1.

INTRODUCTION

In our present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. Especially the transmission and distribution losses are the main concern of the present power technology. Much of this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient.

And We know that large amount of solar power is available in the outer space the power can be used to limit some of the power problems. The power available cannot transmit through wires at outer space so micro wave technology is used transmission which is wireless. The transmission of power without wires may be one noble alternative for electricity transmission. This concept of wireless power technology was proposed by Nicholas tesla in 1893 and he started a wardenclyff tower project to transmit power wirelessly which has been stopped due to economical problems. His proposal is that power can be transmitted without using wires using electromagnetic waves or by electrifying the ionosphere.

So in this project we mainly concentrate on tesla`s principle of transmitting the power through electromagnetic waves and in this project our main aim is to develop a prototype wireless system using strongly coupled electromagnetic waves which can transfer power over 1-2feet distance. The definition of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is: efficient transmission of electric power from one point to another trough vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance. This can be used for applications where either an instantaneous amount or a continuous delivery of energy is needed, but where conventional wires are unaffordable, inconvenient, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. The power can be transmitted using microwaves, millimeter wave or lasers. WPT is a technology that can transport power to locations, which are otherwise not possible or impractical to reach.

2.BACKGROUND
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Although it was not until 1954-1959 when experimental measurements were made of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity recent analysis shows that it was Nikola Tesla wave length and frequency involved surrounding the Earth, who, in 1899, first noticed the existence of match Schumann's theoretical

stationary waves in the Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental measurements of the closely calculations. Some of these observations were made in 1899 while Tesla was monitoring the electromagnetic radiations due to lightning discharges in a hunderstorm which passed over his Colorado Springs laboratory and then moved more than 200 miles eastward across the plains. In his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla noted that these stationary waves "... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in parenthesis, "This is of immense importance."6 The importance of his observations is due to the support they lend to the prime objective of the Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of the experiments and the laboratory Tesla electrical had constructed was to prove that wireless transmission of power was possible Project Tesla is

Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum. The intent of

to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of non-conductive air between the ground and the ionosphere. The pulses or waves would follow the surface of the Earth in all directions expanding outward to the maximum circumference of the Earth and contracting inward until meeting at a point opposite to that of the transmitter. This point is called the anti-pod. The traveling waves would be reflected back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be reinforced and sent out again. At the time of his measurements Tesla was experimenting with and researching methods for "power transmission and transmission of intelligible messages to any point on the globe." Although Tesla was not able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the globe, modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations support his contention that the wireless propagation of electrical power is possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of electrical transmission lines used today for electrical power distribution. Tesla did experiments in the field of pulsed wireless energy transfer in 1899. Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter, an early type of Tesla Coil that measured 16 meters in diameter, could transmit tens of thousands of watts without wires.
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Tesla supposedly managed to light 200 lamps, without wires, from 40kilometers away. No documentation from Tesla's own records has been published validating that this actually happened. In 1897, he filed his first patents dealing with Wardenclyff tower. This aerial tower was meant to be a pilot plant for his World Wireless System to broadcast energy around the globe. The core facility was never fully operational and was not completed due to economic problems. The Raytheon Company did the first successful WPT experiment in 1963.In this experiment energy was transmitted with a DC-to-DC efficiency of 13%. This company also demonstrated a microwave-powered helicopter in 1964. The Jet propulsion lab of NASA carried out an experiment and demonstrated the transfer of 30 kW over a distance of 1 mile in 1975. They used an antenna array erected at the Goldstone facility. This test demonstrated the possibilities of wireless power outside the laboratory. Rockwell International and David Sarnoff Laboratory operated in 1991 a microwave powered rover at 5.86 GHz. Three kilowatts of power was transmitted and 500 watts was received.

This paper provides an overview of the technologies, possibilities and uses of wireless power transmission. An overall view of the past present and possible transmission systems are presented. In this paper also the different systems; economical, ecological and social aspects are discussed. The paper focuses on wireless power transmission systems with microwaves in the power range of about 100 W to 100 kW.

The Nicholas tesla had designed a tower called Wardenclyff tower or tesla tower through which he thought of availing world for wireless power systems and this tower was stopped due to economical problems.

Fig 2.0 Wardenclyff tower

2.1 State of the art of WPT technology:

In order to transport electricity is has to be transformed into a suitable energy form. For wireless transmission, this has to be a form that can travel trough air. Microwave frequencies hold this ability. The microwave spectrum is defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from approximately 1 GHz to 1000 GHz in frequency, but older usage includes lower frequencies. Most common applications are within the 1 to 40 GHz range.

A complete microwave transmission system consists of three essential parts: Electrical power to microwave power conversion Absorption antenna that captures the waves Re conversion to electrical power

The components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna. The microwave source consists of an electron tubes or solid-state devices with electronics to control power output. The slotted waveguide antenna, parabolic dish and micro strip patch are the most popular types. Due to high efficiency (>95%) and high power handling capacity, the slotted waveguide antenna seems to be the best option for power transmission. The combination of receiving and converting unit is called rectenna. The rectenna is a rectifying antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity. It is an antenna includes a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converting it into electric power. Its elements are usually arranged in a multi element phased array with a mesh pattern reflector element to make it directional. One of the disadvantages is that microwaves have long wavelengths that exhibit a moderate amount of diffraction over long distances. The Rayleigh criterion dictates that any beam will spread (microwave or laser), become weaker, and diffuse over distance. The larger the transmitter antenna or laser aperture, the tighter the beam and the less it will spread as a function of distance (and viceversa). Therefore, the system requires large transmitters and receivers. The used power density of the microwave beam is normally in de order of 100 W/m2. This is relative low compared to the power density of solar radiation on earth (1000 W/m2) and chosen this way for safety reasons.

2.2 Methods of wireless power transmission: Micro wave technology Radio wave technology Magnetic induction Resonance

2.2.1 Micro wave technology:

Microwave power transmission (MPT) is the use of microwaves to transmit power through outer or the atmosphere without the need for wires. It is a sub-type of the more general wireless methods. MPT is the most commonly proposed method for transferring energy to the surface of the Earth from solar power satellites or other in-orbit power sources. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45GHz.MPT is occasionally proposed for the power supply in beam-powered propulsion for orbital lift space ships. Although lasers are more commonly proposed, their low efficiency in light generation and reception has led some designers to opt for microwave based systems. Wireless Power Transmission (using microwaves) is well proven. Experiments in the tens of kilowatts have been performed at Goldstone in California in 1975 and more recently (1997) at Grand Bassin on Reunion Island. It is known that electromagnetic energy also associated with the propagation of the

electromagnetic waves. We can use theoretically all electromagnetic waves for a wireless power transmission (WPT). The difference between the WPT and communication systems

is only efficiency.

The Maxwells Equations indicate that the electromagnetic field and its power diff use to all directions. Although we transmit the energy in the communication system,
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the transmitted energy is diffused to all directions. Although the received power is enough for a transmission of information,the efficiency from the transmitter to quiet low. Therefore, we do not call it the WPT receiver is

system.ypical WPT is a point-to-point It was

power transmission. For the WPT, we had better concentrate power to receiver. proved that the power transmission efficiency can approach close to 100%.We can

more concentrate the transmitted microwave power to the receiver aperture areas with taper method of the transmitting antenna power distribution. Famous power tapers of the transmitting antenna are Gaussian taper, Taylor distribution, and Chebychev suppression Concerning approaches

distribution. These taper of the transmitting antenna is commonly used for of sidelobes. It corresponds to increase the power transmission efficiency. some good optical

the power transmission efficiency of the WPT, there are in Russia.

Future suitable and largest application of the WPT via microwave is a Space Solar Satellite (SPS). The SPS is a gigantic satellite designed as an electric plant orbiting in the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO). It consists of mainly convert the solar energy into antenna array Power power three

segments; solar energy collector to

DC (direct current) to beam down the cells or

electricity, DC-to-microwave converter, and large

microwave power to the ground.The first solar collector can be solar thermal turbine. The second DC-to-microwave microwave

either photovoltaic

converter of the SPS

can be either The

tube system and/or semiconductor system.

It may be their combination.

third segment is a gigantic antenna array. Table 1.1 shows some typical parameters of thetransmitting antenna of the SPS. An amplitude taper on the transmitting decrease antenna is adopted in orderto increase the beam collection efficiency side lobe level in almost all SPS design. A typical amplitude taper and to is called
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10 dB

Gaussian in which

the power density in the center of the transmitting antenna

is ten times larger than that on the edge of the transmitting antenna. The SPS is expected to realize around 2030. Before the realization of the SPS, we can Consider theother application of the WPT. In resent years, mobile devices Advance quickly and required decreasing power consumption. It means that we can use power source of the mobile devicesc

the diffused weak microwave power as a

with low power consumption such as RF-ID. The RF-ID is a

Model Frequency Diameter of transmitting antenna Amplitude taper Output power (beamed to earth) Maximum power density at center Minimum power density at edge Antenna spacing Power per one antenna (Number of elements) Rectenna Diameter Maximum Power Density Collection Efficiency

Old JAXA model 5.8 GHz 2.6 km 10 dB Gaussian 1.3 GW 63 mW/ cm

2

JAXA1 model 5.8 GHz 1 km 10 dB Gaussian 1.3 GW 420 mW/cm 42 mW/ cm

2

JAXA2 Model 5.8 GHz 1.93 km 10 dB Gaussian 1.3 GW 114 mW/cm 11.4 mW/cm
2

NASA/DOE model 2.45 GHz 1 km 10 dB Gaussian 6.72 GW 2.2 W/ cm

2

6.3 mW/ cm

0.22 W/ cm

0.75 Max. 0.95 W (3.54 billion) 2.0 km 180 mW/cm 96.5 %

2

0.75 Max. 6.1W (540 million) 3.4 km 26 mW/cm 86 %

Table 2.2.1
2

0.75 Max. 1.7 W (1,950 million) 2.45 km 100 mW/cm2 87 %

0.75 Max. 185 W (97 million) 1 km 23 mW/cm 89 %

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radio ICtug with wireless power transmission and wireless information. This is a new WPT application like broadcasting.

2.2.2. Radio wave technology:

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light. Naturally-occurring radio waves are produced by lightning, or by astronomical objects. Artificially-generated radio waves are used for fixed and mobile radio, broadcasting, radar and other navigation systems, satellite communication, computer networks and innumerable other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves may cover a part of the Earth very consistently, shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and travel around the world, and much shorter wavelengths bend or reflect very little and travel on a line of sight. Radio wave technology can transmit the power over kilometers but the amount of power transmission is low. The frequency is in order of GHz. Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current signals. One such property is the ease with which they can ionize air to create a conductive path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arc welding, although strictly speaking these machines do not typically employ frequencies within the HF band. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like

the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals. Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current signals. One such property is the ease with which they can ionize air to create a
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conductive path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arc welding, although strictly speaking these machines do not typically employ frequencies within the HF band. Another special property is that RF current cannot penetrate deeply into electrical conductors but flows along the surface of conductors; this is known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.

2.2.3 Magnetic induction:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of voltage across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic field or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field. Faraday found that the electromotive force (EMF) produced around a closed path is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path. In practice, this means that an electrical current will be induced in any closed circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface bounded by the conductor changes. This applies whether the field itself changes in strength or the conductor is moved through it. Electromagnetic induction underlies the operation of generators, all electric

motors, transformers, induction motors, motors, solenoids, and most other electrical machines. The "electrodynamics inductive effect" or "resonant inductive coupling" has key implications in solving the main problem associated with non-resonant inductive coupling for wireless energy transfer; specifically, the dependence of efficiency on transmission distance. Electromagnetic induction works on the principle of a primary coil generating a predominantly magnetic field and a secondary coil being within that field so a current is induced in the secondary. This results in a negligible range because most of the magnetic field misses the secondary. Over

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relatively small distances the induction method is inefficient and wastes much of the transmitted energy. The application of resonance improves the situation somewhat, moderately improving the efficiency by "tunneling" the magnetic field to a receiver coil that resonates at the same frequency. When resonant coupling is used the two inductors are tuned to a mutual frequency and the input current is modified from a sinusoidal into a non sinusoidal rectangular or transient waveform. So as to more aggressively drive the system. In this way significant power may be transmitted over a range of many meters. Unlike the multiple-layer windings typical of nonresonant transformers, such transmitting and receiving coils are usually single layer solenoids or flat spirals with series capacitors, which, in combination, allow the receiving element to be tuned to the transmitter frequency and reduce losses.

Fig 2.2.3 Project on WPT by MIT, USA The electrodynamic induction wireless transmission technique is near field over distances up to about one-sixth of the wavelength used. Near field energy itself is non-radiative but some
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radiative losses do occur. In addition there are usually resistive losses. With electrodynamic induction, electric current flowing through a primary coil creates a magnetic field that acts on a secondary coil producing a current within it. Coupling must be tight in order to achieve high efficiency. As the distance from the primary is increased, more and more of the magnetic field misses the secondary. Even over a relatively short range the inductive coupling is grossly inefficient, wasting much of the transmitted energy.

This action of an electrical transformer is the simplest form of wireless power transmission. The primary and secondary circuits of a transformer are not directly connected. Energy transfer takes place through a process known as mutual induction. Principal functions are stepping the primary voltage either up or down and electrical isolation. Mobile phone and electric toothbrush battery chargers, and electrical power distribution transformers are examples of how this principle is used. Induction cookers use this method. The main drawback to this basic form of wireless transmission is short range. The receiver must be directly adjacent to the transmitter or induction unit in order to efficiently couple with it.

The application of resonance increases the transmission range somewhat. When resonant coupling is used, the transmitter and receiver inductors are tuned to the same natural frequency. Performance can be further improved by modifying the drive current from a sinusoidal to a nonsinusoidal transient waveform. Pulse power transfer occurs over multiple cycles. In this way significant power may be transmitted between two mutually-attuned LC circuits having a relatively low coefficient of coupling. Transmitting and receiving coils are usually single layer solenoids or flat spirals with series capacitors, which, in combination, allow the receiving element to be tuned to the transmitter frequency.

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Common uses of resonance-enhanced electrodynamic induction are charging the batteries of portable devices such as laptop computers and cell phones, medical implants and electric vehicles. A localized charging technique selects the appropriate transmitting coil in a multilayer winding array structure. Resonance is used in both the wireless charging pad (the transmitter circuit) and the receiver module (embedded in the load) to maximize energy transfer efficiency. This approach is suitable for universal wireless charging pads for portable electronics such as mobile phones. It has been adopted as part of the Qi wireless charging standard. It is also used for powering devices having no batteries, such as RFID patches and contactless smartcards, and to couple electrical energy from the primary inductor to the helical resonator of Tesla coil wireless power transmitters.

2.2.4 Resonance:
Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonance frequency when

the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is at a minimum (or when the transfer function is at a maximum). Often this happens when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and when the transfer function is close to one. Resonant circuits exhibit ringing and can generate higher voltages and currents than are fed into them. They are widely used in wireless transmission for both transmission and reception. Resonance occurs in electrical circuits as well, where it is used to select or "tune" to specific frequencies. Resonant energy transfer or resonant inductive coupling is the short-distance wireless transmission of energy between two coils that are highly resonant at the same frequency. The equipment to do this is sometimes called a resonant transformer. While many transformers employ resonance, this type has a high Q and is nearly always aircored to avoid 'iron' losses. The coils may be present in a single piece of equipment or in separate pieces of equipment.
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With the developments of mobile and implantable devices, wireless power transfer (WPT) has become increasingly necessary to free a variety of electronic systems from using power cords and batteries. WPT is especially important in providing medical implants with an alternative power source since changing battery in an implant implies a surgery. In recent years, several WPT methods have emerged, including magnetic induction and omnidirec- tional or unidirectional electromagnetic radiation. In 2007, a magnetic resonant coupling WPT method was reported which brought the research on WPT to a new climax. This new method transmits power wirelessly in the mid-range, which represents several times the average radius of the resonators in the WPT system. The energy transmission efficiency of the new method is much higher than the magnetic induction method. In addition, the new method does not suffer from the tracking problem as the unidirectional electromagnetic radiation method does. Despite the advantages, a simple two-resonator WPT system has limited applications due to the insufficient transmission range in many practical applications. A multiple-resonator system provides an effective solution to this problem, but has not yet been fully understood despite the recent interest in this subject. In this thesis, the three- resonator relayed WPT system is analyzed theoretically. The coupled mode theory (CMT) is utilized to find the optimal relay position at which the maximum efficiency is achieved. Experiments were performed which verified the results of our theoretical analysis. It was found that the relay resonator increased the WPT distance significantly while providing ahigh energy transfer efficiency. As an important application, we constructed a new platform for performing biological experiments on laboratory rodents implanted with miniature devices. Our WPT system supplies a sufficient amount energy to the implanted devices regardless of the locations of rodents in the platform. A new hexagonal PCB based resonator was designed. Seven such resonators were fabricated and placed under the platform in a unique pattern. These resonators transmit power to

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an innovative receiving resonator which is integrated within the container of an implanted device. Resonant transfer works by making a coil ring with an oscillating current. This generates an oscillating magnetic field. Because the coil is highly resonant any energy placed in the coil dies away relatively slowly over very many cycles; but if a second coil is brought near to it, the coil can pick up most of the energy before it is lost, even if it is some distance away.

Resonant energy transfer is the operating principle behind proposed short range wireless electricity systems such as WiTricity and similar systems.

Resonant transformers such as the Tesla coil can generate very high voltages without arcing, and are able to provide much higher current than electrostatic high-voltage generation machines such as the Van de Graff generator.

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Resonant Induction recharging:-

Fig. 2.2.4 Resonant Induction recharging

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3.0 Principle used in WPT:

The main principle used in this type of wireless power transmission using inductive coupling. The idea behind the project was to create a small tabletop demonstrator of magnetically coupled wireless power transfer, resembling a miniature version of the MIT 'witricity' device. The goal was to keep the circuit simple with easily obtainable parts, and to keep voltage and power levels low so the device is safe for handling and doesn't require special methods of cooling.

The basic idea is to feed a parallel LC tank circuit from an AC voltage source at it's resonant frequency, which allows large reactive current to circulate in the circuit while only real power is being drawn from the source. This sets up a large alternating magnetic field in the inductor, which is designed as a single conductive loop in this case. Now, another LC tank with load attached is brought in proximity to the excited LC circuit, significant amounts of power can be transferred via weak magnetic coupling between them. This is because AC current itself in the transmitting loop is very large, and inductive reactance of the receiver loop is canceled out by the capacitor.

For a practical device, the AC voltage source had to be substituted with an appropriate oscillator, which would take feedback from the tank circuit itself and hence always drive it at it's resonant frequency.

3.1 Block Diagram of Wireless power Transmission:17

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Wireless power Transmission

3.2 List of Components Used:-

3.2.1 Components used in Power Supply Unit: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Component Description Transformer (StepDown Transformer) Bridge Voltage Regulator Rating 230/15V, 6A KBR 1010 (10A) 7812(TO3 Package, 5A) Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1

Capacitor C1 2200uf, 50V Capacitor C2 1000uf, 25V Capacitor C3 1uf (Box Type) Table 3.2.1 Components used in power supply unit

3.2.2 Components used in Transmitter Unit:

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S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LED

Component Description Green 1K Ohm 10K Ohm 100 Ohm 1N4148

Rating

Quantity 1 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 10 1

Resistors Resistors Resistors Diodes Capacitor Inductors

Mosfet with Heat Sink Capacitors (Polypropylene) Copper Tube

100n/63 V
100uH(10A) IRFZ44N 6.8nF (1000V or more) 6mm

Table 3.2.2 Components used in Transmitter unit

3.2.3 Components used in Receiver Unit:

S. No.

Component Description

Rating

Quantity

1 2 3

Capacitors (Polypropylene) Bulb Copper wire

48.3nF (630V or more) 12V, 5W 3mm Solid

1 1 1

Table 3.2.3 Components used in Receiver Unit

3.3 Power supply unit:

The power supply unit consists of 230/15v 6Amp ac step down transformer. The specially designed transformer can maintain the constant voltage of 15v up to 6Amperes of load. The 15v
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ac is given to rectifier unit which converts ac to dc.

Fig 3.3 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply Unit

D1, D2 = Diodes 1N4003 D3 = Diode 1N4001 C1 = 1000 Micro Farad aluminum electrolytic capacitor C2 = 10 Micro Farad aluminum electrolytic capacitor IC1=7812 for +12V DC output The power supply consists of transformer which converts the 230 to 15v ac and thereby the 15 v ac is converted into dc by using rectifier unit. The rectifier unit consists of regulators and diodes.
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3.4 Rectifier unit:

The rectifier unit takes the input as 15v AC from power supply transformer and it converts the 15V AC to DC. The regulators used in this power supply are 7812 TO3 package. And the bridge used in this circuit is KBR1010 which can withstand 10 amperes of current.

Fig 3.4 Circuit Diagram of Rectifier Unit

The capacitor used in the circuit is to smooth out the dc voltage obtained.

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3.5 Transmitter unit:

The transmitter unit generates the high frequency using the oscillator and the power will be transmitted through the electromagnetic waves and with air as the medium The transmitter takes the 15v dc as the input and the power will be transmitted to the receiver unit by using the strongly coupled electromagnetic waves. The power transmitted is around 6watts.the transmitter unit will consists of mosfet irfz44n used to produce the oscillations and the transmitter unit

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consists of tank circuit which is used to tune the transmitter and the receiver unit.

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Fig 3.5 Transmitter unit The transmitter unit main components are:

Oscillating circuit Tank circuit Inductors

3.5.1 Oscillating circuit:

To produce the high frequency the oscillator circuit is constructed. The produced oscillations are in order of 1.5Mhz.The oscillator works on the principle of the mazzilli fly back oscillator. The two Mosfets are connected back to back in this circuit which conducts alternately to produce the oscillations.

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Fig 3.5.1 Oscillating circuit in the transmitter The oscillating circuit consists of oscillating Mosfets which are responsible for producing the frequency. A self-excited solid-state oscillator for supplying a high-power RF inductive load. The oscillator includes at least one MOSFET transistor connected in a self-excited oscillator configuration, an output tuned circuit including an inductive load and a tank circuit connected to the load, the tank circuit having a resonant frequency determined at least in part by the inductance of the load, an RF feedback transformer coupling the tank circuit to the gate of the MOSFET for providing a switching signal to the MOSFET for causing the MOSFET to alternate between the on state and the off state at a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the tank circuit, and a bias circuit for superimposing a forward bias voltage on the switching signal. So, the Mosfets used in this circuit are IRFZ44N.

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3.5.1.1 Mosfets(IRFZ44N):

The Mosfets are used for producing the oscillations and thereby high frequency is generated which is used to generate the electromagnetic waves.

A Power MOSFET is a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle large amounts of power. Compared to the other power semiconductor devices (IGBT, Thyristor...), its main advantages are high commutation speed and good efficiency at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that makes it easy to drive.

Fig 3.5.1.1 N-Channel Power MOSFET

A traditional metaloxidesemiconductor (MOS) structure is obtained by growing a layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2) on top of a silicon substrate and depositing a layer of metal or polycrystalline silicon(the latter is commonly used). As the silicon dioxide is a dielectric material, its structure is equivalent to a planar capacitor, with one of the electrodes replaced by a semiconductor.

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When a voltage is applied across a MOS structure, it modifies the distribution of charges in the semiconductor. If we consider a P-type semiconductor (with NA the density of acceptors, p the density of holes; p = NA in neutral bulk), a positive voltage, VGB, from gate to body (see figure) creates a depletion layer by forcing the positively charged holes away from the gateinsulator/semiconductor interface, leaving exposed a carrier-free region of immobile, negatively charged acceptor ions (see doping (semiconductor)). If VGB is high enough, a high concentration of negative charge carriers forms in an inversion layer located in a thin layer next to the interface between the semiconductor and the insulator. Unlike the MOSFET, where the inversion layer electrons are supplied rapidly from the source/drain electrodes, in the MOS capacitor they are produced much more slowly by thermal generation through carrier generation and recombination centers in the depletion region. Conventionally, the gate voltage at which the volume density of electrons in the inversion layer is the same as the volume density of holes in the body is called the threshold voltage. This structure with P-type body is the basis of the N-type MOSFET, which requires the addition of an N-type source and drain regions. A metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is based on the modulation of charge concentration by a MOS capacitance between a body electrode and a gate electrode located above the body and insulated from all other device regions by a gate dielectric layer which in the case of a MOSFET is an oxide, such as silicon dioxide. If dielectrics other than an oxide such as silicon dioxide (often referred to as oxide) are employed the device may be referred to as a metalinsulatorsemiconductor FET (MISFET). Compared to the MOS capacitor, the MOSFET includes two additional terminals (source and drain), each connected to individual highly doped regions that are separated by the body region. These regions can be either p or n type, but they must both be of the same type, and of opposite type to the body region. The source and drain (unlike the body) are highly doped as signified by a '+' sign after the type of doping.
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If the MOSFET is an n-channel or nMOS FET, then the source and drain are 'n+' regions and the body is a 'p' region. As described above, with sufficient gate voltage, above a threshold voltage value, electrons from the source (and possiblyalso the drain) enter the inversion layer or n-channel at the interface between the p region and the oxide. This conducting channel extends between the source and the drain, and current is conducted through it when a voltage is applied between source and drain. For gate voltages below the threshold value, the channel is lightly populated, and only a very small sub threshold leakage current can flow between the source and the drain. If the MOSFET is a p-channel or pMOS FET, then the source and drain are 'p+' regions and the body is a 'n' region. When a negative gate-source voltage (positive source-gate) is applied, it creates a p-channel at the surface of the n region, analogous to the n-channel case, but with opposite polarities of charges and voltages. When a voltage less negative than the threshold value (a negative voltage for p-channel) is applied between gate and source, the channel disappears and only a very small sub threshold current can flow between the source and the drain. The source is so named because it is the source of the charge carriers (electrons for n-channel, holes for p-channel) that flow through the channel; similarly, the drain is where the charge carriers leave the channel. The device may comprise a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) device in which a Buried OXide (BOX) is formed below a thin semiconductor layer. If the channel region between the gate dielectric and a Buried Oxide (BOX) region is very thin, the very thin channel region is referred to as an Ultra Thin Channel (UTC) region with the source and drain regions formed on either side thereof in and/or above the thin semiconductor layer. Alternatively, the device may comprise a Semiconductor On Insulator (SEMOI) device in which semiconductors other than silicon are employed. Many alternative semiconductor materials may be employed.
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When the source and drain regions are formed above the channel in whole or in part, they are referred to as Raised Source/Drain (RSD) regions.

Fig 3.5.1.2 Representation of pins of mosfet

3.5.2 Tank circuit(L-C): The tank circuit of the transmitter consists of bank of capacitors and the loop of the inductor (copper loop).The tank circuit is used for resonance. In this tank circuit the copper loop acts as an inductor. The circuit consists of bank of capacitors which are connected in parallel.

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Fig 3.5.2 Bank of capacitors

The capacitors used in the transmitting circuit is of 6.8nf,1600v polypropylene type. It's important that capacitors are polypropylene dielectric and foil or foil film based - other types will heat up and melt in this application. Number of capacitors was later increased to 8, removing the need of additional tuning. This prototype, though, had one problem - if the supply voltage rose too slowly, such as while DC filter capacitance is charging, it tended to fail to oscillate and just keep shorting the power supply with one mosfet ON. In the final design this was solved with a relay, which acts as under voltage lockout of sorts, applying Ugg power rapidly after supply voltage rose high enough. A copper tube is used as a inductor. The tube is made up of copper and the tube is 6mm thickness hallow tube which is connected to the capacitors to produce the resonance. The LC tank circuit is the part where heavy current circulates, and is required to be sturdy. The copper pipe used as conductor heats up significantly under ~20A it's passing continuously to
30

handle the current while keeping losses tolerable, capacitor consists of 6 paralleled 6.8nF 1000V are used.

Fig 3.5.2.1 Copper loop with ferrite core

3.5.3 Radio frequency chokes:

A choke is an inductor designed to block (have a high reactance to) a particular frequency in an electrical while passing signals of much lower frequency or direct current. Chokes used in radio circuits are divided into two classes those designed to be used with power and audio frequencies, and the others to be used with radio frequencies.

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Audio frequency coils, usually called A.F. chokes, usually have ferromagnetic iron cores to increase their inductance. Chokes were used as filters, in conjunction with large electrolytic capacitors, in power supplies; working at low power-line frequencies they were large, heavy, and expensive, but more effective and power-efficient than resistor-capacitor hum filters. Modern components and circuits, with very large and cheap electrolytic capacitors and electronic circuits which suppress hum, have long made chokes obsolete in mains-frequency power supplies, although small and inexpensive inductors are used in high-frequency switchmode power supplies. Chokes for higher frequencies often have iron powder or ferrite cores (see Ferrite bead). They are often wound in complex patterns (basket winding) rather than regularly to reduce selfcapacitance. Chokes for even higher frequencies have non-magnetic cores and low inductance.

3.5.3 .1 Common-mode choke

Common-mode choke coils[clarification needed] are useful in a wide range of prevention of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from power supply lines and for prevention of malfunctioning of electronic equipment. They pass differential currents (equal but opposite), while blocking common-mode currents.[1]

3.5.3 .2 Solid-state chokes

Solid-state chokes (SSC)[clarification needed] can manage higher currents than simple passive Inductors. Choke coils are inductances that isolate AC frequency currents from certain areas of a radio circuit. Chokes depend upon the property of self-inductance for their operation. They can be
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used to block alternating while passing direct current (contrast with capacitor). Common-mode choke coils are useful in a wide range of prevention of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from power supply lines and for prevention of malfunctioning of electronic equipment.

Solid-state chokes (SSC) can manage higher currents than traditional chokes. They can help reduce the high frequency buzzing noises that occur when running under high electrical currents. The radio frequency chokes used in this circuit are were 100uH,10amperes at first iron powder cores, but later switched to ferrite which produced much better results. Powdered iron cores tended to heat up from magnetic flux they picked up from the transmitting loop.

Fig 3.5.3 Radio frequency choke

3.5.4 Ferrite cores:

Ferrite cores are used at transmitter and receiver unit to tune the circuit for better power transfer. Generally the ferrite cores are used for high frequency applications.
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The ferrite core in this circuit is used for tuning the tank circuit.

Ferrite is a class of ceramic material with useful electromagnetic properties and an interesting history. Ferrite is rigid and brittle. Like other ceramics, ferrite can chip and break if handled roughly. Luckily it is not as fragile as porcelain and often such chips and cracks will be merely cosmetic. Ferrite varies from silver gray to black in color. The electromagnetic properties of ferrite materials can be affected by operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, field strength, frequency and time.

Fig 3.5.4 Ferrite core

There are basically two varieties of ferrite: soft and hard. This is not a tactile quality but rather a magnetic characteristic. 'Soft ferrite' does not retain significant magnetization whereas 'hard ferrite' magnetization is considered permanent.
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3.6 Receiver unit:

The power transmitted by the transmitter unit will be received by the receiver unit wirelessly. the power transfer takes place by using the inductive coupling. The receiver unit consists of a tank circuit which is in resonance with the transmitter unit.

The power received by the receiver is in the order of 6 watts. The receiver circuit capacitance will provided by a single capacitor which is the total of the capacitance at the transmitter unit. a single total capacitance is provided instead of eight parallel capacitors because of the circulating current in individual capacitors. The capacitor used at the receiving unit is also a polypropylene type with 54.9nf,1600volts capacity.

On the receiver side only a single capacitor and a loop of 3mm solid copper wire was used. The wire heats up significantly, a small matching inductor in series with the load, which is a 24V 5W. It's choice was guessed at 6uH and it improved performance somewhat at larger distances.

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Fig 3.6 Receiving unit

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3.7 Circuit Diagram og Wireless power Transmission kit

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3.8 Wireless Power Transmission Kit

4.0 Operation:
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The circuit operates on the principle of strongly coupled electromagnetic waves. The circuit consists of power supply rectifying unit, transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The oscillating part of the circuit will be working on the mazzilli fly back driver principle As the circuit needs 12v dc as input supply the 230 volts AC is converted into 12v AC by using a step-down transformer. The 15v AC from step-down transformer is given to the rectifier bridge circuit which converts 15V AC to 15 DC. The 15v DC supply is given to the transmitting circuit. The transmitting unit consists of two IRFZ44N Mosfets which are connected back to back. Both the Mosfets are similar type but as no device in the nature are ideal one of the mosfet will conduct first among the two Mosfets and the other mosfet will remain in OFF state.

The mosfet will be OFF during next cycle of operation. As this mosfet gets OFF another mosfet gets into conduction mode and the two Mosfets get operated alternatively. As the two Mosfets oscillates the 1.5Mhz frequency is generated in the circuit and this frequency is fed to the bank of capacitors. The capacitors will charge and discharge periodically which results in production of the electromagnetic waves these waves propagates with the help of the copper loop. So the generated electromagnetic waves are transmitted to the receiver side through the loop and air as the medium. The receiver circuit consists of the tank circuit which is in resonance with the transmitting unit the power from the sending end will be received at the receiving end and it will be demonstrated with the help of any load of 6watts. For better tuning purpose a ferrite core is placed at transmitting and receiving end so that the distance between power transmission can be improved further. The intensity of the light at receivers end can be varied by varying the position of the receiver. This can be explained in following cases:

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Case1: When both are parallel to each other Case2: When one of the unit is perpendicular to other. Case3: When both are placed beside .

4.1 Case1: When the both transmitter are placed parallel to each other or placed to facing each other the magnetic flux linkages will be maximum and when one of the unit brings nearer to other unit the intensity of the light will be increased.
If

one of the unit takes away from the another unit the intensity of the light decreases because the strength of the flux linkages will be weakened.

Fig 4.1 Power transferring wirelessly to receiver

4.2 Case2:
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When the one of the unit in the two units are place perpendicular to another the power will be not transferred to receiver unit from transmitter unit because the flux linkages will be minimum and it will be not sufficient enough to transfer the power to receiver and hence the light at receiver will not glow.

Fig 4.2 Power not transferring when placed perpendicularly

4.3 Case3: When the two units are placed beside each other the power will not transfer to receiving unit because the flux be not able to link with the receiving unit.

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Fig 4.3 Power transfer when two units placed beside each other

5.0 Applications:
WTP for space solar

Power transfer, bridging applications

For transmission purposes.

5.1 WTP for space solar:

The largest application for microwave power transmission is space solar power satellites (SPS). In this application, solar power is captured in space and converted into electricity. The electricity is converted into microwaves and transmitted to the earth. The microwave power will be captured with antennas and converted into electricity. NASA is still investigating the possibilities of SPS. One of the problems is the high investment cost due to
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the space transport. The current rates on the Space Shuttle run between $7,000 and $11,000 per Kilogram of transported material.

Fig 5.1 Solar power satellite-1

5.2 Power transfer, bridging applications:

Using a powerful focused beam in the microwave or laser range long distances can be covered. There are two methods of wireless power transmission for bridging application. First is the direct method, from transmitting array to rectenna. A line of sight is needed and is therefore limited to short (< 40 km) distances. Above 40 kilometers, huge structures are needed to compensate for the curvature of the earth.The second method is via a relay reflector between the transmitter and rectenna. This reflector needs to be at an altitude that is visible for both transmitter and receiver.

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5.3 Tranmission purposes:

The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. So the wireless power transmission can be used in transmission system which increases the efficiency to a considerable amount.

6.0 Advantages of WPT:

Using this electromagnetic waves it cannot cut the human body. so the proposed wireless power transmission system doesnt face obstacle due to human interference. An electrical distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, so there will be no transmission and distribution loss. Faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future. These systems can only meet these requirements with 9094 %efficient transmission

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6.1 High Transmission Integrity and Low Loss:

To transmit wireless power to any distance without limit. It makes no difference what the distance is. The efficiency of the transmission can be as high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are practically no losses.

7.0 Demerits:
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7.1 Biological Impact: One common criticism of the Tesla wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects. Calculating the circulating reactive power, it was found that the frequency is very small and such a frequency is very biologically compatible. A general public perception that microwaves are harmful has been a major obstacle for the acceptance of power transmission with microwaves. A major concern is that the long-term exposure to low levels of microwaves might be unsafe and even could cause cancer.
A clearly relevant bio-effect is the effect of microwave radiation on birds, the so-called

"fried bird effect".

7.2 Economic Impact:

The concept looks to be costly initially. For the very short range (1-10 meters), preliminary demonstrations of WTP at low power levels (less than 1 kW) were in general quite costly.

8.0 Conclusions:

The proposed system of wireless power is the prototype for the wireless power transmission

carried out by Nicholas tesla.

Using the tesla`s principle the wireless power transmission is demonstrated using the strongly coupled electromagnetic waves.
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 The distance of power transmission can be increased further by using the components of

higher values.

9.0 Future Scope &improvements:

The research on wireless power transmission is still carrying out by NASA and The solar

power satellite is expected to realize around 2030.

Fig 9.0 Solar power satellite-2

A typical amplitude taper is called 10 dB Gaussian in which the power density in the center

of the transmitting antenna is ten times larger than that on the edge of the transmitting antenna is building.
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10.0 Bibliography:
www.teslacoil.it www.4hv.org http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/index.htm www.california

university.com

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