate
in m
3
/s or ft
3
/s
Mass flow rate
in kg/s or lbm/s
14
AN OPEN SYSTEM WITH ONE
INLET AND ONE OUTLET ONLY
2 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

A V A V
( ) ( )
2 1
A V A V =
or
For an incompressible fluid:
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1
A V A V or A V A V = =
Example: Water nozzle
A
V , t tan cons A V
1
=
15
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Superheated steam enters a turbine at P
1
and T
1
with a velocity of V
1
, and leaves as
a dry saturated vapor at P
2
. The turbine
inlet area is A
1
and the outlet area is A
2
.
What is the mass flow rate?
What is the exit velocity?
16
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
STATE 1 STATE 2
Given P
2
, A
2
,
and x
2
= 1.0
Saturated
water vapor
Given P
1
, T
1
,
V
1
, and A
1
Superheated
steam
Turbine
1 2
17
ASSUMPTIONS, BASIC EQUATION
Steady state (dm
cv
/dt = 0)
One inlet/one outlet
Uniform properties at inlet and outlet
Conservation of mass:
m
A V A V
&
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2 2
1
1 1

m m m
& & &
= =
2 1
18
PROPERTY VALUES FROM
STEAM TABLES:
From superheated vapor table, based on
P
1
and T
1
, look up the value of v
1
.
From saturation pressure table, based on
P
2
and x
2
= 1.0, look up the value of v
2
,
which is equal to v
g2
.
19
MASS FLOW RATE
AND EXIT VELOCITY
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
1 1

A V
m
&
Calculate flow velocity at steam turbine exit:
Calculate mass flow rate:
2
2
2
A
v m
V
&
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2 2

A V
m
&
20
TEAMPLAY
Water at 80C and 7 MPa enters a boiler
tube at a mass flow rate of 0.76 kg/s. The
boiler tube has a constant inside diameter
of 2.0 cm. The water leaves the boiler
tube at 350C with a velocity of 85.25 m/s.
Determine (a) the velocity at the tube inlet
in m/s, and (b) the pressure of the water at
the tube exit in MPa.
21
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
22
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
1
ST
LAW FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM
For a closed system:
KE PE U E W Q + + = =
dt
dE
W Q =
& &
23
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
FIRST LAW FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
C. V.
( )
i
e m&
( )
e
e m&
C. S.
W
&
Q
&
E
cv
There may be energy transfer through the control
surface (C.S.) as a result of mass crossing the
control surface (C.S.).
24
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
For an open system (control volume):
( ) ( )
dt
dE
e m e m W Q
cv
e i
= +

& &
& &
gz
V
u e + + =
2
2
r
Note the addition of
these two terms. is for
multiple inlets or exits
where
25
FLOW WORK
If the net rate of work done due to the flow crossing
the control surface is defined as
.
flow
W
&
( ) ( )
i e
flow
v p m v p m W
& &
&
=
The net rate of work done may be written as
other flow
W W W
& & &
+ =
( ) ( ) | |
other
i e
W v p m v p m
&
& &
+ =
26
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
The First Law of Thermodynamics for an open
system may be written as:
| |
| |
t d
dE
z g V v p u m
z g V v p u m W Q
cv
i
i
e
e other
+ + + +
+ + + =

2 /
2 /
2
2
r
&
r
&
& &
Net rate of work done,
not including flow work
27
FIRST LAW FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM
If steady state may be assumed
0 , = =

t d
dE
m m
cv
e i
& &
i e
other
gz
V
h gz
V
h w q
(

+ +
(

+ + =
2 2
2 2
r r
Note that h
e
= (u +pv)
e
and h
i
= (u +pv)
i
.
28
ASSUMING STEADY STATE
If steady state may be assumed
PE KE h w q
other
+ + =
( ) ( )
i i e e i e
v p v p u u h + = where
2
2 2
i e
V V
KE

=
( )
i e
z z g PE =
r r
and
29
NEGLIGIBLE POTENTIAL AND
KINETIC ENERGY CHANGE
If there is no change of potential and kinetic
energy,
h w q
other
=
where
( ).
i e
h h h =
Total change of specific
enthalpy --- equals the
difference between the
specific enthalpy at the
exit and that at the inlet
Net gain of energy per unit
mass as a result of heat
input and boundary work
interaction
30
CONSERVATION OF MASS
CONSERVATION OF MASS
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
31
Industrial Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger
consists of an array of tubes in a
shell.
Fluid B in
Fluid B in
Fluid B out
Fluid B out
Fluid A out
Fluid A out
Fluid A in
Fluid A in
32
33
34
HEAT EXCHANGERS ---
CONDENSERS AND EVAPORATORS
i
m
1
&
e
m
1
&
i
m
2
&
0 = W
&
Q
&
e
m
2
&
e i
e i
m m
m m
2 2
1 1
& &
& &
=
=
e e
i i
h m h m
h m h m
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
& &
& &
+ =
+
{ } 0 0 0 = = = PE and , KE , Q If
&
35
HEAT EXCHANGERS ---
FEEDWATER HEATERS
{ } 0 0 0 = = = PE and , KE , Q If
&
3
m&
1
m&
2
m&
0 = W
&
Q
&
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
h m h m h m
m m m
& & &
& & &
= +
= +
36
37
38
Boiler
Condenser
Turbine
q
41
2
q
23
w
34
w
12
Pump
4
1
3
1 High pressure vapor 2 Low pressure mixture
3 Low pressure liquid 4 High pressure liquid
STEAM POWER PLANTS
39
40
41
42
PE KE h h w q + + = ) (
1 2 12 12
PE KE h h w q + + = ) (
2 3 23 23
PE KE h h w q + + = ) (
3 4 34 34
PE KE h h w q + + = ) (
4 1 41 41
0 0 0
Boiler
Condenser
Turbine
q
41
2
q
23
w
34
w
12
Pump
4
1
3
STEAM POWER
PLANTS (CONT.)
Turbine
Condenser
Pump
Boiler
43
Boiler
Condenser
Turbine
q
41
2
q
23
w
34
w
12
Pump
4
1
3
STEAM POWER
PLANTS (CONT.)
2 1 12
h h w =
2 3 23
h h q =
4 3 34
h h w =
4 1 41
h h q =
Work output (+)
Heat loss to surroundings ()
Work input ()
Heat addition to steam (+)
Turbine
Condenser
Pump
Boiler
44
45
REFRIGERATORS, AIR-
CONDITIONERS, AND HEAT PUMPS
1 High pressure liquid 2 Low pressure mixture
3 Low pressure vapor 4 High pressure vapor
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
q
41
4
q
23
w
34
Expansion
valve
3
2
1
46
47
) (
1 2 12 12
h h w q =
) (
2 3 23 23
h h w q =
) (
3 4 34 34
h h w q =
) (
4 1 41 41
h h w q =
0 0
REFRIGERATORS, AIR-
CONDITIONERS, AND
HEAT PUMPS (CONT.)
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
q
41
4
q
23
w
34
Expansion
valve
3 2
1
Expansion valve
Evaporator
Compressor
Condenser
48
REFRIGERATORS, AIR-
CONDITIONERS, AND
HEAT PUMPS (CONT.)
Condenser
Evaporator
Compressor
q
41
4
q
23
w
34
Expansion
valve
3 2
1
Expansion valve
1 2
h h =
2 3 23
h h q =
4 3 34
h h w =
4 1 41
h h q =
No work done, no
heat transfer
Heat flow in
from cool space (+)
Work done on
coolant ()
Heat flow out
to hot space ()
Evaporator
Compressor
Condenser
49
NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS
C. S.
0 = Q
&
0 = W
&
2 2
,V
r

1 1
,V
r

1
2
50
NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS (CONT.)
Applying the principle of conservation of mass
2 1
m m & & =
2
2 2
1
1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
v
A V
v
A V
or A V A V
r r
r r
= =
1
1
2
2
1
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
V
v
v
A
A
V or V
A
A
V
r r r r
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
2
1
2
V
A
A
V
r r
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
51
NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS (CONT.)
) (
2
) (
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
z z g
V V
h h w q +

+ =
r r
0
Applying the principle of conservation of energy
2 1
P P >
) (
2
1
2
) (
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 1
V V
v
V V
P P
r r
r r
=

=
, V V if
1 2
r r
>
2
) (
2
1
2
2
2 1
V V
h h
r r

=
, u u If
1 2
=
52
PIPE SYSTEMS
Q
&
1 2
z z
1
2
2
m&
1
m&
0 = W
&
2 1
m m & & =
2
2 2
1
1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
v
A V
v
A V
or
A V A V
r r
r r
=
=
1
1
2
2
1
2
V
v
v
A
A
V
r r
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
53
PIPE SYSTEMS (CONT.)
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
z z g
V V
h h w q +

+ =
r r
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 1 2 2 1 2
= +

+ + z z g
V V
v P v P u u
r r
/ v v and u u If 1
2 1 1 2
= = =
( ) 0
2
1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2
= +

z z g
V V P P
r r

54
PIPE SYSTEMS (CONT.)
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2 2
z g
V P
z g
V P
+ + = + +
r r

2
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
1 1
2 2
z g
V
v P z g
V
v P + + = + +
r r
or
constant z g
V p
= + +
2
2
r

This is the Bernoullis Equation for steady,

frictionless, incompressible flows.
55
UNSTEADY PROCESSES
( ) ( )
t d
E d
e m e m W Q
cv
e i
= +

& &
& &
cv
e
e
e e i
i
i i other
z g
V
u m
t d
d
z g
V
h m z g
V
h m W Q
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

2
2 2
2
2 2
r
r
&
r
&
& &
Excluding
Flow work
Rate of change of total energy
in the control volume
56
UNSTEADY PROCESSES (CONT.)
Over a given period of time,
cv
e
e
e e i
i
i i other
z g
V
u m z g
V
u m
z g
V
h m z g
V
h m W Q
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

1
2
1
1 1 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
r r
r r
where the subscripts i = inlet,
e = exit,
1 = initial state,
and 2 = final state.
Change of total
energy in control
volume
57
FIRST LAW OF
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
(PROBLEM SOLVING)
58
SAMPLE PROBLEM
An adiabatic diffuser is used to reduce the
velocity of a stream of air from 250 m/s to 35
m/s. The mass flow rate is 7 kg/s. The inlet
pressure is 100 kPa, the inlet temperature is
300C, and the exit pressure is 167 kPa.
Assuming that the air behaves as an ideal gas,
determine the required outlet area in cm
2
.
59
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Inlet
T
1
= 300C
P
1
= 100 kPa
= 250 m/s
= 7 kg/s
Diffuser
Air
in
Air
out
1
V
r
m&
Outlet
P
2
= 167 kPa
= 35 m/s
2
V
r
60
ASSUMPTIONS
Steady state, steady flow (SSSF) ---
no time dependent terms.
adiabatic walls --- no heat transfer.
no work done, except flow work.
no potential energy change.
air as an ideal gas.
61
BASIC EQUATIONS
Conservation of mass
m m m & & & = =
2 1
2
2 2
1
1 1
v
A V
v
A V
m& = =
2
2
2
V
v m
A
r
&
=
r r
Note that the
specific volume
at the exit is not
known.
62
IDEAL GAS EQUATION OF STATE
RT P =
or
2
2
2
P
RT
=
1
1
1
P
RT
= and
T
1
, P
1
, and P
2
are known. T
2
is not! We need to
apply the principle of conservation of energy to
determine T
2
.
63
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
) (
2
) (
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
z z g
V V
h h w q +

+ =
r r
2
) (
2
2
2
1
1 2
V V
h h

=
2
2
2
2
1
1 2
V V
h h
r r

+ =
For air as an ideal gas,
h
2
is a function of T
2
.
r r
h
1
is a function of T
1
,
which is given.
64
SOLUTION
From the ideal gas table for air (Table A-17):
for T
1
= 300 + 273.15 = 573.15 K
kg
kJ
h 578.88
1
=
kg
kJ
.
s / m kg
kJ
s
m
kg
kJ
h
5 609
0 1
1
2
) 35 ( ) 250 (
578.88
2 2 3 2
2 2 2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+ =
From the ideal gas table for air,
this value of h
2
corresponds to an
exit temperature, T
2
, of 602.4 K.
65
SOLUTION (CONT.)
kg
m
.
m . kN / kJ kN/m
K K . kg / kJ .
P
RT
3
2
2
2
2
0353 1
) ( 167
602.4 ) ( 287 0
=

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
2
3
cm
m
s
m
kg
m
s
kg

4
10 35
1.0353 7
2
2
071 2 cm , A =
2
2
2
V
v m
A
r
&
=
66
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Air initially at 15 psia and 60F is
compressed to 75 psia and 400F. The
power required is 5 horsepowers. A
heat loss of 4 Btu/lbm occurs during
the process. Determine the air mass
flow rate in lbm/min.
67
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
hp W 5 =
&
q = 4 Btu/lbm
P
2
= 75 psia
T
2
= 400F
P
1
= 15 psia
T
1
= 60F
Compressor
68
ASSUMPTIONS
Steady state, steady flow (SSSF).
Negligible potential energy change.
Negligible kinetic energy change.
Air as an ideal gas.
69
FIRST LAW
) (
1 2
h h m W Q = &
& &
Since ,
q m Q &
&
=
) (
1 2
h h m W q m = &
&
&
) (
1 2
h h q
W
m

=
&
&
70
SOLUTION
From the ideal gas table for air (Table A-17E):
lbm
Btu
h
lbm
Btu
h 206.46 124.27
2 1
= =
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
Btu
lb ft
lbm
Btu
7
lbm
Btu
min
s
hp
/s lbf ft
hp
m
f
778 124.2 206.46 4
60
550 5
&
min
lbm
m 2.46 = &