THE ROCK PHYSICS HANDBOOK

TOOLS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS IN POROUS MEDIA

Gary Mavko Stanford University

Tapan Mukerji Stanford University

Jack Dvorkin Stanford University

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

CONTENTS

Preface

page ix

PART 1 : BASIC TOOLS

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The Fourier Transform The Hilbert Transform and Analytic Signal Statistics and Linear Regression Coordinate Transformations

1
1 8 10 14

PART 2: ELASTICITY AND HOOKE'S LAW

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Elastic Moduli - Isotropic Form of Hooke's Law Anisotropic Form of Hooke's Law Thomsen's Notation for Weak Elastic Anisotropy Stress-Induced Anisotropy in Rocks Strain Components and Equations of Motion in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems 2.6 Deformation of Inclusions and Cavities in Elastic Solids 2.7 Deformation of a Circular Hole - Borehole Stresses 2.8 Mohr's Circles

17
17 19 25 26 32 34 45 48

PART 3: SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION

3.1 3.2 Seismic Velocities Phase, Group, and Energy Velocities

51
51 54

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C O N T E N T S

3.3 Impedance, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity 3.4 Reflectivity and AVO 3.5 AVOZ in Anisotropic Environments 3.6 Viscoelasticity and Q 3.7 " Kramers-Kronig Relations Between Velocity Dispersion and Q 3.8 Waves in Layered Media: Full-Waveform Synthetic Seismograms 3.9 Waves in Layered Media: Stratigraphic Filtering and Velocity Dispersion 3.10 Waves in Layered Media: Frequency-Dependent Anisotropy and Dispersion 3.11 Scale-Dependent Seismic Velocities in Heterogeneous Media 3.12 Scattering Attenuation 3.13 Waves in Cylindrical Rods - The Resonant Bar

57 60 65 70 75 77 82 86 91 95 100

PART 4 : E F F E C T I V E M E D I A
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 Hashin-Shtrikman Bounds ' Voigt and Reuss Bounds Wood's Formula Hill Average Moduli Estimate Composite with Uniform Shear Modulus Rock and Pore Compressibilities and Some Pitfalls Kuster and Toksoz Formulation for Effective Moduli Self-Consistent Approximations of Effective Moduli Differential Effective Medium Model Hudson's Model for Cracked Media Eshelby-Cheng Model for Cracked Anisotropic Media Elastic Constants in Finely Layered Media - Backus Average

106
106 110 112 114 115 117 121 123 129 133 140 142

PART 5 : G R A N U L A R M E D I A
5.1 Packing of Spheres - Geometric Relations 5.2 Random Spherical Grain Packings - Contact Models and Effective Moduli 5.3 Ordered Spherical Grain Packings - Effective Moduli

147
147 149 160

PART 6 : F L U I D E F F E C T S ON WAVE PROPAGATION

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Biot's Velocity Relations Geertsma-Smit Approximations of Biot's Relations Gassmann's Relations BAM - Marion's Bounding Average Method

162
162 166 168 177

C O N T E N T S

Vii

6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15

Fluid Substitution in Anisotropic Rocks: Brown and Korringa's Relations Generalized Gassmann's Equations for Composite Porous Media Mavko-Jizba Squirt Relations Extension of Mavko-Jizba Squirt Relations for All Frequencies BISQ Anisotropic Squirt Common Features of Fluid-Related Velocity Dispersion Mechanisms Partial and Multiphase Saturations Partial Saturation: White and Dutta-Ode Model for Velocity Dispersion and Attenuation Waves in Pure Viscous Fluid Physical Properties of Gases and Fluids

179 181 184 186 190 192 197 202 207 212 214 221 221 225 226 228 231 233 234 235 250 255 255 260 264 266 268 271 271 275 279 282

PART 7 : E M P I R I C A L R E L A T I O N S 7.1 Velocity-Porosity Models: Critical Porosity and Nur's Modified Voigt Average. 7.2 Velocity-Porosity Models: Geertsma's Empirical Relations for Compressibility 7.3 Velocity-Porosity Models: Wyllie's Time Average Equation 7.4 Velocity-Porosity Models: Raymer-Hunt-Gardner Relations 7.5 Velocity-Porosity-Clay Models: Han's Empirical Relations for Shaley Sandstones 7.6 Velocity-Porosity-Clay Models: Tosaya's Empirical Relations for Shaley Sandstones 7.7 Velocity-Porosity-Clay Models: Castagna's Empirical Relations for Velocities 7.8 Vp-Vs Relations 7.9 Velocity-Density Relations PART 8 : FLOW A N D D I F F U S I O N 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Darcy'sLaw Kozeny-Carman Relation for Flow Viscous Flow Capillary Forces Diffusion and Filtration - Special Cases

PART 9 : E L E C T R I C A L P R O P E R T I E S 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Bounds and Effective Medium Models Velocity Dispersion and Attenuation Empirical Relations Electrical Conductivity in Porous Rocks

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CONTENTS

PART 1 0 : APPENDIXES
10.1 Typical Rock Properties 10.2 Conversions 10.3 Moduli and Density of Common Minerals References Index

289
289 304 306 313 325