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BARC0903Ecologyandenvironmentcredit1
Introduction Meaningandscopeofecology;evolutionofecology;man,environmentandecosystem;componentsof natureandbasisconceptsandprocessesofecology;flowofmaterialwaterenergy,invasion,succession, predation,regulatoryforces,adaptation,trophiclevels,foodchain,foodweb,ecologicalpyramids; Environmentalzones. EcosystemanditsRelevancetoEnvironment Resourcesandhumansettlementsimpactofadvancedagriculturalmethods,urbanizationand industrializationonnature;urbanecosystemapproachevolutionandsignificance;soil,water,land, vegetationandsolar,biomas,wind,hydroenergyresources;settlementplanningandenergyconservation; developmentandmanagement QuantitativeEcology Introductiontoquantitativeecology,identificationofecologicalparametersforplanningatdifferent levels;siteplanning,settlementplanningandregionalplanning;dataneedsandformatfordatacollection; typesofanalysisrequiredtoevolveecologicalparameters.Planningforenvironmentallysensitiveareas. EnvironmentalImpactStudies EIA meaning,significanceandframework;Methodologies checklist,matrices,networkandsocialcost benefitanalysis;sourcesandacquisitionofenvironmentalinformation;Environmentallanduse classification;Environmentimpactstudiesofdevelopmentprojects. EnvironmentalPolicies Globalandnationalpoliciesonenvironment;Fiveyearplansinrelationtoenvironmentalaspects;Legal measureforprotectionofenvironment;EnvironmentalawarenessandeducationinIndia;Agencies involvedinenvironmentprotection;Publicparticipation;Roleofplannersinshapingthefuture environment
Others
Exerciseplan
Others Sem July Dec2011 Sem Jan June2011
Ecosystems:BasicConcepts
Somedefinitions
Ecosystem:Definedareainwhichacommunitylives withinteractionstakingplaceamongtheorganisms betweenthecommunityanditsnonlivingphysical environment.
Whatisanecosystem?
System =regularlyinteractingand interdependentcomponents formingaunifiedwhole Ecosystem =anecologicalsystem; =acommunityanditsphysical environmenttreatedtogetherasa functionalsystem
EcosystemServices
Thehumaneconomydependsupontheservicesperformed forfreebyecosystems. Theecosystemservicessuppliedannuallyareworthmany trillionsofdollars. Economicdevelopmentthatdestroyshabitatsandimpairs servicescancreatecoststohumanityoverthelongtermthat maygreatlyexceedtheshorttermeconomicbenefitsofthe development. Thesecostsaregenerallyhiddenfromtraditionaleconomic accounting,butarenonethelessrealandareusuallyborneby societyatlarge.
http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/pdf/issue2.pdf
Ecosystems: FundamentalCharacteristics
Structure:
Living(biotic) Nonliving(abiotic)
Process:
Energyflow Cyclingofmatter(chemicals)
Change:
Dynamic(notstatic) Succession,etc.
Abioticcomponents:
ABIOTICcomponents: Arenonlivingphysicalandchemicalfactorsinthe environmentwhichaffecttheecosystems. Eg radiation,temperature,water,pressuresometimes evensoundwaves. Solarenergy providespracticallyalltheenergyfor ecosystems. Inorganicsubstances,e.g.,sulfur,boron,tendtocycle throughecosystems. Organiccompounds,suchasproteins,carbohydrates, lipids,andothercomplexmolecules,formalink betweenbioticandabioticcomponentsofthesystem.
BIOTICcomponents
Bioticisalivingcomponentofacommuntiy. Thebioticcomponentsofanecosystemcanbe classifiedaccordingtotheirmodeofenergy acquisition. Inthistypeofclassification,thereare: AutotrophsandHeterotrophs Organismsthatproducetheirownfoodfroman energysource,suchasthesun,andinorganic compounds. Organismsthatconsumeotherorganismsasafood source.
Trophic level: the position an organism occupies in a food chain. All the organisms that are the same number of food-chain steps from the primary source of energy
TrophicLevels
Atrophiclevelisthepositionoccupiedbyanorganismina foodchain. Trophiclevelscanbeanalyzedonanenergypyramid. Producers arefoundatthebaseofthepyramidand compromisethefirsttrophiclevel. Primaryconsumers makeupthesecondtrophiclevel. Secondaryconsumersmakeupthethirdtrophiclevel. Finallytertiaryconsumers makeupthetoptrophiclevel.
TrophicLevelsFoundonanEnergy Pyramid
Thegreatestamountofenergyisfoundatthebaseofthe pyramid. Theleastamountofenergyisfoundattopofthepyramid.
Source:corpuschristiisd.org/user_files/91702/Ecosystem.ppt
TrophicStructureReminder
Eltonianpyramids Numberofindividualsperspecies Isthispyramidstable?
Biomass
Energyissometimesconsideredintermsofbiomass, themassofalltheorganismsandorganicmaterialin anarea. Thereismore biomass atthetrophiclevelof producers andfeweratthetrophicleveloftertiary consumers.(TherearemoreplantsonEarththan thereareanimals.) Bio=lifeMass=weight Bio+Mass=Weightoflivingthingswithinan ecosystem.
TrophicStructureReminder
Express trophic structure as energy transfer Energy pyramids can never be inverted Is there room for anyone else at the top of this food chain?
FoodChains
Theproducers,consumers,anddecomposers ofeachecosystemmakeupafoodchain. Therearemanyfoodchainsinanecosystem. Foodchainsshowwhereenergyistransferred andnotwhoeatswho.
ExampleofaFoodChain
FoodWebs
Allthefoodchainsinanareamakeupthefoodweb ofthearea.
Foodwebofahotspring
Fig6.5Foodweboftheharpseal.
Ecology is The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, AND the flows of energy and materials between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.
Urban Ecology
Aninterdisciplinarystudyoftheurban ecosystem
Origin of Cities
Through most of history, the human population has lived a rural lifestyle. Settled communities of people became possible with the advent of agriculture (10,000 to 4,000 BC).
City Memphis, Egypt Akkad, Babylonia (Iraq) Lagash, Babylonia (Iraq) Ur, Babylonia (Iraq) Thebes, Egypt Babylon, Babylonia (Iraq) Avaris, Egypt Memphis, Egypt Thebes, Egypt
Year Became #1 3100 BCE 2240 2075 2030 1980 1770 1670 1557 1400
65,000
Understanding how urban ecosystems function is integral to mitigating their negative effects on ecosystem services, assessing their impact on neighboring environments, and considering them in decision-making dialogue. Engaging urban dwellers is critical; their activities directly impact the way urban ecosystems function and they have a vested interest in maintaining the environmental integrity of the area they live in.
What is Urbanization?
Often related to industrialization Up until very recently -- about 200 years ago -- the proportion of the worlds urban population was limited to about 5%
Speed of Urbanization
In 18003% By 190014 % In 1950 30% In 2000 47 % (about 2.8 billion)
Population 6,480,000 4,242,000 3,330,000 2,707,000 1,717,000 1,698,000 1,497,000 1,439,000 1,435,000 1,418,000
http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm
Population 13,278,500 12,622,500 11,928,400 11,273,400 10,889,100 10,400,900 10,330,100 10,260,100 10,165,400 9,631,700
Source: Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer, 2004. Reprinted with permission. Web: www.world-gazetteer.com .
ImpactsofUrbanization
Byconcentratinghumansandtheresourcesthey consume,metropolitanareasalter soildrainage, waterflow,and lightavailability. Furthermoretheyconcentrate: waste energydemand