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BILD 2 Final Exam (1000 points total)

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PART 1. MULTIPLE CHOICE 50 QUESTIONS. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. (10 points each) 1) Which of the following is NOT descriptive of endotherms? A. efficient circulatory and gas exchange systems B. ability to sustain vigorous activity C. high metabolic rate and retained metabolic heat D. ability to deal with terrestrial temperature fluctuations E. energetically efficient and relatively inexpensive 2) The least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate would be the amount of A. ATP produced within its cells. B. water it drinks. C. oxygen it inspires. D. carbon dioxide it expires. E. heat it generates. 3) Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his spouse, who turns down her control. This chills the husband, who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband, this would be an example of A. negative feedback. B. positive feedback. C. homeostasis. D. regulated change. E. integrated control. 4) Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a python. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A. elephant; mouse B. elephant; human C. human; penguin D. mouse; python E. penguin; mouse 5) All of the following are steroid hormones except A. androgen. B. cortisol. C. insulin. D. estrogen. E. testosterone. 6) After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is A. protein. B. carbohydrate. C. fat. D. nucleic acid. E. glucose. 7) Which of the following statement(s) about bile salts is (are) true? Bile salts A. are enzymes. B. are manufactured by the pancreas. C. emulsify fats in the duodenum. D. increase the efficiency of pepsin action. E. are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

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8) In a human, the aorta directly attaches to A. the top of the right atrium. B. the top of the right ventricle. C. the bottom of the left ventricle. D. the top of the left ventricle. E. the bottom of the right atrium.

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9) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart? A. one B. two C. three D. one or two, depending on the route it subsequently takes. E. two or three, depending on the route it subsequently takes. 10) A synaptic terminal needs to actively pump out (to the extracellular space) the following ions? + i. Na + ii. K 2+ iii. Ca iv. endorphins A. i. and iii. B. iii. only C. ii. and iii. D. i. and iv. E. i., ii., and iii. 11) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B. pressure in the alveoli increases. C. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 12) Which one of these statements about lungs is false? A. Gas exchange takes place across moist membranes. B. The gases move across the exchange membranes by diffusion. C. The lining of the alveoli is only one cell thick. D. The concentration of O2 is higher in the alveolar capillaries than in the air. E. The total exchange surface area is relatively large. 13) In the blood, most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues A. as bicarbonate ions. B. combined with hemoglobin. C. by the trachea. D. combined with plasma proteins. E. dissolved in blood plasma. 14) A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n) A. secretory cell. B. plasma cell. C. endocrine cell. D. target cell. E. regulatory cell.

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15) Channels that pass the major ion current during the initial, rising phase of an action potential have which of the following properties? i. pass K+, but not Na+ ions ii. pass Na+, but not K+ ions iii. open in response to the neuron membrane potential becoming more positive than a threshold value iv. close after the membrane potential drops to a negative value v. are refractory to further stimulation after their inactivation gate closes (for a few msec) vi. do not open immediately upon stimulation, but open after a delay of a few msec A. i., iii and v. only B. ii, iii, iv and vi only C. ii, iii, and v only D. ii, iv, and vi only E. i, v and vi only 16) Hormone X produces its effect in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. Which of the following will produce the greatest effect in the cell? A. a molecule of hormone X applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell B. a molecule of hormone X injected into the cytoplasm of the cell C. a molecule of cAMP applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell D. a molecule of cAMP injected into the cytoplasm of the cell E. a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase injected into the cytoplasm of the cell 17) Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is incorrect? A. It functions as an endocrine gland. B. It is part of the central nervous system. C. It is subject to feedback inhibition by certain hormones. D. It secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the uterus. E. Its neurosecretory cells terminate in the posterior pituitary. 18) Blood samples taken from an individual who had been fasting (not eating) for 24 hours would have which of the following? A. high levels of insulin and glucagon. B. high levels of glucagon, low levels of insulin. C. low levels of insulin and glucagon. D. low levels of glucagon, high levels of glucagon. E. low levels of glucose, high levels of insulin. 19) What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood? A. Blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release. B. Body cells break down glycogen to glucose. C. The liver breaks down glycogen to glucose. D. Alpha cells are stimulated to release glucose into the blood. E. Body cells take up glucose from the blood. 20) The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that A. target cells tend to ignore steroid hormones in favor of nonsteroid hormones. B. they are produced at very low concentrations. C. they are too large to enter a cell and therefore must first bind to a plasma membrane receptor before having an effect on a cell. D. acting via a signal transduction pathway makes for slower responses than does directly interacting with a cell's DNA. E. they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted.

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21) The main target organs for tropic hormones are A. pancreas. B. blood vessels. C. endocrine glands. D. kidneys. E. bones.

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22) The drug Prozac is used to treat depression. It works by A. blocking reuptake of serotonin. B. preventing the death of dopamine-producing neurons. C. increasing the synthesis of endorphins. D. increasing the rate of action potential firings. E. stimulating neurotransmitter release. 23) Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that does its work in A. sarcomeres. B. post-synaptic neurons. C. synaptic vesicles. D. synaptic clefts. E. axons. 24) It has been a long, hot day, and you are a bit dehydrated. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) released into your bloodstream in response to your dehydration will A. prevent aquaporins from inserting into membranes of the collecting duct. B. cause aquaporins to insert into membranes of the collecting duct. C. prevent aquaporins from inserting into membranes of the loop of Henle. D. cause aquaporins to insert into membranes of the loop of Henle. E. make you thirsty. 25) Which of the following is not a part of an antibody molecule? A. the epitope B. the constant or C regions C. the variable or V regions D. the light chains E. the heavy chains 26) The following events occur when a mammalian immune system first encounters a pathogen. Place them in correct sequence and then choose the answer that indicates that sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain. A. II, IV, III, I, V B. IV, II, III, I, V C. III, IV, II, I, V D. III, IV, II, I, V E. II, I, IV, V, III 27) CD4 and CD8 are proteins A. secreted by antigen-presenting cells. B. present on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells. C. that are T-independent antigens. D. that are present on the surface of T cells where they enhance cellular interaction. E. that are on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity.

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28) Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because A. only those animals use the nutrients. B. they are subunits of important polymers. C. they cannot be manufactured by the organism. D. they are necessary coenzymes. E. only some foods contain them. 29) Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? A. The immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. B. The cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. C. Cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. D. Coxpox virus stimulates helper T-cells. E. There are some epitopes common to both pox viruses CHECK TO MAKE SURE YOU ARE FILLING OUT THE CORRECT BUBBLES ON THE SCANTRON! 30) Where and from what compound(s) is urea produced? A. liver from NH3 and CO2 B. liver from glycogen C. kidneys from glucose D. kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids E. bladder from uric acid and H2O 31) The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule A. results from active transport. B. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. C. is very selective as to which small molecules are transferred. D. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid. E. usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the nephron tubule. 32) The release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes A. synaptic vesicle release. B. a conformational change in troponin. C. closing of voltage-gated ion channels. D. an action potential to spread down T-tubules. E. a conformational change in myosin. 33) Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is incorrectly matched with the benefit of its excretion. A. urealow toxicity relative to ammonia B. uric acidcan be stored as a precipitate C. ammonialow metabolic cost to produce D. uric acidminimal loss of water when excreted E. ureavery insoluble in water 34) In humans, the egg is released from the ovary and enters the oviduct. How is this accomplished? A. The force of the follicular ejection propels the egg into the oviduct. B. The egg is drawn into the oviduct by the action of beating cilia located in the opening of the oviduct. C. The egg moves through a small tube that connects the ovary and the oviduct. D. The egg propels itself into the oviduct by the beating action of its flagellum. E. Peristalsis of ovarian muscles moves the egg into the oviduct.

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35) Which of these statements is true about human sperm cells? A. They are rich in nutrient material. B. They are liberated from the corpus luteum. C. They are less numerous than ova. D. They are arrested in meiosis I. E. They have 23 chromosomes. 36) Channels that pass the major ion current responsible for returning the membrane potential back down to the resting potential (after the depolarization of an action potential) have which of the following properties? i. pass K+, but not Na+ ions ii. pass Na+, but not K+ ions iii. open in response to the neuron membrane potential becoming more positive than a threshold value iv. close after the membrane potential drops to a negative value v. are refractory to further stimulation after their inactivation gate closes (for a few msec) vi. do not open immediately upon stimulation, but open after a delay of a few msec A. i., iii and vi only B. i, iv and v only C. ii, iii, and vi only D. ii, iv, and vi only E. i and v only 37) The body fluids of freshwater crustaceans generally have a lower osmolarity than the body fluids of their nearest marine crustacean relatives. Which of the following is a benefit of reduced osmolarity of body fluids in freshwater crustaceans? A. an increase in the rate of water flow into the body fluids B. a decrease in the rate of water loss to the surrounding environment C. a reduction in energy expenditures for osmoregulation D. an increase in the rate of salt loss to the surrounding environment E. a decrease in the rate of salt gain from the environment 38) In which of the following ways are mature human sperm and ova similar? A. They both have the same number of chromosomes. B. They are approximately the same size. C. They each have a flagellum that provides motility. D. They are produced from puberty until death. E. They are formed before birth. 39) There are five hormones regulating the human menstrual and ovarian cycles. Which of these structures secrete(s) these hormones? A. hypothalamus B. uterus C. ovaries D. A and C only E. A, B, and C 40) Inhibition of the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus A. will stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone. B. will initiate ovulation. C. is an effect of taking birth-control pills. D. will stimulate secretion of LH and FSH. E. will initiate the flow phase of the menstrual cycle.

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41) Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) acts most directly to A. prevent degeneration of the corpus luteum. B. prevent shedding of the endometrium. C. prevent ovulation. D. promote ovulation. E. promote release of LH and FSH. 42) According to The Onion, your horoscope for this week is A. Gemini: The stars, in their infinite wisdom, recommend that you check yourself this week, as not doing so might lead you to wreck yourself in the future. B. Virgo: Second-guessing yourself this week will only lead to more problems. Or will it? Yeah, it probably will. C. Cancer: Your love of all living creatures will be on display this week when you open the world's first Animal Rescue Steakhouse. D: Aquarius: While you've often looked to the stars for guidance, a fashion dilemma this week will prove too difficult for even Kate Hudson to handle. E. Darn it! My horoscope isnt listed here! 43) The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps A. Na+ and K + into the cell. B. Na+ and K + out of the cell. C. Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell. D. Na+ out of the cell and K + into the cell. E. Na+ and K + into the cell and H+ out of the cell through an antiport. 44) Which of the following is a correct statement about a resting neuron? A. It releases lots of acetylcholine. B. The membrane is very leaky to sodium. C. The membrane is equally permeable to sodium and potassium. D. The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential. E. The concentration of sodium is greater inside the cell than outside. 45) Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap? A. Neural impulses involve the flow of K+ and Na+ across the gap. B. Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents. C. Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse across the gap. D. Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions. E. The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter. 46) During an IPSP, the membrane of the postsynaptic cell becomes more permeable to A. K +. B. Na+. C. Ca2+. D. GABA. E. serotonin. 47) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic actions (opposing actions) are A. motor and sensory. B. sympathetic and parasympathetic. C. presynaptic and postsynaptic. D. forebrain and hindbrain. E. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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48) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function? A. medulla oblongata-homeostatic control B. cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance C. corpus callosum-communication between the left and right cerebral cortices D. hypothalamus-regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst E. limbic system-motor control of speech 49) Why are we able to differentiate tastes and smells? A. The action potentials initiated by taste receptors are transmitted to a separate region of the brain than those initiated by receptors for smell. B. The sensory region of the cerebral cortex distinguishes something we taste from something we smell by the difference in the action potential. C. The brain distinguishes between taste, arising from interoreceptors, from smell arising from exteroreceptors. D. Because we are able to see what we are tasting, the brain uses this information to distinguish taste from smell. E. Taste receptors are able to detect fewer molecules of the stimulus, which means these receptors will initiate a receptor potential before smell receptors do. 50) During the course of muscle contraction the potential energy stored in ATP is transferred to potential energy stored in A. the myosin head. B. the myosin tail. C. the thin filament. D. actin. E. tropomyosin.

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PART 2. SHORT ANSWER 15 QUESTIONS. (10 points each) 51) __Connective_ tissue is characterized by relatively few cells suspended in an extracellular matrix of fibers, which may be embedded in a liquid, jellylike, or solid substance. 52) ___Epithelial__ tissue lines the outer and inner surfaces of the body in protective sheets of tightly packed cells. 53) ___Vasodilation_____ of superficial blood vessels increases blood flow in the skin and the transfer of body heat to the environment. 54) The internal environment of vertebrates is the _____interstitial fluid________ surrounding the cells, through which oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged with blood in capillaries. 55) The man described in the National Geographic article is unable to form new memories because of a viral infection that destroyed his ____hippocampus_____________________. 56) Epithelial cells in the small intestine have extensions called ___microvilli______ which create a huge surface area for absorption. 57) The __complement system____ is a group of about 30 serum proteins that, when activated, may lyse microbes, trigger inflammation, or assist in acquired defenses. 58) The___cerebellum______ of an infant is actively making new synaptic connections while he/she is learning to walk. 59) __Opiate (or heroin or opium)______________ drugs mimic endorphin neurotransmitters. 60) When blood calcium levels fall, the hormone __PTH or parathyroid hormone_______________ is released and acts to stimulate calcium release from bones. 61) The _____sympathetic_____________ division of the autonomic nervous system is involved in the fight or flight response. 62) Blood from the right ventricle is pumped directly to ____the lungs____________________. 63) ___Uric acid____ is a compound synthesized by birds as a method of eliminating nitrogenous wastes. It has low solubility in water and can be excreted as a semisolid with very little water loss. 64) ___Alveoli________ are air sacs encased in a web of capillaries. 65) ____Glial or Glia_______________ cells are supporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity of the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons.

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PART 3. Answer 8 of the next 11 questions. Write OMIT on the three you dont want to be graded. 25 points each.

66) Use the diagram above to help you answer these questions. When a skeletal muscle contracts, which regions get shorter or which get longer? The sarcomere (or space between the Z lines) gets shorter. The I bands get shorter. The H zone gets shorter. (The A band stays the same width, but its not necessary to state this).

Which region contains myosin tails, but few if any myosin heads? The H zone.

67) List 3 separate nervous system structures present in humans, but absent in the simpler nervous system of the hydra. (Dont include sub-structures of the human brain in your list). bundles of axons, i.e. nerves Central Nervous System or CNS Peripheral Nervous System or PNS ganglia Brain Spinal Cord

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68) List 3 essential minerals for humans, and state for each mineral where it is used in the body or why it is needed. (one example for each mineral) iron (Fe) hemoglobin in blood calcium (Ca) bones, teeth, muscle contraction, synaptic terminals sodium (Na) neurons potassium (K) neurons phosphorus (P) bones, nucleotides (DNA or RNA) etc. See Table 41.2, pg. 852.

69) Marine iguanas, unlike most lizards, get their body water from drinking seawater. What problem will drinking seawater cause for these creatures, and how might they solve the problem? (2-3 sentences) Drinking seawater, which is hyperosmotic to the body fluids of the iguana, causes the problem of getting rid of excess salt. The iguana could have a specialized salt concentrating and excreting organ so that it can excrete excess salt without a net loss of water. Another possibility is that the iguana could have body fluids isoosmotic to sea water - Ill accept that answer even though real iguanas have salt glands.

70) You have designed a compact heart / lung machine, but it does not sufficiently oxygenate the blood that passes through the machine. How might you improve your machine such that it better transfers oxygen from the air to circulating blood? (one solution, 1 2 sentences) Increase the surface area of the membrane in the machine that allows gas transfer to the blood. Or, decrease the distance that oxygen has to diffuse from the air to the blood in your machine (alter the material through which oxygen will diffuse, but need to state that this is to decrease distances). Or, you could say you could have a countercurrent mechanism between air flow through the machine and blood flow, to increase the efficiency of gas transfer. Finally, partial credit (15 points) for supplying pure oxygen gas from gas cylinders (or something similar) to the machine.

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71) List 2 toxins (poisons), discussed in class or in your book, that affect the nervous system. For each, list the molecular target of the toxin, and where that molecular target is located. (If you dont remember how to spell something, take a stab at it or tell where it comes from I will give full credit for a halfway reasonable spelling or explanation of where a toxin is found). latrotoxin (black widow spider): targets voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the synaptic terminal oubain (tree in Africa): targets Na+/K+ ATPase (pump) in neuron plasma membrane nerve gas or insecticide: targets acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft could use heroin as a toxin: targets ligand-gated ion channels in a post-synaptic cell Have a question whether some answer is permissible? Google it, and make a judgment call, or ask me.

72) What role do vitamins serve in the body? (i.e. what function do they serve?) (one sentence) Most are cofactors in enzymes (coenzymes).

73) There are two types of glucose-sensing cells in the pancreas. (2 sentences)

Explain what each does.

alpha cells respond to decreasing blood sugar levels by increasing secretion of glucagon beta cells respond to increasing blood sugar levels by increasing secretion of insulin

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74) How is light energy first sensed by photoreceptors in your eyes? (What is the FIRST event in light sensing?) (one sentence) Photons strike retinal, causing it to isomerize. 18 points for photons strike rhodopsin or opsin, inducing a conformational change 12 points for light energy must eventually lead to a change in membrane potential or something like that.

75) What are the 3 major organs that function in the human female reproductive system, and what are the hormones targeting those organs? (treat the target in the brain as one organ) hypothalamus/pituitary - estrogen, progesterone (and take GnRH for an answer, also)

ovaries (give partial credit for follicle, and less for corpus luteum) LH and FSH (give credit for HCG targeting the corpus luteum) uterus (give credit for endometrium) estrogen, progesterone

76) What is Erich Jarvis trying to understand (overall), and what are two specific things he is doing to tackle this problem? (2-3 sentences) He is trying to understand the neural basis for songbird singing behavior (how neural circuits allow the birds to learn and sing songs). He is measuring electrical activity of neurons in various regions of the brain as the birds sing, and he is learning what changes in gene expression occur in the brains of the birds as they sing. Other variations to the answer are possible. See pages 818-819 in Biology, by Campbell et al, 7th edition.

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PART 4. Answer 3 of the next 4 questions. Write OMIT on the one you dont want to be graded. 50 points each. 77) Give one example of positive feedback discussed in lecture, or in the book, and explain how it works. (if you pick a pretty simple example, you can keep this to 2-3 sentences) Digestive enzymes are secreted as an inactive form into the stomach. Acid in the stomach acts to cleave and activate the enzyme. Once cleaved, the active form of the digestive enzyme cleaves even more of the inactive enzyme molecules, thus forming more active enzyme this constitutes the positive feedback part of the system. Other answers are possible. I would imagine that popular answers might be: An initial depolarization (to threshold) of the axon hillock leads to opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels, which allows an inrush of Na+ ions, which further depolarizes the membrane, which opens more Na+ channels. or LH and FSH from the hypothalamus (or pituitary) stimulates a follicle to grow in the ovary. The growing follicle secretes estrogen, which feeds back on the hypothalamus and causes more LH to be released, which further stimulates follicle growth leading to even higher concentrations of estrogen to be released. When estrogen hits a peak from follicle production (some triggering level of estrogen), the hypothalamus is triggered to release a surge of LH, which then triggers ovulation. or Uterine contraction pathway, with oxytocin receptors and prostaglandins (see Fig. 46.18).

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78) Explain in some detail how one neuron can be influenced by other (pre-synaptic) neurons to inhibit it from firing action potentials. (short paragraph) If an inhibitory neurotransmitter, such as GABA, is released by a pre-synaptic neuron it will bind to GABA-gated ion channels, opening these channels and allowing Cl- ions to flow (other inhibitory neurotransmitters cause K+ ions to flow). Flow of K+ or Cl- ions causes a local hyperpolarization of the membrane, which can inhibit action potentials from firing (because this brings the membrane potential away from threshold). The important region of the post-synaptic neuron where this change in potential has its effect on action potential firing is at the axon hillock. The students dont need to indicate a particular inhibitory neurotransmitter; they just need to demonstrate the understanding that opening of appropriate ion channels will hyperpolarize the membrane.

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79) You raise canaries (small birds) for fun and profit. One day, a couple of weeks after switching them to a new bird diet (both new and old diets are little food pellets), you notice that the birds appear sleepy and not nearly as active as usual. Because of some things youve read in a bird lovers magazine, you suspect that maybe the new diet is to blame. Assuming that there is only one nutritional cause of the birds strange behavior, how would you figure out what exactly was different in the new diet from the old diet that was causing your population of canaries to act this way? (short paragraph) (Tell me about the process you would use to figure this problem out i.e. how you would do the experiment instead of trying to convince me that lack of some specific nutrient was to blame.) Compare ingredients between the old diet and the new make a list of nutrients present in the old diet and missing from the new. Divide your canaries into groups; each gets the new diet plus one nutrient from your list. Observe which groups of canaries recover to their normal levels of activity that is the group that is now receiving the required nutrient.

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80) Your body continuously maintains its balance as you walk, run, or even just sit upright. Explain how your body is maintaining its balance, and dont neglect the role of negative feedback in your explanation. (short paragraph) As your weight shifts, stretch receptors in your tendons and muscles sense this new disposition of your body weight and send signals to your CNS. Information from these sensory neurons is integrated in the CNS (through interneurons and their connections), and appropriate motor output is sent out to motor neurons to cause small adjustments to muscle contraction (tension). These small adjustments in muscle contraction will tend to decrease the original stimuli from the stretch receptors. Thus, constant sensory input, integration, and output in neural circuits, along with feedback to allow the response to be finetuned, will enable you to keep your balance. Give credit to answers that mention the cerebellum, or motion sensing by the semi-circular canals, but only give full credit if they explain how this information will be used to adjust muscle tension and finetune these tensions by negative feedback.