Transient Analysis of SquareWave Driven LCL-T Network

Advanced Power Systems II

Submitted By: Bryan Esteban (Group C) ID: 102275388 Submitted To: Dr. Govinda Raju Submission Date: April 5, 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained from the transient analysis of a hybrid seriesparallel inductor-capacitor-inductor resonant network, commonly known as an LCL-T network. The network under consideration was subjected to the following two separate transient conditions: 1) Turn-on transient, and 2) Short-circuit transient. The analysis of each transient condition was completed by means of the following three separate approaches: 1) Classical (analytical), 2) State-Space (numerical), and 3) LTspice circuit simulation (numerical). All approaches showed to have good agreement with each other upon comparison.

ii

Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and Background ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Scope of Work & Project Deliverables ........................................................................... 5 2 Transient Analysis Via the Classical Approach 2.1 Classical Method Fundamentals Explained ..................................................................... 6 2.2 Application of Classical Method to LCL-Tranisent Analsys ......................................... 8 2.3 MATLAB Plots of Analytical Results ........................................................................... 12 3 Transient Analysis Via State-Space 3.1 State-Space Fundamentals Explained ............................................................................. 15 3.2 Application of State-Space Method to LCL-T Transient Analysis ............................ 17 3.3 MATLAB Plots of Numerical Results ........................................................................... 19 4 Transient Analysis Via LTspice Circuit Simulation 4.1 LTspice Fundamentals Explained ................................................................................... 21 4.2 Simmulation of Trasients for LCL-T Networks ........................................................... 22 4.3 MATLAB Plots of Simmulation Results........................................................................ 23 5 Effect of Including Square Wave Harmonics 6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 28 Appendix I Manual Derivation of Response Using Classical Method Appendix II MATLAB Code for Plotting of Classical Method Results

iii

List of Figures
1-1 Block Diagram of Typical Resonant IPT System............................................................................... 2 1-2 Physics Underlying Operation of Resonant IPT System .................................................................... 2 1-3 LCL-T Output Network for to be Analyzed for Transients at Two Switching Instants ....................... 5 2-1 Input Impedance Seen at the LCL-T Input Terminals by Incoming Signal ......................................... 8 2-2 Fourier Decomposition of Square-Wave and its Normalized Power Spectrum ................................... 9 2-3 Network at configuration at 0<t<25ms .......................................................................................... 10 2-4 Individual IL1 Components for 0<t<25ms ...................................................................................... 12 2-5 Individual IL1 Components for t>25ms .......................................................................................... 13 2-6 Total Response of Current through Inductor L1 ............................................................................. 13 2-7 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1 ..................................... 13 2-8 Total Response of Voltage across Capacitor C ............................................................................... 14 2-9 Capacitor Voltage Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients ............................................. 14 2-10 Total Response of Current through Inductor L2 .......................................................................... 14 2-11 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2 ................................... 14 3-1 Block Diagram of a General State-Space Model ............................................................................. 16 3-2 Network configuration at t>25ms ................................................................................................. 17 3-3 Simulink Implementation of State-Space Equation (3.6) .................................................................. 18 3-4 Simulink Implementation of State-Space Equation (3.11) ................................................................ 18 3-5 Total Response of Current through Inductor L1 ............................................................................. 19 3-6 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1 ..................................... 19 3-7 Total Response of Voltage across Capacitor C ............................................................................... 19 3-8 Capacitor Voltage Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients ............................................ 19 3-9 Total Response of Current through Inductor L2 ............................................................................ 20 3-10 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2 ................................... 20 4-1 LTspice Implementation of Square-Wave Driven LCL-T Network ................................................. 22 4-2 Total Response of Current through Inductor L1 ............................................................................ 23 4-3 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1 ..................................... 23 4-4 Total Response of Voltage across Capacitor C ............................................................................... 23 4-5 Capacitor Voltage Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients ............................................ 23 4-6 Total Response of Current through Inductor L2 ............................................................................ 24 4-7 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2 ..................................... 24 5-1 Total Response of Current through Inductor L1 ............................................................................ 25 5-2 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1 ..................................... 25 5-3 Total Response of Voltage across Capacitor C ............................................................................... 26 5-4 Capacitor Voltage Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients ............................................ 26
iv

5-5 Total Response of Current through Inductor L2 ............................................................................ 26 5-6 Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2 ..................................... 26

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Motivation and Background
Recent studies have shown the feasibility of using the near magnetic field to transfer large amounts of power (i.e. >3.3 kW) across distances that span up to 10 inches with greater than 92% efficiency across the full cascade of system components from the wall utility supply to the target device under charge [1-2]. This technology has come to be variously known as Inductive Power Transfer (IPT), Resonant Magnetic Induction (RMI), or more generally as Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). For this paper all of the foregoing terms will be used interchangeably. The fundamental difference between this type of IPT and the conventional magnetic induction that has now been in use for nearly a century in such devices as transformers and proximity chargers is the use of resonance at both the source and receiver inductive loops to facilitate power transfer across larger distances (i.e. much smaller coupling coefficients) while still maintaining a high transfer efficiency. As seen in figure 1-1, a typical resonant IPT system generally has a source of high-frequency power anywhere from 20kHz to up to 145kHz driving an inductive primary conductive loop, also commonly known as the track, through a resonant network (i.e. in this context the term high frequency is intended to indicate that the frequency of the signal driving the WPT system is very much higher than that of the utility supply, which is 60Hz, and is not to be confused with the RF band). The resonant network is made up of discrete capacitors and inductors that are chosen with a specific operating frequency in mind, and interconnected in any of several available topologies. Across the large air gap on the secondary side, there is a capture loop that is also part of a similar, but not necessarily identical, resonant network of discrete capacitors and inductors which are in turn chosen to match the primarys resonant frequency.

Page | 1

Figure 1-1: Block Diagram of Typical Resonant IPT System

As shown in figure 1-2, when the primary inductive loop is driven with a time-varying current alternating at the output networks resonant frequency (fo), a time-varying magnetic field with the same frequency will be induced about its surrounding by virtue of the AmpereMaxwell circuital law. In turn, when a secondary loop is brought within the vicinity of the primarys inductive near field it will capture some of the flux produced by the primary and by Faradays law of induction this captured flux will cause an AC potential difference in the receiving loop which will in turn drive a time-varying current at the same frequency of the inducing flux. By ensuring that the secondarys input network is also tuned to the sources resonant frequency, power transfer efficiency is thus made to be maximum. It has recently been shown that upwards of 98% transfer efficiency can be achieved from source loop to receiver loop when transferring power levels in excess of 4 kW [3]. The received power can then be rectified, regulated, and used to power a device or charge a battery.

Figure 1-2: Physics Underlying Operation of Resonant IPT System

Page | 2

To date, the type of power source used most often in high power applications, such as electric vehicle (EV) charging, is a resonant full-bridge converter topology with square wave output [4-7]. The converter is termed as resonant because the fundamental frequency of the square wave it produces at its output terminals drives the output network to which it is connected at its inherent resonant frequency. This type of topology and operation is essential to the efficiency of the entire system because it minimizes the instantaneous switching power losses that are normally associated with hard switched power electronic converters by ensuring that the switching instants of the converter switches take place when the current drawn by the output network is very nearly zero, hence this type of switching is often called Zero-Current and/or Zero-Voltage switching (i.e. ZCS/ZVS) [8]. In late 2010 the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) assembled an international taskforce, formally known as SAEJ2954, to develop a working industry standard that establishes the minimum performance and safety criterea for wireless charging of electric and plug-in vehicles [9]. There are a number of topics under the overall scope of SAEJ2954, including: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Classification of different charging types and minimum efficiency per charging type Interoperability including center operating (resonant) frequency of charging Communications & software (harmonize with SAE conductive charging) Validation testing (vehicle, charger, system) Parking alignment between the vehicle secondary coil and the primary coil of the wireless charging unit (EV Supply Equipment, EVSE) 6. Location on vehicle and orientation of charger 7. Safety items, including obstacle detection, both organic and inorganic; magnetic field levels; charging battery state of charge levels and rate; temperature development tests; and electric shock 8. Design validation test and wireless charging verification test.

The aforementioned developments in the state of the art clearly demonstrate that this type of technology holds much research potential. In view of the foregoing, the author of this paper has chosen this growing area of research as the general topic of interest for his graduate studies. More specifically, the research topic under study is the Investigation of Primary Converter Topologies for IPT Systems. Research of this topic calls for the investigation and comparison of converter topologies used in IPT systems for low and high power applications. The ultimate aim of the study is to propose and develop a new type of converter suitable for handling a range of applications. The research would start by investigating all possible types of primary converter topologies for generating a high frequency magnetic field. A thorough comparison between all of them would be made, in terms of complexity (cost and size), efficiency, frequency, etc. In addition, operation involving variations in both magnetic coupling and loading would be considered. This
Page | 3

project will involve the construction and design of multiple primary converters to use as a comparative study and determine the optimal. To date, no such work has been thoroughly carried out in terms of an application study. In view of the fact that there are many different choices for output networks (i.e. Series-Resonant, Parallel-Resonant, Series-Parallel-Resonant, etc.), a key part of the authors graduate work will be the determination of the optimal output network topology and converter type combination. The first topology chosen by the investigator to begin his comparative work is the LCL-T topology. The next section of this report will present the nature of the proposed analysis to be carried out on the LCL-T topology and its expected outcome.

Page | 4

1.2 Scope of Work and Project Deliverables

As stated in the previous section of this report, the LCL-T network of figure 1-3 is just one of several possible output network topologies that are presently being used for IPT applications. The input source Vp represents square wave output which is fed from the square-wave inverter terminals. The inductive element in series with the resistance and impedance is normally referred to as the magnetic pad when used for EV charging applications, and it is what couples magnetically to a secondary coil when wireless power transfer is being carried out. The resistor Rt models the very small equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the magnetic pad and the impedance Z models the reflected impedance of the secondary side. It is relevant to note that when the system is driven at its inherent resonant frequency the reflected impedance is purely real [10-14].

Figure 1-3: LCL-T Output Network to be Analyzed for Transients at Two Switching Instants

When an IPT system is initially energized (i.e. turned-on) transients will inevitably take place for a brief period of time leading to the systems steady-state operation. Moreover, if during operation at steady state the load to which power is being wirelessly supplied is removed (i.e. the vehicle is abruptly moved away from the magnetic pad), then the reflected real resistance drops to zero. In turn, this abrupt change in the networks configuration leads to transients also. This project has as its aim to analyze and model the transients that arise as a result of the foregoing two conditions when a square-wave such as the one shown in figure 1-2 of the previous section is used to drive the system. The two switches in the circuit of figure 1-3 model the foregoing two conditions. Specifically, SW1 models the effect of energizing the system, while SW2 models the effect of abruptly removing the load on the secondary side. As the deliverables of the project, the current through each inductor and voltage across the capacitor will be obtained by means of the following three methods: 1) Classical approach, 2) State-Space Approach, and 3) SPICE circuit simulation.

Page | 5

Chapter 2
Transient Analysis Via The Classical Approach
2.1 Classical Method Fundamentals Explained
The classical method of transient analysis is based on the determination of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that describe the dynamic behavior of the system under study, in this particular case an electrical circuit with three energy storage elements. The foregoing differential equations are obtained from the first principles or laws that characterize lumped element circuit operation. These laws have come to be known as Kirchoffs Voltage and Current Laws. Once the ODEs that describe the circuit have been ascertained, the complete solution is obtained by applying the superposition principle and summing the solution to two separate equations, or system of equations. The first system solved for is the unforced system which is characterized by a homogeneous set of differential equations that results from setting all inputs to zero. The solution obtained from this initial step is commonly referred to as the natural or transient response and is independent of the nature of the forcing function acting upon the system, being completely determined by the circuits topology and any previously stored energy. The second system solved for is the system that includes all forcing functions. The solution for this system is known as the forced or steady-state response and its general form is solely dependent on the form on the input, while its actual values are affected by the waveshaping effects of the network elements. Application of the general classical approach calls for the completion of five general steps which can be summarized as follows [15]: Determination of 1. characteristic equation and evaluation of its roots 2. forced response
Page | 6

3. independent initial conditions 4. dependent initial conditions 5. integration constants The next section of this report will show how this five-step process was applied to the LCLT network under study.

Page | 7

2.2 Application of Classical Method to LCL-T Transient Analysis

Following the first step of the five-step process previously outlined the characteristic equation of the LCL-T network under study can be obtained by shorting the source and calculating the s-domain equivalent impedance function seen at the terminals that connect to the source as illustrated in figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1: Input Impedance Seen at the LCL-T Input Terminals by Incoming Signal

This step yields the following input impedance and characteristic equation respectively:
|| 0 1.2 1 1.1

Upon substitution of the actual component values into (1.2) the characteristic equation produces the following three modes:
759,600
,

10,200

119,670 1.3

With the obtained modes the general form of the natural response is readily shown to be:

1.316

98.03

Next the forced response is obtained by carrying out simple phasor analysis with all impedances being computed at the fundamental frequency of the input signal, namely 20 kHz. The force response is thus computed to be:

Page | 8

4 arg 0 |arg |

9.87

sin

37.52 1.4

It is important to note that the reason why only the fundamental frequency component of the square-wave input is considered in the computation of the forced response is that it simplifies the analytical solution process greatly while still providing a high level of accuracy. This later statement concerning accuracy is better understood by noting that most of the power of this type of signal is carried in the fundamental component as seen from the normalized power spectrum shown figure 2-2.

Figure 2-2: Fourier Decomposition of Square-Wave and its Normalized Power Spectrum

With both the natural response and the forced response in hand, the total response is:

9.87 9.87 sin

sin

37.52 1.5 0 25 1.6

This last expression can be simplified into a more compact one by means of phasors:

37.52

The final step that remains is the computation of the constants A1 through A3. Because this is a third order system, we need an initial condition as well its first two derivatives at the switching instant. The initial condition is simply taken to be zero because the system has zero energy (i.e. zero current through L1) when it is first turned on. The remaining derivatives needed must be obtained through auxiliary KCL & KVL equations that relate the first and second derivatives of the signal of interest to known quantities.

Page | 9

Figure 2-3: Network at configuration at 0<t<25ms

As seen in figure 6, the following three auxiliary equations can be written:

KVL1: KVL2: KCL1: 1.7 1.8

1.9

The required first derivative expressed in terms of known values can now be obtained by simply rearranging equation (1.7) as follows:
1 1 1.10

In the foregoing expression the quantities and are the input source and the capacitor voltage, both of which are known at the switching instant. The second derivative is now easily obtained in terms of known quantities by differentiating (1.10) and making use of (1.9) to sub for the resulting derivative of the capacitor voltage, this yields the following expression:
1.11

In this last expression all quantities are known because the derivative of the input signal can be easily computed. Moreover, the two inductor currents are known from the given context to be zero. With the foregoing system of three equations in hand the unknown constants for the total response can be readily obtained by matrix inversion as: A1 = 0.0020 A2 = 216.3940
Page | 10

A3 = -277.5409

The complete total response for the current through inductor L1 is thus:
0.002

351.93

142.6

9.87

sin

37.52 1.12

Next the capacitor voltage and inductor current are easily obtained with the aid of equations (1.7) and (1.9) as:
0.0087 0.086

All currents and voltages obtained are valid for the time interval 0 25 . Evaluation of equations (1.12) to (1.14) at the 25ms boundary of this latter interval yields the initial conditions to be used in obtaining the transient response of the system after the second switching instant takes place. The foregoing initial conditions are as follows:
25 216.4035 A 25 45.7023 25 200.1348 V

61.31

238.8

48.07

23.438

57.5684

227.3

127.45 1.14

118.31 1.13

By following the same procedure used to obtain the transient response for the first switching instant the transient response for the second switching instant is readily found to be:
4.3213 181.82 18.54

203.59

300.03 52.26

1.347

50.51

44.34

138.32

50.513

34.45 sin 72.43

3.799 1.15 28.89 1.16 93.37 1.17

51.59

These expressions are valid for t>25ms.

Page | 11

2.3 MATLAB Plots of Analytical Results

The transient response components for both switching instants along with the steadystate component are shown plotted individually on the same time axis in figures 2-4 and 2-5 respectively. From the first plot (first switching instant) we see that the first transient term is infinitesimally small in amplitude and dies out extremely quickly (i.e. 5 = 6.58us). The second term, which is a damped sinusoid has a significantly larger amplitude and remains for 490us. It is worth noting that there is a net 180.12o phase shift between the second transient term and the steady-state term, which results in a reduction of the greater steady-state terms amplitude for the duration of the transient term. This in turn results in a smoother transition to steady-state.

Figure 2-4: Individual IL1 Components for 0<t<25ms

For the second switching instant (figure 2-5) the first transient term dies out almost as fast as its first switching instant counterpart (i.e. 5 = 6.735us). On the other hand, the contribution of this term, unlike its counterpart, is very significant. The second component also provides a large contribution to the total result. In this case, there is a net 40.54o phase shift between the second transient and steady-state components. This latter fact results in an additive net contribution. Consequently, the resultant transient (i.e. all three terms added together) is a very sharp spike at the second switching instant.

Page | 12

Figure 2-5: Individual IL1 Components for t>25ms

The following are the plots of the total response for the two inductor currents and the capacitor voltage shown for 1) the entire 50ms window, 2) for the first 800us f the first transient, and 3) for the time interval spanning the duration of the second transient (i.e. .0246 ms<t<.0254ms).

Figure 2-6: Total Response of Current through Inductor L1

Figure 2-7: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1
Page | 13

Figure 2-8: Total Response of Voltage across Capacitor C

Figure 2-9: Capacitor Voltage Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients

Figure 2-10: Total Response of Current through Inductor L2

Figure 2-11: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2
Page | 14

Chapter 3
Transient Analysis Via State-Space
3.1 State-Space Fundamentals Explained
The state-space method is a powerful mathematical tool that readily lends itself for rapid numerical solution of complex systems of differential equations by means of fast computers or digital processors. This approach is based on the notion that the future state of a system can be fully described by a non-unique set of time-dependent system variables formally known as state variables [16]. To understand the fundamental concepts underlying this powerful tool, the following basic definitions must be formally established: System State. The state of a dynamic system is the smallest set of variables (called state variables) such that knowledge of these variables at some initial instant of time, along with knowledge of the future system inputs, completely determines the behavior of the system for any future time instant. State Space. The n-dimensional space whose coordinate axes consist of the xl axis, x2 axis, . . . , x, axis, where xl , x2,. . . , x, are state variables; is called a state space. Any state can be represented by a point in the state space. State-Space Equations. State-space analysis is concerned with three types of variables that play a prominent role in modeling dynamic systems, these variables are: input variables, output variables, and state variables. The state-space representation for a given system is not unique, except that the number of state variables is the same for any of the different statespace representations of the same system. The system being considered is required to have elements that maintain a history of the values of the input for t > t1. Since energy storage elements such as capacitors and inductors in an electrical system serve as memory devices, the outputs of such elements can be considered as the variables that define the internal state of the system. The number of state variables to completely define the dynamics of the system is equal to the number of integrators involved in the system. It is common to express the system of differential equations that describe the system under study in the following compact matrix notation:
Page | 15

where x is the state vector, y is the output vector, u is the input vector, A is the state matrix, B is the input matrix, C is the output matrix, and D is the direct transmission matrix. The block diagram of figure 3.1 illustrates the relationship between all of the foregoing matrices/vectors pictorially [17].

B D

(3.1) (3.2)

Figure 3-1: Block Diagram of a General State-Space Model

Page | 16

3.2 Application of State-Space Method to LCL-T Transient Analysis

Using the state-space paradigm summarized in the previous section, the state variables for the LCL-T network under study are chosen as the two inductor currents and the capacitor voltage. With these variables in mind, a set of three equations can be obtained from the circuit at each switching instant by writing two KVL equation, one about each of the two loops, and one KCL equation about the central node. This process is illustrated for the 0<t<25ms.

Figure 3-2: Network at configuration at t>25ms

By placing the three equations in standard form and isolating the derivative term in each we can write the system compactly in matrix form as follows:
(3.3)
0 0 0

0 0

(3.6)

0 0

(3.4)

0 0

(3.5)

(3.7)

All other quantities in the circuit can be related to the state variables by using the circuit laws. The resulting system of equations and its state-space matrix equivalent is as follows:
(3.8)
10 0 10 01 1 00 1 0 0 0

(3.9)

(3.11)

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

(3.10)
1 0 0 0

(3.12)

Page | 17

With the above system of equations expressed in state-space form the solution can now be obtained numerically by using Simulink or any other desired computational software package. For this particular project Simulink was used. The following are the functional Simulink blocks that represent the LCL-Ts state-space model:

Figure 3-3: Simulink Implementation of State-Space Equation (3.6)

Figure 3-4: Simulink Implementation of State-Space Equation (3.11)

Page | 18

3.3 MATLAB Plots of Numerical Results

The following are the plots of the total response for the two inductor currents and the capacitor voltage shown for 1) the entire 50ms window, 2) for the first 800us, and 3) for the time interval spanning the second switching instant (i.e. .0246 ms<t<.0254ms).

Figure 3-5: Total Response of Current through Inductor L1

Figure 3-6: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1

Figure 3-7: Total Response of Voltage Across Capacitor C

Figure 3-8: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Capacitor Voltage
Page | 19

Figure 3-9: Total Response of Current through Inductor L2

Figure 3-10: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2

Page | 20

Chapter 4
Transient Analysis Via LTspice Simulation
4.1 LTspice Fundamentals Explained
Since its introduction in 1971, SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) has become the most popular analog circuit simulation tool in use today. In the last two decades, we have witnessed an exponential growth in the use of SPICE, with the addition of Berkley SPICE 3 enhancements, and support for C code model and mix-mode simulation. Each vendor of SPICE simulation software has added features such as Monte Carlo analysis, schematic entry, and post simulation waveform processing, as well as extensive model libraries. In most cases, the manufacturers have modified the algorithms for controlling numerical convergence and have added new parameters or syntax for component models. As a result, each electronic design automation (EDA) tool vendor has the basic Berkley SPICE 2 features and a unique set of capabilities and performance enhancements [18]. Circuit simulation programs, of which SPICE and derivatives are the most prominent, take a text netlist describing the circuit elements (transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc.) and their connections, and translate this description into equations to be solved. The general equations produced are nonlinear differential algebraic equations which are solved using implicit integration methods, Newton's method and sparse matrix techniques. Linear Technologys (LT) LTspice IV is a high performance SPICE simulator, schematic capture and waveform viewer with enhancements and models for easing the simulation of switching regulators. LTs enhancements to SPICE have made simulation of switching regulators extremely fast compared to conventional SPICE simulators, allowing the user to view waveforms for most switching regulators in just a few minutes. The standard LTspice IV library includes Macro Models for 80% of Linear Technology's switching regulators, over 200 op amp models, as well as resistors, transistors and MOSFET models. The next section will explain how this powerful tool was utilized to analyze the transient behavior of the LCL-T network under study.

Page | 21

4.2 LTspice Simulation of LCL-T Network

Figure 4-1 shows a snapshot of the LTspice Schematic Editor implementation of the LCL-T network under study along with the driving square wave inverter and line supply rectifier. The two boxes in blue are voltage controlled switches that have been defined so as to model the switching action at start-up and the short-circuit condition that takes place 25ms after. All elements in the circuit with the exception of the voltage sources are actual components available in the market. Their high order SPICE models have been obtained from the vendor and loaded into the LTspice library. The foregoing fact makes the simulation of this circuit as close as it can possibly be to a real life implementation. The next section of this report will present the simulation results obtained from this model.

Figure 4-1: LTspice Implementation of Square-Wave Driven LCL-T Network

Page | 22

4.3 MATLAB Plots of Simulation Results

The following are the plots of the total response for the two inductor currents and the capacitor voltage shown for 1) the entire 50ms window, 2) for the first 800us f the first transient, and 3) for the time interval spanning the duration of the second transient (i.e. .0246 ms<t<.0254ms).

Figure 4-2: Total Response of Current through Inductor L1

Figure 4-3: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1

Figure 4-4: Total Response of Voltage Across Capacitor C

Figure 4-5: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Capacitor Voltage
Page | 23

Figure 4-6: Total Response of Current through Inductor L2

Figure 4-7: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2

Page | 24

Chapter 5
Effects of Including Square-Wave Harmonics
In section 2.2 it was stated that transient analysis of the LCL-T network with only the fundamental component of the input signal being considered was acceptable due its carrying the vast majority of the power. All of the plots to follow further corroborate the soundness of the foregoing assertion. Accordingly, each plot shows the signals thus far considered (i.e. inductor currents and capacitor voltage) for the case where all harmonics are considered and for when only the fundamental is considered. The plots for both cases are drawn on the same axis so as to facilitate the visual comparison.

Figure 5-1: Total Response of Current through Inductor L1

Figure 5-2: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L1

Page | 25

Figure 5-3: Total Response of Voltage Across Capacitor C

Figure 5-4: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Capacitor Voltage

Figure 5-5: Total Response of Current through Inductor L2

Figure 5-6: Turn-On (Left) & Short-Circuit (Right) Transients for Current through L2
Page | 26

From the foregoing plots we clearly see that for all cases the signal outputs with and without harmonics are almost identical, as was initially asserted on the basis of the spectral power distribution. The only case where there is an appreciable, though small, difference in the response wave shape is in the capacitor voltage, figure 5-2, where high frequency components are appreciable at the instants that coincide with the sharp transitions between the positive and negative edges of the square-wave input.

Page | 27

Chapter 6
Conclusion
The completion of transient analysis for two switching instants on the hybrid LCL-T network by means of the three separate analysis techniques used (i.e. Classical, State-Space, & LTspice Simulation) has been very useful in bringing to life the theory that was learned throughout the Advanced Power Systems II course. Moreover, since the author of this paper will eventually have to build and implement the network in question and others similar to it as part of his graduate work, the analysis carried out advances his progress towards his ultimate goal and sheds helpful practical insights into the operation of the circuit. The aforesaid insight will in turn be of great value in the selection of component ratings that ensure safe operation despite the sharp transient spikes that could potentially take place as showcased by the results obtained from the analysis of the second switching instant.

Page | 28

References
[1] J.M. Miller, M.B. Scudiere, J.W. McKeever, C. White. Wireless Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Charging, Oak Ridge National Labs Power Electronics Symposium, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July 22, 2011. N. A. Keeling, G. A. Covic and J. T. Boys, "A Unity-Power-Factor IPT Pickup for High-Power Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 744-751, 2010. Brian Maffly. USU Invention Powers Electric Motors Without Wires. Internet: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/energy-dynamics-laboratory-achieveshistoric-milestone-for-electric-vehicles-125005864.html, July 26, 2011 [September 27, 2011] H. Hao, G. Covic, M. Kissin and J. Boys, "A parallel topology for inductive power transfer power supplies," in Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2011 2011, pp. 2027-2034. Y. Nagatsuka, N. Ehara, Y. Kaneko, S. Abe and T. Yasuda, "Compact contactless power transfer system for electric vehicles," in International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC), 2010 2010, pp. 807-813.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

K. Kobayashi, N. Yoshida, Y. Kamiya, Y. Daisho and S. Takahashi, "Development of a non-contact rapid charging inductive power supply system for electric-driven vehicles," in IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2010 2010, pp. 1-6.
J. Franke, "Contactless power transfer in electric vehicles in the Bavarian Technology Center for Electric Drives," 2010. N.Mohan, T.M. Undeland, W.P. Robbins. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero/Current Switchings in Power Electronics Converters, Applications, and Design, Third Edition. Bill Sobrist, ED. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., pp. 249-291.

[7]

[8]

Page | 29

[9]

Brian Maffly. SAE taskforce J2954 on wireless charging and positioning standards looking to have final draft of guideline this year; significant industry involvement. Internet: http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/01/j2954-20120122.html, January 22, 2012 [March 26, 2012] M. B. Borage, K. V. Nagesh, M. S. Bhatia and S. Tiwari, "Characteristics and Design of an Asymmetrical Duty-Cycle-Controlled LCL-T Resonant Converter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 2268-2275, 2009. M. Borage, S. Tiwari and S. Kotaiah, "LCL-T Resonant Converter With Clamp Diodes: A Novel Constant-Current Power Supply With Inherent Constant-Voltage Limit," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 741-746, 2007. Y. Su, C. Tang, S. Wu and Y. Sun, "Research of LCL Resonant Inverter in Wireless Power Transfer System," 2006. G.S.N.Raju and Seshagirirao Doradla, An LCL Resonant converter with PWM Control Analysis, simulation, and Implementation, IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, vol.10, No.2 March 1995. A.K.S.Bhat, .Analysis and Design of LCL-Type Series Resonant Converter,. IEEE INTELEC, pp172-178, (1994). A.L. Shenkman. "Classical approach to transient analysis" in Transient Analysis of Electric Power Circuits Handbook. A.L. Shenkman, Ed. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2005, pp.49-51. R.C. Dorf, and R.H. Bishop. "State Variable Models" in Modern Control Systems, Eleventh Edition. M.J.Horton, Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2008, pp.145-196. K. Ogata. "Mathematical Modeling of Dynamics Systems" in Modern Control Engineering, Fourth Edition. M.J.Horton, Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002, pp.70-82.m S.M. Sandler, C. Hymowitz. SPICE Circuit Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006, pp.1-2.

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

Page | 30

Page | 31

Appendix I Manual Derivation of

Response Using Classical Method

Page | 32

Analysis for First Switching Instant (t = 0)

Fourier series of Input Signal: 4 1 sin

, , ,..

1 KVL1

sin 4

cos

1.273

cos

1.273

sin

225.35 10

cos

cos

(1)

KVL2

(2)

KCL1

(3) Page | 33

Placing equations 1 3 in standard form: (4)

1 1

Choosing the systems state variables to be the inductor currents and capacitor voltage the state-space model of the model under study is: 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0

System of Output Equations for remaining voltages & currents:

0 0

In Matrix form:

10 0 10 01 1 00

1 0 0 0 Page | 34

Differentiating (4) & then using (3) to sub for the derivative of the capacitor voltage

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 0

NATURAL RESPONSE:

|| 3.9 5.65

0 (Characteristic equation) 1.09 119670 119670 10 5 0

7.808

10
,

2.99

10

12.6

Setting

759600

10200

759600

10200

Page | 35

FORCED RESPONSE:

| arg

4 arg 0 |arg |

0.1289arg 37.51

9.87 sin

37.52

TOTAL RESPONSE: 9.87

sin

9.87 sin

37.52

37.52

25

9.87 2 9.87 sin 37.52

9.87

cos

cos

37.52

37.52

When the system is first energized all currents and voltages are zero, therefore: 0 0 6.011

7.83 2

225.4

10

6.011

Page | 36

225.35

10

6.011 7.83

6.011

1 1 7.83 cos cos 90

7.83

6.011

sin 6.011 sin 90

Initial conditions for next switching instant: 216.4035

45.7023

-200.1348

Analysis for Second Switching Instant (t = 25ms)

Page | 37

NATURAL RESPONSE: || 5.65 1 0 0.3

0 (Characteristic equation) 8.43 5 10 12.6 0

7.808

Setting

742040

10

2.99

19380

10

27580 27580

742040

19380

FORCED RESPONSE: 4 arg 0 | |arg 1.33 0.957 sin 3.799

| arg

3.799

TOTAL RESPONSE: 0.957 sin

0.957 sin

3.799

3.799

Page | 38

Page | 39

Appendix II MATLAB Code for

Plotting of Classical Method Results

Page | 40

clc a = 759600; %decay constant for transient term 1, tau1 = 1.31us (5*tau1 = 6.57us) tau1 = 1/a; b = 10200; %decay constant for second transient term, tau2 = 97.7us (5*tau2 = 488.5us) w1 = 119670; %radian frequency of oscillating component of second transient term (f1 = 18.98kHz, T1 =52.69us) wo = 2*pi*20000; %radian frequency of input signal ((f1 = 20kHz, T1 =50us) Vp = 36; %magnitude of imput signal L1 = 5.65*10^(-6); L2 = 5*10^(-6); C = 12.6*10^(-6); to = .025; A = [1 1 0; -a -b w1; a^2 (b^2 - w1^2) -2*b*w1];%system of equations for solving ODE constants B = [6.011*Vp; -7.83*wo*Vp; ((4*wo*Vp)/(pi*L1))-(6.011*Vp*wo^(2))]; X = inv(A)*B; %solving for constants via matrx inversion M1 = sqrt(X(2)^2 +X(3)^2); theta1 = atan2(X(2),X(3)); theta1_deg = 180*theta1/pi; M2 = sqrt(b^2 + w1^2); theta2 = atan2(w1, -b); theta2_deg = 180*theta2/pi; k1 = -7.83*L1*wo; k2 = (4/pi)-6.011*L1*wo; M3 = sqrt(k1^2 + k2^2); theta3 = atan2(k1, k2); theta3_deg = 180*theta3/pi; M4 = M2; theta4 = atan2(-w1, b); theta4_deg = 180*theta4/pi; theta5 = theta2+theta4; k3 = 1-C*L1*M2^2*cos(theta5); k4 = -C*L1*M2^2*sin(theta5); M5 = sqrt(k3^2 + k4^2); theta6 = atan2(k4, k3);

k5 = 7.83-C*wo*M3*cos((pi/2)+theta3); k6 = -(6.011+C*wo*M3*sin((pi/2)+theta3)); M6 = sqrt(k5^2 + k6^2); theta7 = atan2(k6, k5);

Page | 41

Ts = .1*tau1; t1 = 0:Ts:.025; i_L1_1 = X(1)*exp(-a*t1)+M1*exp(-b*t1).*sin(w1*t1+theta1)+9.87*Vp*sin(wo*t1(37.52*pi/180)); Vc_1 = a*L1*X(1)*exp(-a*t1)-L1*M2*M1*exp(b*t1).*sin(w1*t1+theta1+theta2)+Vp*M3*sin(wo*t1+theta3); i_L2_1 = X(1)*(1+a^2*C*L1)*exp(-a*t1)+M5*M1*exp(b*t1).*sin(w1*t1+theta1+theta6)+Vp*M6*sin(wo*t1+theta7); %subplot(3, 1, 1); %plot(t1, i_L1_1); %title('IL1 Current'); %axis([0 .025 -450 450]); %grid on %subplot(3, 1, 2); %plot(t1, Vc_1); %title('Capacitor Voltage'); %axis([0 .025 -300 300]); %grid on %subplot(3, 1, 3); %plot(t1, i_L2_1); %title('IL2 Current'); %axis([0 .025 -80 80]); %grid on t2 = .025:Ts:.050; u1 = 0.066*Vp-216.4035; u2 = 35.42*10^6-0.955*wo*Vp; u3 = (4*wo*Vp/pi*L1)-(0.063*Vp*wo^(2))+(170.7012/L1*C); E = [1 1 0; -a -b w1; a^2 (b^2 - w1^2) -2*b*w1];%system of equations for solving ODE constants F = [u1; u2; u3];

Y = inv(E)*F; %solving for constants via matrx inversion N1 = sqrt(Y(2)^2 +Y(3)^2); alpha1 = atan2(Y(2),Y(3)); N2 = sqrt(b^2 + w1^2); alpha2 = atan2(w1, -b); c1 = -.955*L1*wo; c2 = (4/pi)-0.063*L1*wo; N3 = sqrt(c1^2 + c2^2); alpha3 = atan2(c1, c2); N4 = N2;

Page | 42

alpha4 = atan2(-w1, b); alpha5 = alpha2+alpha4; c3 = 1-C*L1*N2^2*cos(alpha5); c4 = -C*L1*N2^2*sin(alpha5); N5 = sqrt(c3^2 + c4^2); alpha6 = atan2(c4, c3);

c5 = 0.955-C*wo*N3*cos((pi/2)+alpha3); c6 = -(0.0634+C*wo*N3*sin((pi/2)+alpha3)); N6 = sqrt(c5^2 + c6^2); alpha7 = atan2(c6, c5);

i_L1_2 = Y(1)*exp(-a*(t2-to))+N1*exp(-b*(t2-to)).*sin(w1*(t2to)+alpha1)+0.957*Vp*sin(wo*(t2-to)-(3.799*pi/180)); Vc_2 = a*L1*Y(1)*exp(-a*(t2-to))-L1*N2*N1*exp(-b*(t2-to)).*sin(w1*(t2to)+alpha1+alpha2)+Vp*N3*sin(wo*(t2-to)+alpha3); i_L2_2 = Y(1)*(1+a^2*C*L1)*exp(-a*(t2-to))+N5*N1*exp(-b*(t2-to)).*sin(w1*(t2to)+alpha1+alpha6)+Vp*N6*sin(wo*(t2-to)+alpha7);

t3 = i_L1 Vc = i_L2

[t1 t2]; = [i_L1_1 i_L1_2]; [Vc_1 Vc_2]; = [i_L2_1 i_L2_2];

plot(t3, i_L2, '-r', 'LineWidth', 2); title('Current Through L2'); xlabel('Time (Seconds)'); ylabel('Current (Amps)'); grid on;

Page | 43