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A 19-inch, 16:10 wide screen LCD monitor. A monitor or display (also called screen or visual display unit) is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFTLCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about as deep as the screen size. Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9 (and 16:10).
Contents
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1 Technologies 2 Performance measurements (measurements of performance) 3 Additional features 4 Manufacturers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links
[edit] Technologies
Further information: Comparison CRT, LCD, Plasma and History of display technology Different image techniques have been used for Computer monitors. Until the 21st century most monitors were CRT but they have been phased out for LCD monitors.
A CRT monitor.
Macro showing RGB pixel array The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRT). Until the early 1980s, they were known as video display terminals and were physically attached to the computer and keyboard. The monitors were monochrome, flickered and the image quality was poor[citation needed]. In 1981, IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which could display four colors with a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels. In 1984 IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter which was capable of producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 by 350.[1] CRT remained the standard for computer monitors through the 1990s. CRT technology remained dominant in the PC monitor market into the new millennium partly because it was cheaper to produce and offered viewing angles close to 180 degrees.[2]
Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also called a Nit). Aspect ratios is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. Monitors usually have the aspect ratio 4:3, 5:4, 16:10 or 16:9. Viewable image size is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.
Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. Maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch. Dot pitch is the distance between subpixels of the same color in millimeters. In general, the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the picture will appear. Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is illuminated. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time. Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active (white) to inactive (black) and back to active (white) again, measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts. Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing. Power consumption is measured in watts. Delta-E: Color accuracy is measured in delta-E; the lower the delta-E, the more accurate the colour representation. A delta-E of below 1 is imperceptible to the human eye. DeltaEs of 2 to 4 are considered good and require a sensitive eye to spot the difference. Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.
[edit] Size
Main article: Display size
For any rectangular section on a round tube, the diagonal measurement is also the diameter of the tube
The area, height and width of displays with identical diagonal measurements vary dependent on aspect ratio
On two-dimensional display devices such as computer monitors the display size or viewable image size is the actual amount of screen space that is available to display a picture, video or working space, without obstruction from the case or other aspects of the unit's design. The main measurements for display devices are: width, height, total area and the diagonal. The size of a display is usually by monitor manufacturers given by the diagonal i.e. the distance between two opposite screen corners. This method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being circular, only their diameter was needed to describe their size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the rectangle was equivalent to the diameter of the tube's face. This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4:3. The estimation of the monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into account the display aspect ratio, so that for example a 16:9 21 in (53 cm) widescreen display has less area, than a 21 in (53 cm) 4:3 screen. The 4:3 screen has dimensions of 16.8 12.6 in (43 32 cm) and area 211 sq in (1,360 cm2), while the widescreen is 18.3 10.3 in (46 26 cm), 188 sq in (1,210 cm2).
[edit] Resolution
Main article: Display resolution
The resolution for computer monitors has increased over time. From 320200 during the early 80s, to 800600 during the late 90s. Since 2009 the most commonly sold resolution for computer monitors is 1920x1080.[11]
[edit] Manufacturers
Acer AOC Apple Inc. Asus Belinea BenQ Chimei Dell Eizo
Gateway Hewlett-Packard HannStar Display Corporation IBM Iiyama Corporation Kogan Technologies LG NEC Philips
Planar Systems Samsung Sceptre Incorporated Sony Toshiba Tyco Electronics ViewSonic Wortmann Zalman
[edit] References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ^ "Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors". Infodingo.com. Retrieved 2011-05-20. ^ a b "CRT Monitors". PCTechGuide.Com. Retrieved 2011-05-20. ^ "TFT Central". TFT Central. 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2011-05-20. ^ "Is the LCD monitor right for you?". Infodingo.com. Retrieved 2011-05-20. ^ Wang, P. and D. Nikoli (2011) An LCD monitor with sufficiently precise timing for research in vision. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5:85. http://www.frontiersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00085/abstract 6. ^ Agoraquest, LLC The only place for the Sony Enthusiast. "Sonys Outs Two New OLED Monitors". Agoraquest. Retrieved 2011-05-20. 7. ^ NEMATech Computer Display Standards http://www.millertech.com/Technical_Specs.htm 8. ^ "IntroductionMonitor Technology Guide". necdisplay.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-15. (currently offline) 9. ^ "Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises". DisplaySearch. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2011-05-20. 10. ^ Widescreen monitors: Where did 19201200 go? Hardware MyBroadband Tech and IT News. Mybroadband.co.za (2011-01-10). Retrieved on 2011-12-24. 11. ^ Monitors/TFT 16:9/16:10 | Skinflint Price Comparison EU. Skinflint.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-24. 12. ^ "LG brings flicker-free Cinema 3D to computer monitors, Excel will never be the same". April 27, 2011.
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Input devices
Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device o Graphics tablet o Joystick o Light pen o Mouse o Pointing stick o Touchpad o Touchscreen o Trackball Webcam o Softcam Monitor Printer Speakers Optical disc drive o CD-RW o DVD+RW Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Central processing unit (CPU) Hard disk / Solid-state drive Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random-access memory (RAM) Sound card Video card Ethernet FireWire (IEEE 1394) Parallel port Serial port Thunderbolt Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Output devices
Computer case
Data ports
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