MASTER OF ZOOLOGY

FIRST YEAR PAPERS 1 2 3 4 5 Subject Cell Biology and Molecular Biology General Microbiology and Biochemistry Biotechnology Animal Physiology and Embryology Animal forms, eco-biology and Animal behavior Max. Marks 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Exam Hrs 3 3 3 3 3 6 6

Practical 1 Paper I,II & III Practical 2 Paper IV & V

SECOND YEAR PAPERS 1 2 3 4 Parasitology Economic Zoology Aquatic Zoology and wildlife Management Environment pollution and Eco-toxicology Subject Max. Marks 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 Exam Hrs 3 3 3 3 6 6 -

Practical 3 Paper VI & VII Practical 4 Paper VIII & IX Project Work

FIRST YEAR
Paper 1 CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY UNIT I Cell concept Size and form ultra structure and functions of plosmo membranes. Endoplasmic retieulum, Ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, contriosomes, and golgicompled in the light of recent researches. UNIT II Ultra structure of chromosomes Giant chromosomes structure and functions supernumerary (or) B. Chromsomes. UNIT III Interphase nucleus Dynamics of cell division, a molecular approach, cell centre and mitotic apparatus, synoptenemal complex and movement of chromosomes. UNIT IV Chemistry and structure of DNA, DNA replication, Nucleus DNA, amounts and c-value Paradox, satellite DNA, functions, of repeated DNA sequence, mitochondrial DNA, A, B, and ZDNA, Types chemistry and functions of RNA, Processing of rRNA and tRNA. Gene action and Protein synthesis, genetic code Processing and translation of mRNA. UNIT V Radiation and radioactivity Isotopes and their uses in biological investigation Biological effects of radiation Geiger Muller counter scintillation counter.

Reference: 1. Beifelder.D (1985). Essentials of molecular Biology, James and Bortlet Publishers Inc., U.S.A.

2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis Sr. E.M. Fr, Lea and Febiger (1987) 8 th Ed. Cell and molecular Biology, Saundors college, Philadelphia. 3. Dnyansaga, V.R. (1986) Cytology and Genetics Tata McGraw Hill, Publishing Co., New Delhi. 4. Wolfe S.L. (1981). Biology of cell, wordsworth Publishing Co., 5. Alberts, B.et.al., (1986) The molecular Biology of the cell, garl and Publishing, Inc., New York 6. Watson., J.D. et.al., (1987). Molecular Biology of the gene, Col.I, II and III Benjamin cumming Publishing Co., California. 7. Kelinsmith, L.J. and Kish., V.M. (1989). Principles ofcell Biology, Harper and Row, New York.

Paper 2 GENRAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY UNIT I History and scope of microbiology prokaryotic and eukaryotic micro organisms. Morphological types cell wall of gram Positive and Gram negative bacteria. A brief outline of structure of pictorial, plant and animal viruses, Bacteriophages. Brief account of HIV. UNIT II Industrial microbiology Fermentation Process Primary and secondary metabolies industrial uses of Bacteria Lactic acid vinegar and industrial uses of yeasts

Aminoacid pollution, alcohol and Bakers yeast and food yeast Industrial uses of molds Pencillin. Production citric acid Enzyme Production.

UNIT III Diary microbiology Pasteurization milk products curd, butter, ghee, cheese and yogurt. Food microbiology Fermented food and food spoilage food poisoning factors influencing spoilage Physico chemical methods in food preservation. UNIT IV MEDICAL MICRBIOLOGY : Study of common bacterial and viral diseases of man causative organisms symptoms and preventive measures (Gastro intestinal, respiratory and nervous systems). UNIT V Human cancer : DNa Tumour viruses Papilloma viruses Epstein Bair virus Sc 40 virus RNA tumour viruses Retro viruses. (Structure, replication, assembly and release) Tumourgenic retroviruses, cellular viral oncogenes, relationship between viral and animal oncogenes oncognene families oncoprotiens Tumour suppressors.

BIOCHEMISTRY UNIT I Atoms, molecular, Polymerization of organic molecular nature of living matter, major organic components chemistry of water dissolved gasses - PH buffers membrane permeability. Structure, properties and functions of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids and

Nucleic acids. Derivatives of carbohydrates and lipids. UNIT II Enzymes nature, classification and functions co-enzymes Isoenzymes, Antienzymes, mechanism of enzyme action enzyme inhibitors enzyme kinetics.Energy flow of energy of biolofical world concept of free energy, redoxpotential, coupling of chemical reactions in transfer of energy. High energy rich compounds Thermodynamics. UNIT III

Metabolism Protein metabolism Amino acid metabolism oxidative dermination transmination decorboxylation, demethylation reactions. Carbohydrate metabolism Glycogenesis, glycolysis energetics ofkrebs cycle, Gluconeogenesis, coris cycle, glycosuria Diabetics Lipidmetabolism metabolism of fatty acids, glyeeros cholesterol Inborn errors of metabolism, BMR UNIT IV Vitamins Structure, sources, requirements, functions and deficiency manifestations of fat and water soluble vitamins. Minerals sources, functions, requirements, absorption and metabolism with reference to iron, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium and other trace elements as iodine, copper, Zinc and fluorine. UNIT V Harmons chemical nature, properties and biochemical mode of functions of hormones.Hormonal control of carbhyodrates, protein and lipidmetalbolism, cyclic AMP.

Reference: 1. Micheal pelczer J. Pelczas, E.C.S. chan, Noel R. Krieg 5th Ed. 1993. 2. Presscott L.M. Hartey. P. Klein J. 1990. Microbiology U.M.C. Brown Publishers. 3. Ananthanarayanan. C.K. Jayaraman Panicker. C.K. Text book of microbiology. 4. Presscott & Dunns Industrial microbiology. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 5. A text book microbiology R.C. Dubey & D.K. Maheswari 1999. S. Chand & Co., Ltd, New Delhi 110 005. 6. Lehninger A.L. 1970 Biochemistry worth publishing company N.Y. 7. Harpers Biochemistry 27th Ed. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing.

Paper 3 BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIT I Genetic Engineering : Techniques Concepts of gene clonning CDNA & Geonomic Libraries and RDNA technology Strategies of genetic engineering formation of DNA fragments various methods Introduction of recombinant vector into host cell selection of clones blotting techniques. UNIT II Food Biotechnology : Microbial production of food Single cell Protein (Algal, Bacterial and Actinomycetes, yeast and Fugi) Microbial production of flavours and other products and generalising food biotechnology. UNIT III Enzyme Engineering : Properties Preparation methods immobiliations Ribozyme Abzymes. Hybridomas and Minoclonal antibodies production and application. Animal cell and tissue culture production - Animal viral vector, Transgenesis transgenic animals methods- gene targetting. Embryo technology Manipulation Embryo splitting invitro fertilization. UNIT IV Biotechnology and Human Welfare : Production and hormones and vaccines . Biomass and Bioenergy conversion methods types of bio fuels fuels for further use. UNIT V Values of Biotechnology : Ethical values in animal and Human Cloning Social and Environmental problems due to cloning DNA finger printing Bio chips, Bio sensors Gene therapy.

Reference : 1. T.C. Brown Genecloning : D. Nichol : D.S.T. An introduction to genetic engineering. 2. R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheswari A Textbook of Microbiology, S. Chand and Company Ltd. 3. R.C. Dubey - A Textbook of Biotechnology, S. Chand and Company Ltd. 4. Gupta PK., Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi and Company Lted, Meerut.

Paper 4 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY UNIT I Concept of balanced diet role of enzymes in the digestion and absorption Physical and chemical aspects of bioluminescence Functional significance of bioluminescence. Movements critical review of amoeboid, flagellar, ciliary movements in animal in the light of recent researches. UNIT II Respiration Types of respiration mechanisms factors affecting respiration structures, properties and composition and function in O2 and CO2 transport in animals. Circulation Types of Hearts, ECG, Cardiac rhythm control of heart beat. Factors controlling coagulation of blood. Excretion nature and mode of formation of excretory products

Excretory mechanisms in vertibrates and invertibrates. UNIT III Nervous integration Types of neurons Transmission of impules autonomous nervous system origin and function, Reflex actions. Chemical coordination Neurosecretion and its importance in physiology. Hormones of vertebrates and their specific role in chemical coordination. Muscle physiology Molecular structure

chemical composition of muscles Regulation and energetics

of contraction.

Sensory

Physiology Classification of receptors in vertibrates and invertibrates. UNIT IV Ger, cells origin, structure and differentiation ultra structural organization of the egg with reference to egg membrane, egg eytoplasm, structure of spermatozoan Polarity, symmetry gradient cortex activation of egg interaction and fusion. Cleavage :- Chemodifferentiation cleavage Patterns factors determining cleavage patterns. Theories of cleavage. Gastrulotion :- Morphogenetic movements Nucleocytoplasmic interactions in morphogenesis formation of germ layers. Fate maps gastrulation in characters exogastrulation. UNIT V Embryonic nutrition:- Yolk utilization amniotic and allontonic fluids. Embroyanic fields. Differentiation Nuclear factors chemical basis gene action development. Mechanism of information transfer, molecular and embryonic development inductors and organizers genes and organizers. Phenomena. Regeneration Experimental data Regeneration as developmental

Reference: 1. Raven. Ch. P. 1958 Morphogenes 2. Zalinsky B.L. 1970. An introduction to embryology, Saunders, TOPAN. 3. Batch, L.A. 1949, Embryology. The Dryden. N.Y.

Paper 5 ANIMAL FORMS ECOBIOLOGY & ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR UNIT I Nature of international code of zoological nomen cloture principles relating to nomenculature , Taxanomic keys, objectives and uses in zoological studies. Adaptation and evolution coloration of animals. Non adaptive characters. Animal distribution evolutionary significances. UNIT II Biochemical origin of life. Theories and concept of evolution Neotamarkism, NeoDarwinism modern synthetic theory of evolution Natural selection. What is ecosystems Biological pyramids. Edaphic Nutrient cycle. Evolution of ecosystem. UNIT III Forest resources cause of deforestation Demand and supply f wood, forest management conservation and protection forestry. Introduction conventional and nonconventional resources. Biogas programme in India. Solar photo voltic technology. Solar thermal (ST) Programme in India. UNIT IV Environmental Pollution.

PRACTICALS PRACTICALS I

1. Handling microscopes, Camera lucid, stage and ocular micrometers. 2. Blood smear preparation, RBC, WBC count by Haemocytometer differential count of WBC. 3. Study cell division stages Onion root tip squash technique for mitosis and grasses hopper testis for meiosis. 4. Mounting of the salivary gland chromosomes of chromosomes larva. 5. Human blood grouping. 6. Washing and sterilization of glassware. 7. Media preparation Liquid and solid media. 8. Staining of bacteria Simple & gram staining. 9. Estimation of reducing sugars by Benedits method. 10. Preparation of starch from potato and determination of its purity. 11. Separation of amino acids by paper chromotagraphy. 12. Agarose gel electrophoresis Paper electrophoresis. PRACTICALS II 1. Study of digestive enzymes in cockroach. 2. Study of human salivary activity in relation to temperature. 3. Study of hemoglobin concentration . 4. Study of blood pressure. 5. Detection of nitrogenous waste products in fish and, bird etc and mammalian urine. 6. Sections of tests and many showing the maturation stages of gametes. 7. Slides of mammalian sperm and ovum. 8. Slides of cleavage stages in Frog and Chick. 9. Slides of developmental stages of chick embryos. 10. Slides of blastula and gastrula of frog and chick. 11. Slides of developmental stages of brain, heart and eye in chick embryo.

12. Measurement of environmental parameters. 13. Terrestrial environment using the instruments for measuring environmental parameters Rain gauge maximum and minimum thermo meters wet and any Hygrometer. 14. Adaptation of terrestrial animals based on a study of museum specimens. 15. Study of a natural ecosystem such as scrub jungle, forest and pond.

SECOND YEAR
Paper 6 PARASITOLOGY UNIT I Parasitism Definition Types of parasite Adaptation of parasite Inter specific relationship Neutralism Symbiosis Mutualism Continuous contact commensalisms Types Antagonism Antibiotics Parasitism Temporary Permanent Pathology of parasite. UNIT II Parasitic Protozoa: Salient features Classification Human Diseases entamoeba gingibalis Histolytica Coli B.coli Giardia lamblia Intestinalis Trichomona vaginalis - moebiases Malaria Trichonooniasis Leishmaniasis - Types Dierrohea Trypanosoma Types Trichomonas Try panosoma Parasite Human Cattle as domestic animal Sporozoa Plasmodium - Types monocystis Habit and Habitat - Life cycle in man and mosquitoes Fever of malaria Types of fever Plasmodium vivax. UNIT III Parasite in platyheeminthes: General character Classification Life history Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda Fasciola Schitosoma Gestrodiscus Planaria Taenia Types Echinocous Nematonaenia Moniezia Proteo cephalus etc. Parasite adaptation of Flatworns Exo Endo-adaptation. UNIT IV Parasite in Aschelminthes: General character Classification Endo parasite Exo parasite Nematode Parasite in man Ascaris Wuchereia Trichuris Trichinella Dracunculus An chylostoma duodende Trichocephalus Guineaworms Florialbancrafti Microfilaria, Loa etc.

UNIT V Parasitison of plant and animal General character in protozoa Algae Bacteria Virus in micro organism Exploitation Ant Brood parasitism some different types of Insects of parasities Inter relationship plant as animal parasite Plant to plant animal to animal parasite. Arthopad vectors Housefly Head louse Bedding Mosquitoes Fleas ticks and mites. Reference: 1. K.D. Chatterjee Parasitism in Biology. 2. Shukla-Upadhyay Rastogi Publications. 3. Verma Agarwal Inverbrate and vertebrate. (Hordate Zoology) 4. E.L. Jordan, P.S. Verma - Inverbrate Zoology. 5. N.Arumugam Saras Publication. 6. Ekkamberanath Iyer Book Inverbrate in Zoolody

Paper 7 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY UNIT I Introduction: Definition Economical importance of Protozoa Nematodes and Helminths Annelids Role in House hold Insects Effecting human health Damaging food products goods. UNIT II Insect posts of sugarcane Paddy Pulsecrops Vegetables Fruits cotton Oil seedcrops Coconut Plam Tea and Coffee. Insect pest Management (IPM): Natural control Applied control. Integrated Pest management. UNIT III Agriculture Lac culture Sericulture Prawns Lobsters - Crabs fishery by products of fishing industry Snaue sans , Snaue Venom.

UNIT- IV Economic Importance of Mammals Piggery Dairy Industry Leather Industry Wool Industry. Medical Lab Techniques: Stethoscope sphygmomanometer Haemo cytometer RBC, WBC, Count URINE Sugar analysis E.C.G. CT CAT Endscopy Techniques Types Artificial Pacemaker Bio-Technology: INA Microbiology Hormone Enzymes acids Vitmamin Interperoms Alga cell Biochips Super pages Insulin Vaccination Antizen Antibody NIF Genes Insecticides Sewage Treatment. UNIT V Pharmaceuticals from animals Wild Life in India and its conservation Significance of Aids Modern genetics: Karyotyphing DNA Recombinant Technology Plasmids Molecular cloning Human Genome Project (HGP) Transgenic organisms Gene Therpay Bioinformatics Application Scope.

Reference: 1. Shukla. Upadhyay Rastogi Publications. 2. A. Arumugam Saras Publication. 3. Dr. Bernice Anantharaj Chrisolite Publications. 4. P.D. Sharma Environmental Biology & Toxicology RakeshKumar, Rastogi Publications. 5. Genetics P.S. Verma, V.K. Agarwal S.Chand Company Ltd. 6. Invertebrate Zoology E.L. Jordan & P.S. Varma. 7. Invertebrate Zoology V.K. Agarwal. 8. Ekkambaranath Iyer Book 9. Animal Physiology P.S. Varma, B.S. Tyagi, V.K. Agarwal.

Paper 8 AQUATIC ZOOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT UNIT I Aquaculture: Definition types of culture Cultivable species Fisheries management Divisions of Indian fishery Water Soil Tanks Pond Fertilization Wood control Disease control Habitat improvement seed section Importance of fishery Fish culture Types Breeding pond Types of Breeding. Details Fish Industry Marine CMFRI CIBA NIO CIFA NIOT MPEDA. UNIT II Prawn Fishery types of Prawn fishery Species of Prawn Food of Prawn Culture of fresh water prawn Marine Culture of Marine Prawn Preparation of farm Methods Spoilage of prawns Preservation as processing of prawn Export of prawn. UNIT III Pearl Culture: History of Industry - pearl producing molasses Pear formation Collection of oysters Rearing of oysters Insertion of nucleus Composition of pearl edible freshwater fishes By products of fishing Industry Fish oil fish meal Eco systems Types Pond Estuary Marine. UNIT IV Wildlife Management: Wildlife of India Endangered flora and fauna of India Indian endangers flora Fauna Indian Board of wildlife (IBWC) Protected areas network National Sanctuaries Special protected for endangered species Biosphere resources Nilgiri Biosphere Resources (NBR) National & State Symbols. UNIT V Wildlife Conservation: Definition aims Necessity Causes for wildlife depletion Sanctuary Anamalai Point Calimera Bandipur Wildlife Divisions Central Zoo

Authority Project Tiger Project Elephant National Zoological Park Special attention for animal Special cave Law anti protection Hunting Poaching Deforestation Methods conservation Organization involves in wild life conservation Sanctuaries and National Parks WWF RFF The Nature conservancy WRI IUCN AWF GRAIN International Science Foundation Biodiversities support Program (BSP).

Paper 9 ENVIRONMENAL POLLUTION AND ECO-TOXIOLOGY UNIT I Environmental Pollutants Definition - Classification of pollutants Causes for pollution Types of pollution Air Pollution: Definition Air pollutants Causes of Air pollution Biological Indicators Ecological effects of Air Pollution control of Air Pollution. Water Pollution: Definition Water Pollutions Causes of water pollution Ecological effects of water pollution control of water pollution. UNIT II Land Pollution: Definition Land pollutants Causes of Land Pollution Pesticides Radio activity Fallows Radioactive elements Radiation Source of Radiation Natural radiation of man made radiations Types of Atom Bomb Internal or external Emitters Sources of Ionizing radiation Biological effects of radiations Control of radioactive pollution Human Population as Explosion Issues Demography Dispersal Causes environmental effect Waste Management Types Solid Bio remediation.

UNIT III Noise Pollution: Definition Causes of noise pollution Ecological effects of noise pollution Control of noise pollution. Thermal Pollution: Definition Source of Thermal pollution: Definition Source of thermal pollution Ecological effects of thermal pollution

Control of thermal pollution. Pesticide Pollution: Classification Sources Impact Control General Law of control in pollution Super Bass Sewage Treatment. UNIT IV

ECO-TOXICOLOGY

Introduction: Toxicology Scope of toxicology Basic division of toxicology Goals of toxicology Basic concepts of Toxicology Factors that affect environmental concentration of Taxicants Influence toxicity chemical mixtures Effect and response Dose Rasponse relationships Margin of safety (slope). Toxicity testing. Toxicants of Public Health Hazard: Black lists/ Toxic chemicals Pesticides Automobile emissions Heavy metals Fertilisers Food additives - Radioactive substances. UNIT V

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS:

Pesticides microcosms - compartment models. Absorption Translocation and Excretion of chemicals (xenobiotics) membranes permeability and mechanisms of chemical transfer Bio-transformation of xenobiotics Selective toxicity Reception sites Types of D.D.T anti-dotal procedures in toxicology. Biomonitoring of Toxic chemicals Monitoring Program Parameters of biomonitoring Bio-Indicators and Environmental monitoring Bio assay and its applications in toxicology Enviornmental Legislation and Chemical Safety Evaluation.

Reference: 1. Environmental Health Publication of NEERI Nagpur. 2. A. Arumugam Saras Publciation. 3. Dr. Tmt. Bernice Anantharaj Chrisolite Publciations Ecology. 4. N.T. Krishna Environmental Biology. 5. P.D. Sharma Environmental Biology and Toxicology. 6. Shukia . Upadayan Economic Zoology.

PRACTICAL III 1. Earth Warm Setae Clitellum. 2. Mouth parts in insects: Cockroach Mosquitoes Butterfly etc. 3. Slide preparation Plasmodium stage Tape warm Ascars, Liver Fluke, Prawn, Penques, Larvel forms of Crustacea, Appendages in cephalic, thorgic, Maxilli pess, Walking legs Cocoon, Hosfly, Headlouse Ticks, Bud bug. 4. Anopheles Culex Honos bee wastes. 5. Coconut pest in oryctes rhino ceros. 6. Rynochophorus.

PRACTICAL IV 1. Temporans Mounting of Plankton Electric Rag fish. 2. Facena of Estuary, Sandy, Rocky Pond, Marine, Animals. 3. Estiamtion of dissolved ozin water Ecel, Andoas. 4. Estimation of BOD IDOD COD. 5. Determination of dissolved Sulphate, Hydrogen Sulphate, CO2, Iron, Sillicote, Lead, Phosphate, Calcium, Nitrate. 6. Estimation of chlorophyll contain in leaves at air Pollution. 7. Collection of zoo plantation. 8. Aquatic organism in specimens Significance of spotters.