CHAPTER 1: WHOLE NUMBERS

WHOLE NUMBERS 1. Whole numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,.... 2. (Zero) is the first whole number. 3. Whole numbers can be written in words or figures. 4. Each whole number is made up of the digits from 0 to 9. For example:(a) 304 is made up of the digits 3,0 and 4. It is read as 'three hundred and four'. (b) 4263 is made up of the digits 4, 2, 6 and 3. It is read as 'four thousand two hundred and sixty-three'

A) Place Value and Value of Each Digit in Whole Numbers.

1. Each digit in a whole number has its own place value. 2. The place values for whole numbers include units (ones), tens, hundred, thousand, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, millions and so on. 3. The value of a digit in a whole number depends on its place value.

Worked Example Write the following in figures. (a) five thousand six hundred and twenty-four. Solution (a) 5 624

Worked Example State the place value of digit 7 in each of the following numbers. (a) 573 (c) 307 842 (b) 9 704 (d) 7 951 650 Solution (a) ten (c) thousand (b) hundred (d) millions Worked Example State the value of digit 9 in each of the following numbers. (a) 391 (c) 29 710 (b) 9 004 (d) 4 951 650 Solution (a) 90 (c) 9 000 (b) 9 000 (d) 900 000

5 972 436 is read as 'five million nine hundred and seventy-four thousand two hundred and thirty -six. Worked Example Write the following in words. a) 530 274 Solution (a) five hundred and thirty thousand two hundred and seventy-four.

B) Rounding off Numbers

A number can be rounded off to a certain place value by following the rules below. Look at the digit on the right next to the place value involved. (a) If the digit is 5 more, add 1 to the digit at the place value involved and replace all the other digits on its right with zeros. (b) If the digit is less than 5, retain the digit as it is at the place value involved and replace the other digits on its right with zeros.

C) Estimation
1.In our daily life, we use estimation when an accurate answer is unnecessary. 2. We often use rounding off to give an estimation to the actual value.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF WHOLE NUMBERS.

A) Addition
1. Addition is a process of finding the total of two or more numbers. 2. The total is also known as the sum. For example:The sum of 300 and 5 000 is 5 300. 3. The order of addition of numbers does not change sum.

4.The sum of any number and 0 is the number itself. For example:(a) 12 + 0 = 12 (b) 0 + 6 = 6 5. Follow the steps below when carrying out addition. Step 1:- Arrange the numbers according to their place values. Step 2:- Add from right to left.

B) Problem Solving involving Addition

Worked Example There are 25 apples, 3 760 durians and 948 oranges in Mr Tan's stall. Find the total number of fruits in his stall. Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information:Number of apples = 25 Number of durian = 3 760 Number of oranges = 9 48 Find:- Total number of fruits 2. Devise a plan Use addition. 3. Carry out the plan

1. Subtraction is a process of finding the difference between two numbers. For example:65 - 20 = 45 (Difference or remainder) 2. The difference between two same numbers is 0. For example:19 - 19 = 0 3. When we subtract 0 from a number, the number remains the same. For example:75 - 0 = 75 4. Follow the steps below when carrying out subtraction. Step 1:- Arrange the numbers according to their place values. Step 2:- Subtract or minus from right to left. 5. Addition is the inverse of subtraction. For example:76 - 15 = 61 62 - 15 = 47

4. Check Add again to see if the answer is the same.

C) Subtraction

D) Problem Solving Involving Subtraction.

Worked Example There are 1 244 male students in a college.If the number female students is 327 less than the number of male students, how many female students are there? Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information:Number of male students = 1 244 The number of female students is 327 less than the number of male students. 2. Devise a plan Use subtraction. 3. Carry out the plan

4. Check

Use addition to check.

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF WHOLE NUMBERS

A) Multiplication
1. Multiplication is a process of repeated addition.

Worked example Find the product of 42 and 426. Solution

2.Changing the order of numbers in multiplication does not affect the product. For example:- 6 3 = 18 3 6 = 18 3. The product of any number and 0 is 0. For example:- 10 0 = 0 0 10 = 0 4. A number multiplied by 1 is the number itself. For example:- 36 1 = 36

B)Problem Solving involving Multiplication

Worked example Marrion can sew 45 handkerchiefs in one day. How many can she sew in a week? Solution 1.Understand the problem Given information:Number of handkerchiefs sewn in one day = 45 Find: Total number of handkerchiefs sewn in a week. 2. Devise a plan Use multiplication. 3.Carry out the plan

C) DIVISION
1. Division is equal gathering or equal sharing.

2. When a number is divided by 0, it cannot be defined. For example:8 0 cannot be defined. 3. When a number is divided by 1, the quotient is the number itself. For example:51=5 4. When 0 is divided by any number, the quotient is 0. For example:0 58 = 0 5. Changing the order of numbers in division will affect the answer. For example:-

4. Check Multiply again to see if you gate the same answer.

Worked Example (a)Divide 1 694 by 14 (b) Find the value 925 4 Solution

D) Problem Solving involving Division

Worked Example 160 table are arranged equally in 10 rows. How many table are there in each row? Solution 1. Understand the problem 160 table are arranged equally in 10 rows. 2. Devise a plan Use division. 3. Carry out the plan

Therefore, there are 16 table in a row. 4. Check Check by multiplication. 10 x 16 = 160

COMBINED OPERATIONS OF WHOLE NUMBERS

B) Problem Solving involving Addition and Subtraction

Worked Example A basket contains 32 fruits. 11 are taken out and then 21 are added in. How many fruits are there in the basket now? Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information:Number of fruits in the basket = 32 Number of fruits taken out = 11 Number of fruits added in = 21 2. Devise a plan Perform subtraction followed by addition. 3. Carry out the plan 32 - 11 + 21 = 21 + 21 = 42 Therefore, 42 fruits are in the basket now. 4. Check

A) Combined Operations involving Addition and Subtraction

For combined operations involving addition and subtraction, calculate from left to right. Worked Example Find the value of each of the following. (a) 22 + 18 - 24 (b) 230 - 165 + 8 Solution

C) Combined Operations involving Multiplication and Division

For combined operations involving multiplication and division, calculate also from left to right. Worked Example Find the value of each of the following. (a) 18 x 7 3 (b) 600 8 x 5 Solution

D) Problem Solving involving Multiplication and Division

Worked Example Sasha, Hanim and Akma bought 20 novelscosting RM16 each. They shared the cost equally. Find the amount paid by each of them. Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information:Number of novels bought by Sasha, Hanim and Akma = 20 Cost of each novels = RM 16 Find: Amount paid by each of them 2. Devise a plan Perform multiplication followed by division. 3. Carry out the plan 21 x RM16 3 = RM 336 3 = RM 112 The amount paid by each of them was RM 112. 4. Check 21 x RM16 = 336 3 x RM 112 = 336

E) Combined Operation involving +, -, x and

For combined operations where addition, subtraction, nmultiplication, and division are involved, perform multiplication and divition before addition and subtraction. Worked Example Simplify (a) 7 x 40 - 10 x 11 (b) 48 + 32 x 24 6 -2 Solution

F) Combined Operations involving Brackets

1. For combined operations involving brackets,work the calculation within the brackets first. Worked Example 1. Solve each of the following. (a) 6 x ( 6 - 2 ) ( 9 - 6 ) (b) 20 x (2 + 28 4 ) - 95 Solution (a) 6 ( 6 - 2 ) ( 8 - 2 ) =6x46 = 24 6 =4 (b) 20 x ( 2 + 28 4 ) - 95 = 20 x ( 2 + 7 ) - 95 = 20 x 9 - 95 = 180 - 95 = 85 2. Brackets are also operative symbol for multiplication. For example:( 8 - 3 ) ( 9 - 5 ) -10 = ( 5 ) ( 4 ) - 10 = 20 - 10 = 10

G) Problem Solving involving +, -, x, and Brackets

Worked Example Azan and Amir have 7 and 15 bottles of marble. If each bottle has 55 marble in it, Find the total number of marbles. Solution 1. Understand the problem Given information: Number of bottles bought by Azan = 7 Number of bottles bought by Amir = 15 Number of marbles in each bottles = 55 Find: Total number of marbles 2. Devise a plan Perform addition within the brackets and followed by multiplication. 3. Carry out the plan ( 7 + 15 ) x 55 = 22 x 55 = 1 210 Therefore, the total number of marbles is 1 210. 4. Check 22 - 15 = 7 1 210 55 = 22 Worked Example Mr Lee bought 8 Dozens exercise books. He give 26 of them to his daughter. He then distributed the rest evenly to his 3 sons. How many exercise books were given to each of his sons? Solution ( 8 x 12 - 21) 3 = ( 96 - 21 ) 3 = 75 3 = 25